1
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Odeibat AS, Mohammad R, Abu-Zreig M. Integrated environmental management and GPS-X modelling for current and future sustainable wastewater treatment: A case study from the Middle East. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34164. [PMID: 39100433 PMCID: PMC11295856 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
In the context of today's rapidly changing environmental challenges, accurately predicting the performance and efficiency of environmental management strategies is crucial. Particularly in the Middle East, where research on wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is notably lacking, addressing this need is imperative. This study investigates the treatment efficiency of a wastewater treatment plant and proposes various techniques to enhance its performance. Employing a case study method, we utilise the GPS-X model to forecast the plant's performance under diverse scenarios, offering solutions for future challenges. The results reveal that the current plant layout operates efficiently, with removal efficiencies for Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) at 98.3 %, 95.1 %, and 96.1 %, respectively. The outlet Dissolved Oxygen (DO) of 1.9 mg/L meets local wastewater reuse standards. Furthermore, the GPS-X model forecasts the plant's performance under different scenarios, suggesting the feasibility of a new layout within 20-25 years and the need for additional units after 40 years. As inflow approaches maximum design capacity, simulation results underscore the importance of utilising the full plant design and expanding it for optimal operation over 60 years. This research provides critical insights for improving WWTP performance and emphasizes the significance of strategic planning in addressing long-term environmental management challenges. Moreover, this study represents a pioneering effort in addressing critical water scarcity challenges in Jordan by exploring the potential of treated wastewater (TWW) as a sustainable solution, thus contributing to the advancement of environmental management practices in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayat Sami Odeibat
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Economic and Business, Karoly Ihring Doctoral School of Management and Business, H-4032 Debrecen, Böszörményi út 138, Hungary
| | - Reham Mohammad
- Jordan University of Science and Technology, Department of Civil Engineering. Irbid, Jordan
| | - Majed Abu-Zreig
- Jordan University of Science and Technology, Department of Civil Engineering. Irbid, Jordan
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2
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Dickel L, Arcese P, Keller LF, Nietlisbach P, Goedert D, Jensen H, Reid JM. Multigenerational Fitness Effects of Natural Immigration Indicate Strong Heterosis and Epistatic Breakdown in a Wild Bird Population. Am Nat 2024; 203:411-431. [PMID: 38358807 DOI: 10.1086/728669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
AbstractThe fitness of immigrants and their descendants produced within recipient populations fundamentally underpins the genetic and population dynamic consequences of immigration. Immigrants can in principle induce contrasting genetic effects on fitness across generations, reflecting multifaceted additive, dominance, and epistatic effects. Yet full multigenerational and sex-specific fitness effects of regular immigration have not been quantified within naturally structured systems, precluding inference on underlying genetic architectures and population outcomes. We used four decades of song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) life history and pedigree data to quantify fitness of natural immigrants, natives, and their F1, F2, and backcross descendants and test for evidence of nonadditive genetic effects. Values of key fitness components (including adult lifetime reproductive success and zygote survival) of F1 offspring of immigrant-native matings substantially exceeded their parent mean, indicating strong heterosis. Meanwhile, F2 offspring of F1-F1 matings had notably low values, indicating surprisingly strong epistatic breakdown. Furthermore, magnitudes of effects varied among fitness components and differed between female and male descendants. These results demonstrate that strong nonadditive genetic effects on fitness can arise within weakly structured and fragmented populations experiencing frequent natural immigration. Such effects will substantially affect the net degree of effective gene flow and resulting local genetic introgression and adaptation.
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3
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Reid JM, Dickel L, Keller LF, Nietlisbach P, Arcese P. Multi-generation genetic contributions of immigrants reveal cryptic elevated and sex-biased effective gene flow within a natural meta-population. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14377. [PMID: 38361472 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Impacts of immigration on micro-evolution and population dynamics fundamentally depend on net rates and forms of resulting gene flow into recipient populations. Yet, the degrees to which observed rates and sex ratios of physical immigration translate into multi-generational genetic legacies have not been explicitly quantified in natural meta-populations, precluding inference on how movements translate into effective gene flow and eco-evolutionary outcomes. Our analyses of three decades of complete song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) pedigree data show that multi-generational genetic contributions from regular natural immigrants substantially exceeded those from contemporary natives, consistent with heterosis-enhanced introgression. However, while contributions from female immigrants exceeded those from female natives by up to three-fold, male immigrants' lineages typically went locally extinct soon after arriving. Both the overall magnitude, and the degree of female bias, of effective gene flow therefore greatly exceeded those which would be inferred from observed physical arrivals, altering multiple eco-evolutionary implications of immigration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Reid
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Lisa Dickel
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lukas F Keller
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Natural History Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pirmin Nietlisbach
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter Arcese
- Department of Forest & Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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4
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Przesmycka K, Herdegen-Radwan M, Phillips KP, Mohammed RS, Radwan J. The quest for good genes: Epigamic traits, fitness, MHC and multilocus heterozygosity in the guppy. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:5055-5070. [PMID: 37492990 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The 'good genes' hypothesis for the evolution of male secondary sexual traits poses that female preferences for such traits are driven by indirect genetic benefits. However, support for the hypothesis remains ambiguous, and, in particular, the genetic basis for the benefits has rarely been investigated. Here, we use seminatural populations of Trinidadian guppies to investigate whether sexually selected traits (orange, black and iridescent colouration, gonopodium length and body size) predict fitness measured as the number of grandoffspring, a metric that integrates across fitness components and sexes. Furthermore, we tested whether two potential sources of genetic benefits-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genotypes and multilocus heterozygosity (MLH)-are significant predictors of fitness and of the size of sexually selected traits. We found a significant, nonlinear effect of the area of black pigmentation and male body size on the number of grandoffspring, suggesting stabilizing selection on black area, and nonlinear selection favouring small body size. MLH was heritable (h2 = 0.14) and significantly predicted the number of grandoffspring, indicating the potential for genetic benefits based on heterozygosity. We also found support for local heterozygosity effects, which may reflect a noneven distribution of genetic load across the genome. MHC genotype was not significantly associated with any tested fitness component, or with the load of Gyrodactylus parasites. Neither MHC nor MLH was significant predictor of sexually selected traits. Overall, our results highlight the role of heterozygosity in determining fitness, but do not provide support for male sexually selected traits being indicators of genetic quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Przesmycka
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Karl P Phillips
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
- School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Canadian Rivers Institute, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Ryan S Mohammed
- Department of Biology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Jacek Radwan
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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5
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Dickel L, Arcese P, Nietlisbach P, Keller LF, Jensen H, Reid JM. Are immigrants outbred and unrelated? Testing standard assumptions in a wild metapopulation. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:5674-5686. [PMID: 34516687 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Immigration into small recipient populations is expected to alleviate inbreeding and increase genetic variation, and hence facilitate population persistence through genetic and/or evolutionary rescue. Such expectations depend on three standard assumptions: that immigrants are outbred, unrelated to existing natives at arrival, and unrelated to each other. These assumptions are rarely explicitly verified, including in key field systems in evolutionary ecology. Yet, they could be violated due to non-random or repeated immigration from adjacent small populations. We combined molecular genetic marker data for 150-160 microsatellite loci with comprehensive pedigree data to test the three assumptions for a song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) population that is a model system for quantifying effects of inbreeding and immigration in the wild. Immigrants were less homozygous than existing natives on average, with mean homozygosity that closely resembled outbred natives. Immigrants can therefore be considered outbred on the focal population scale. Comparisons of homozygosity of real or hypothetical offspring of immigrant-native, native-native and immigrant-immigrant pairings implied that immigrants were typically unrelated to existing natives and to each other. Indeed, immigrants' offspring would be even less homozygous than outbred individuals on the focal population scale. The three standard assumptions of population genetic and evolutionary theory were consequently largely validated. Yet, our analyses revealed some deviations that should be accounted for in future analyses of heterosis and inbreeding depression, implying that the three assumptions should be verified in other systems to probe patterns of non-random or repeated dispersal and facilitate precise and unbiased estimation of key evolutionary parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Dickel
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Peter Arcese
- Department of Forest & Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pirmin Nietlisbach
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
| | - Lukas F Keller
- Department of Evolutionary Biology & Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zoological Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Jensen
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jane M Reid
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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6
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Uusi-Heikkilä S. Implications of size-selective fisheries on sexual selection. Evol Appl 2020; 13:1487-1500. [PMID: 32684971 PMCID: PMC7359828 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fisheries often combine high mortality with intensive size selectivity and can, thus, be expected to reduce body size and size variability in exploited populations. In many fish species, body size is a sexually selected trait and plays an important role in mate choice and mate competition. Large individuals are often preferred as mates due to the high fecundity and resources they can provide to developing offspring. Large fish are also successful in competition for mates. Fisheries‐induced reductions in size and size variability can potentially disrupt mating systems and lower average reproductive success by decreasing opportunities for sexual selection. By reducing population sizes, fisheries can also lead to an increased level of inbreeding. Some fish species avoid reproducing with kin, and a high level of relatedness in a population can further disrupt mating systems. Reduced body size and size variability can force fish to change their mate preferences or reduce their choosiness. If mate preference is genetically determined, the adaptive response to fisheries‐induced changes in size and size variability might not occur rapidly. However, much evidence exists for plastic adjustments of mate choice, suggesting that fish might respond flexibly to changes in their social environment. Here, I first discuss how reduced average body size and size variability in exploited populations might affect mate choice and mate competition. I then consider the effects of sex‐biased fisheries on mating systems. Finally, I contemplate the possible effects of inbreeding on mate choice and reproductive success and discuss how mate choice might evolve in exploited populations. Currently, little is known about the mating systems of nonmodel species and about the interplay between size‐selective fisheries and sexual selection. Future studies should focus on how reduced size and size variability and increased inbreeding affect fish mating systems, how persistent these effects are, and how this might in turn affect population demography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silva Uusi-Heikkilä
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
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7
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Sharp NP, Whitlock MC. No evidence of positive assortative mating for genetic quality in fruit flies. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191474. [PMID: 31575372 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In sexual populations, the effectiveness of selection will depend on how gametes combine with respect to genetic quality. If gametes with deleterious alleles are likely to combine with one another, deleterious genetic variation can be more easily purged by selection. Assortative mating, where there is a positive correlation between parents in a phenotype of interest such as body size, is often observed in nature, but does not necessarily reveal how gametes ultimately combine with respect to genetic quality itself. We manipulated genetic quality in fruit fly populations using an inbreeding scheme designed to provide an unbiased measure of mating patterns. While inbred flies had substantially reduced reproductive success, their gametes did not combine with those of other inbred flies more often than expected by chance, indicating a lack of positive assortative mating. Instead, we detected a negative correlation in genetic quality between parents, i.e. disassortative mating, which diminished with age. This pattern is expected to reduce the genetic variance for fitness, diminishing the effectiveness of selection. We discuss how mechanisms of sexual selection could produce a pattern of disassortative mating. Our study highlights that sexual selection has the potential to either increase or decrease genetic load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel P Sharp
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4.,Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Michael C Whitlock
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
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8
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Ponzi E, Keller LF, Muff S. The simulation extrapolation technique meets ecology and evolution: A general and intuitive method to account for measurement error. Methods Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erica Ponzi
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Lukas F. Keller
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Zoological Museum University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Muff
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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9
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Malo AF, Gilbert TC, Riordan P. Drivers of sex ratio bias in the eastern bongo: lower inbreeding increases the probability of being born male. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20190345. [PMID: 31064305 PMCID: PMC6532524 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Parent sex ratio allocation has consequences for individual fitness, population dynamics, and conservation. Theory predicts that parents should adjust offspring sex ratio when the fitness returns of producing male or female offspring varies. Previous studies have assumed that only mothers are capable of biasing offspring sex ratios, but have neglected fathers, given the expectation of an equal proportion of X- and Y-chromosome-bearing (CBS) sperm in ejaculates due to sex chromosome segregation at meiosis. This assumption has been recently refuted and both paternal fertility and paternal genetic quality have been shown to bias sex ratios. Here, we simultaneously test the relative contribution of paternal, maternal, and individual genetic quality, as measured by inbreeding, on the probability of being born a son or a daughter, using pedigree and lifelong offspring sex ratio data for the eastern bongo ( Tragelaphus eurycerus isaaci). Our models showed first, that surprisingly, as individual inbreeding decreases the probability of being born male increases, second, that paternal genetic effects on sex ratio were stronger than maternal genetic effects (which were absent). Furthermore, paternal effects were opposite in sign to those predicted; father inbreeding increases the probability of having sons. Previous paternal effects have been interpreted as adaptive due to sex-specific inbreeding depression for reproductive traits. We argue that in the eastern bongo, the opposite sign of the paternal effect on sex ratios results from a reversed sex-specific inbreeding depression pattern (present for female but not male reproductive traits). We anticipate that this research will help stimulate research on evolutionary constraints to sex ratios. Finally, the results open a new avenue of research to predict sex ratio allocation in an applied conservation context. Future models of sex ratio allocation should also include the predicted inbreeding level of the offspring and paternal inbreeding levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio F. Malo
- GLOCEE - Global Change Ecology and Evolution Group, Department of Life Sciences, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871, Spain
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Tania C. Gilbert
- Marwell Wildlife, Thompsons Lane, Winchester, Hampshire SO21 1JH, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Philip Riordan
- Marwell Wildlife, Thompsons Lane, Winchester, Hampshire SO21 1JH, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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10
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Wolak ME, Arcese P, Keller LF, Nietlisbach P, Reid JM. Sex‐specific additive genetic variances and correlations for fitness in a song sparrow (
Melospiza melodia
) population subject to natural immigration and inbreeding. Evolution 2018; 72:2057-2075. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Wolak
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Aberdeen Aberdeen Scotland
- Department of Biological SciencesAuburn University Auburn Alabama 36849
| | - Peter Arcese
- Department of Forest and Conservation SciencesUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Lukas F. Keller
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zurich Switzerland
- Zoological MuseumUniversity of Zurich Karl‐Schmid‐Strasse 4 CH‐8006 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Pirmin Nietlisbach
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zurich Switzerland
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Jane M. Reid
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Aberdeen Aberdeen Scotland
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11
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Germain RR, Arcese P, Reid JM. The Consequences of Polyandry for Sibship Structures, Distributions of Relationships and Relatedness, and Potential for Inbreeding in a Wild Population. Am Nat 2018; 191:638-657. [PMID: 29693437 DOI: 10.1086/696855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary benefits of simultaneous polyandry (female multiple mating within a single reproductive event) remain elusive. One potential benefit could arise if polyandry alters sibship structures and consequent relationships and relatedness among females' descendants, thereby intrinsically reducing future inbreeding risk (the indirect inbreeding avoidance hypothesis). However such effects have not been quantified in naturally complex mating systems that also encompass iteroparity, overlapping generations, sequential polyandry, and polygyny. We used long-term social and genetic pedigree data from song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) to quantify cross-generational consequences of simultaneous polyandry for offspring sibship structures and distributions of relationships and relatedness among possible mates. Simultaneous polyandry decreased full sibships and increased half-sibships, on average, but such effects varied among females and were smaller than would occur in the absence of sequential polyandry or polygyny. Further, while simultaneous polyandry decreased the overall frequencies of possible matings among adult full sibs, it increased the frequencies of possible matings among adult half-sibs and more distant relatives. These results imply that the intrinsic consequences of simultaneous polyandry for inbreeding risk could cause weak indirect selection on polyandry, but the magnitude and direction of such effects will depend on complex interactions with other mating system components and the form of inbreeding depression.
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12
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Malo AF, Martinez-Pastor F, Garcia-Gonzalez F, Garde J, Ballou JD, Lacy RC. A father effect explains sex-ratio bias. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.1159. [PMID: 28855362 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex ratio allocation has important fitness consequences, and theory predicts that parents should adjust offspring sex ratio in cases where the fitness returns of producing male and female offspring vary. The ability of fathers to bias offspring sex ratios has traditionally been dismissed given the expectation of an equal proportion of X- and Y-chromosome-bearing sperm (CBS) in ejaculates due to segregation of sex chromosomes at meiosis. This expectation has been recently refuted. Here we used Peromyscus leucopus to demonstrate that sex ratio is explained by an exclusive effect of the father, and suggest a likely mechanism by which male-driven sex-ratio bias is attained. We identified a male sperm morphological marker that is associated with the mechanism leading to sex ratio bias; differences among males in the sperm nucleus area (a proxy for the sex chromosome that the sperm contains) explain 22% variation in litter sex ratio. We further show the role played by the sperm nucleus area as a mediator in the relationship between individual genetic variation and sex-ratio bias. Fathers with high levels of genetic variation had ejaculates with a higher proportion of sperm with small nuclei area. This, in turn, led to siring a higher proportion of sons (25% increase in sons per 0.1 decrease in the inbreeding coefficient). Our results reveal a plausible mechanism underlying unexplored male-driven sex-ratio biases. We also discuss why this pattern of paternal bias can be adaptive. This research puts to rest the idea that father contribution to sex ratio variation should be disregarded in vertebrates, and will stimulate research on evolutionary constraints to sex ratios-for example, whether fathers and mothers have divergent, coinciding, or neutral sex allocation interests. Finally, these results offer a potential explanation for those intriguing cases in which there are sex ratio biases, such as in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio F Malo
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK .,Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, IL, USA.,Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Felipe Martinez-Pastor
- SaBio IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Campus Universitario s. n. 02071, Albacete, Spain.,INDEGSAL and Molecular Biology (Cell Biology), University of León, León, Spain
| | - Francisco Garcia-Gonzalez
- Estacion Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Sevilla, Spain.,Centre for Evolutionary Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Julián Garde
- SaBio IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Campus Universitario s. n. 02071, Albacete, Spain
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13
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Losdat S, Germain RR, Nietlisbach P, Arcese P, Reid JM. No evidence of inbreeding depression in sperm performance traits in wild song sparrows. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:1842-1852. [PMID: 29435258 PMCID: PMC5792576 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inbreeding is widely hypothesized to shape mating systems and population persistence, but such effects will depend on which traits show inbreeding depression. Population and evolutionary consequences could be substantial if inbreeding decreases sperm performance and hence decreases male fertilization success and female fertility. However, the magnitude of inbreeding depression in sperm performance traits has rarely been estimated in wild populations experiencing natural variation in inbreeding. Further, the hypothesis that inbreeding could increase within-ejaculate variation in sperm traits and thereby further affect male fertilization success has not been explicitly tested. We used a wild pedigreed song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) population, where frequent extrapair copulations likely create strong postcopulatory competition for fertilization success, to quantify effects of male coefficient of inbreeding (f) on key sperm performance traits. We found no evidence of inbreeding depression in sperm motility, longevity, or velocity, and the within-ejaculate variance in sperm velocity did not increase with male f. Contrary to inferences from highly inbred captive and experimental populations, our results imply that moderate inbreeding will not necessarily constrain sperm performance in wild populations. Consequently, the widely observed individual-level and population-level inbreeding depression in male and female fitness may not stem from reduced sperm performance in inbred males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Losdat
- Institute of Biological and Environmental SciencesSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenScotland
- Institute of BiologyUniversity of NeuchâtelNeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Ryan R. Germain
- Institute of Biological and Environmental SciencesSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenScotland
| | - Pirmin Nietlisbach
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Peter Arcese
- Department of Forest and Conservation SciencesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Jane M. Reid
- Institute of Biological and Environmental SciencesSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenScotland
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14
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de Boer RA, Eens M, Müller W. 'Out of tune': consequences of inbreeding on bird song. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.1142. [PMID: 27466453 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of bird song is expected to signal male quality to females. 'Quality' is determined by genetic and environmental factors, but, surprisingly, there is very limited evidence if and how genetic aspects of male quality are reflected in song. Here, we manipulated the genetic make-up of canaries (Serinus canaria) via inbreeding, and studied its effects upon song output, complexity, phonetics and, for the first time, song learning. To this end, we created weight-matched inbred and outbred pairs of male fledglings, which were subsequently exposed to the same tutor male during song learning. Inbreeding strongly affected syllable phonetics, but there were little or no effects on other song features. Nonetheless, females discriminated among inbred and outbred males, as they produced heavier clutches when mated with an outbred male. Our study highlights the importance of song phonetics, which has hitherto often been overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raïssa A de Boer
- Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Marcel Eens
- Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Wendt Müller
- Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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15
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Bocedi G, Reid JM. Feed-backs among inbreeding, inbreeding depression in sperm traits, and sperm competition can drive evolution of costly polyandry. Evolution 2017; 71:2786-2802. [PMID: 28895138 PMCID: PMC5765454 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ongoing ambitions are to understand the evolution of costly polyandry and its consequences for species ecology and evolution. Emerging patterns could stem from feed-back dynamics between the evolving mating system and its genetic environment, defined by interactions among kin including inbreeding. However, such feed-backs are rarely considered in nonselfing systems. We use a genetically explicit model to demonstrate a mechanism by which inbreeding depression can select for polyandry to mitigate the negative consequences of mating with inbred males, rather than to avoid inbreeding, and to elucidate underlying feed-backs. Specifically, given inbreeding depression in sperm traits, costly polyandry evolved to ensure female fertility, without requiring explicit inbreeding avoidance. Resulting sperm competition caused evolution of sperm traits and further mitigated the negative effect of inbreeding depression on female fertility. The evolving mating system fed back to decrease population-wide homozygosity, and hence inbreeding. However, the net overall decrease was small due to compound effects on the variances in sex-specific reproductive success and paternity skew. Purging of deleterious mutations did not eliminate inbreeding depression in sperm traits or hence selection for polyandry. Overall, our model illustrates that polyandry evolution, both directly and through sperm competition, might facilitate evolutionary rescue for populations experiencing sudden increases in inbreeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Bocedi
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AberdeenZoology BuildingTillydrone AvenueAberdeen AB24 2TZUnited Kingdom
| | - Jane M. Reid
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AberdeenZoology BuildingTillydrone AvenueAberdeen AB24 2TZUnited Kingdom
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16
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Nunn CL, Samson DR, Krystal AD. Shining evolutionary light on human sleep and sleep disorders. EVOLUTION MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 2016:227-43. [PMID: 27470330 PMCID: PMC4972941 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eow018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is essential to cognitive function and health in humans, yet the ultimate reasons for sleep—i.e. ‘why’ sleep evolved—remain mysterious. We integrate findings from human sleep studies, the ethnographic record, and the ecology and evolution of mammalian sleep to better understand sleep along the human lineage and in the modern world. Compared to other primates, sleep in great apes has undergone substantial evolutionary change, with all great apes building a sleeping platform or ‘nest’. Further evolutionary change characterizes human sleep, with humans having the shortest sleep duration, yet the highest proportion of rapid eye movement sleep among primates. These changes likely reflect that our ancestors experienced fitness benefits from being active for a greater portion of the 24-h cycle than other primates, potentially related to advantages arising from learning, socializing and defending against predators and hostile conspecifics. Perspectives from evolutionary medicine have implications for understanding sleep disorders; we consider these perspectives in the context of insomnia, narcolepsy, seasonal affective disorder, circadian rhythm disorders and sleep apnea. We also identify how human sleep today differs from sleep through most of human evolution, and the implications of these changes for global health and health disparities. More generally, our review highlights the importance of phylogenetic comparisons in understanding human health, including well-known links between sleep, cognitive performance and health in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Nunn
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA Triangle Center for Evolutionary Medicine, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - David R Samson
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Andrew D Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
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17
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Reid JM, Bocedi G, Nietlisbach P, Duthie AB, Wolak ME, Gow EA, Arcese P. Variation in parent-offspring kinship in socially monogamous systems with extra-pair reproduction and inbreeding. Evolution 2016; 70:1512-29. [PMID: 27174154 PMCID: PMC4949684 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Female extra‐pair reproduction in socially monogamous systems is predicted to cause cuckolded socially‐paired males to conditionally reduce paternal care, causing selection against extra‐pair reproduction and underlying polyandry. However, existing models and empirical studies have not explicitly considered that cuckolded males might be related to their socially‐paired female and/or to her extra‐pair mate, and therefore be related to extra‐pair offspring that they did not sire but could rear. Selection against paternal care, and hence against extra‐pair reproduction, might then be weakened. We derive metrics that quantify allele‐sharing between within‐pair and extra‐pair offspring and their mother and her socially‐paired male in terms of coefficients of kinship and inbreeding. We use song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) paternity and pedigree data to quantify these metrics, and thereby quantify the joint effects of extra‐pair reproduction and inbreeding on a brood's total allelic value to its socially‐paired parents. Cuckolded male song sparrows were almost always detectably related to extra‐pair offspring they reared. Consequently, although brood allelic value decreased substantially following female extra‐pair reproduction, this decrease was reduced by within‐pair and extra‐pair reproduction among relatives. Such complex variation in kinship within nuclear families should be incorporated into models considering coevolutionary dynamics of extra‐pair reproduction, parental care, and inbreeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Reid
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Zoology Building, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland.
| | - Greta Bocedi
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Zoology Building, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland
| | - Pirmin Nietlisbach
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Bradley Duthie
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Zoology Building, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland
| | - Matthew E Wolak
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Zoology Building, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland
| | - Elizabeth A Gow
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, 2424 Main Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Peter Arcese
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, 2424 Main Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
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18
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Wolak ME, Reid JM. Is Pairing with a Relative Heritable? Estimating Female and Male Genetic Contributions to the Degree of Biparental Inbreeding in Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia). Am Nat 2016; 187:736-52. [DOI: 10.1086/686198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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19
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Moreno E, Pérez-González J, Carranza J, Moya-Laraño J. Better Fitness in Captive Cuvier's Gazelle despite Inbreeding Increase: Evidence of Purging? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145111. [PMID: 26679703 PMCID: PMC4682998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Captive breeding of endangered species often aims at preserving genetic diversity and to avoid the harmful effects of inbreeding. However, deleterious alleles causing inbreeding depression can be purged when inbreeding persists over several generations. Despite its great importance both for evolutionary biology and for captive breeding programmes, few studies have addressed whether and to which extent purging may occur. Here we undertake a longitudinal study with the largest captive population of Cuvier's gazelle managed under a European Endangered Species Programme since 1975. Previous results in this population have shown that highly inbred mothers tend to produce more daughters, and this fact was used in 2006 to reach a more appropriate sex-ratio in this polygynous species by changing the pairing strategy (i.e., pairing some inbred females instead of keeping them as surplus individuals in the population). Here, by using studbook data we explore whether purging has occurred in the population by investigating whether after the change in pairing strategy a) inbreeding and homozygosity increased at the population level, b) fitness (survival) increased, and c) the relationship between inbreeding and juvenile survival, was positive. Consistent with the existence of purging, we found an increase in inbreeding coefficients, homozygosity and juvenile survival. In addition, we showed that in the course of the breeding programme the relationship between inbreeding and juvenile survival was not uniform but rather changed over time: it was negative in the early years, flat in the middle years and positive after the change in pairing strategy. We highlight that by allowing inbred individuals to mate in captive stocks we may favour sex-ratio bias towards females, a desirable managing strategy to reduce the surplus of males that force most zoos to use ethical culling and euthanizing management tools. We discuss these possibilities but also acknowledge that many other effects should be considered before implementing inbreeding and purging as elements in management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eulalia Moreno
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (CSIC), Dept. Ecología Funcional y Evolutiva, Ctra. de Sacramento s/n, E-04120, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Javier Pérez-González
- Ungulate Research Unit, Cátedra de Recursos Cinegéticos y Piscícolas, Universidad de Córdoba, E-14071, Córdoba, Spain
- Guardería Rural, Mancomunidad Integral de Municipios Centro, E-06810, Calamonte, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Juan Carranza
- Ungulate Research Unit, Cátedra de Recursos Cinegéticos y Piscícolas, Universidad de Córdoba, E-14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jordi Moya-Laraño
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (CSIC), Dept. Ecología Funcional y Evolutiva, Ctra. de Sacramento s/n, E-04120, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, Spain
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20
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Vitikainen EIK, Haag-Liautard C, Sundström L. Natal Dispersal, Mating Patterns, and Inbreeding in the Ant Formica exsecta. Am Nat 2015; 186:716-27. [DOI: 10.1086/683799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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21
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Losdat S, Arcese P, Sampson L, Villar N, Reid JM. Additive genetic variance and effects of inbreeding, sex and age on heterophil to lymphocyte ratio in song sparrows. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Losdat
- School of Biological Sciences Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Aberdeen Tillydrone Avenue Zoology Building Aberdeen AB24 2TZ UK
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern Baltzerstrasse 6 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Peter Arcese
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia 2424 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Laura Sampson
- Grupo de Investigación en Ecología Animal Universidad del Valle Calle 13 N.# 100‐00 Cali Colombia
| | - Nacho Villar
- School of Biological Sciences Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Aberdeen Tillydrone Avenue Zoology Building Aberdeen AB24 2TZ UK
| | - Jane M. Reid
- School of Biological Sciences Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Aberdeen Tillydrone Avenue Zoology Building Aberdeen AB24 2TZ UK
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22
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Reid JM, Arcese P, Bocedi G, Duthie AB, Wolak ME, Keller LF. Resolving the conundrum of inbreeding depression but no inbreeding avoidance: Estimating sex-specific selection on inbreeding by song sparrows (Melospiza melodia). Evolution 2015; 69:2846-61. [PMID: 26420476 PMCID: PMC5057356 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inbreeding avoidance among interacting females and males is not always observed despite inbreeding depression in offspring fitness, creating an apparent "inbreeding paradox." This paradox could be resolved if selection against inbreeding was in fact weak, despite inbreeding depression. However, the net magnitude and direction of selection on the degree to which females and males inbreed by pairing with relatives has not been explicitly estimated. We used long-term pedigree data to estimate phenotypic selection gradients on the degree of inbreeding that female and male song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) expressed by forming socially persistent breeding pairs with relatives. Fitness was measured as the total numbers of offspring and grand offspring contributed to the population, and as corresponding expected numbers of identical-by-descent allele copies, thereby accounting for variation in offspring survival, reproduction, and relatedness associated with variation in parental inbreeding. Estimated selection gradients on the degree to which individuals paired with relatives were weakly positive in females, but negative in males that formed at least one socially persistent pairing. However, males that paired had higher mean fitness than males that remained socially unpaired. These analyses suggest that net selection against inbreeding may be weak in both sexes despite strong inbreeding depression, thereby resolving the "inbreeding paradox."
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Reid
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Zoology Building, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland.
| | - Peter Arcese
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Greta Bocedi
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Zoology Building, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland
| | - A Bradley Duthie
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Zoology Building, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland
| | - Matthew E Wolak
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Zoology Building, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland
| | - Lukas F Keller
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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23
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Becker PJJ, Hegelbach J, Keller LF, Postma E. Phenotype-associated inbreeding biases estimates of inbreeding depression in a wild bird population. J Evol Biol 2015; 29:35-46. [PMID: 26362803 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Inbreeding depression is usually quantified by regressing individual phenotypic values on inbreeding coefficients, implicitly assuming there is no correlation between an individual's phenotype and the kinship coefficient to its mate. If such an association between parental phenotype and parental kinship exists, and if the trait of interest is heritable, estimates of inbreeding depression can be biased. Here we first derive the expected bias as a function of the covariance between mean parental breeding value and parental kinship. Subsequently, we use simulated data to confirm the existence of this bias, and show that it can be accounted for in a quantitative genetic animal model. Finally, we use long-term individual-based data for white-throated dippers (Cinclus cinclus), a bird species in which inbreeding is relatively common, to obtain an empirical estimate of this bias. We show that during part of the study period, parents of inbred birds had shorter wings than those of outbred birds, and as wing length is heritable, inbred individuals were smaller, independent of any inbreeding effects. This resulted in the overestimation of inbreeding effects. Similarly, during a period when parents of inbred birds had longer wings, we found that inbreeding effects were underestimated. We discuss how such associations may have arisen in this system, and why they are likely to occur in others, too. Overall, we demonstrate how less biased estimates of inbreeding depression can be obtained within a quantitative genetic framework, and suggest that inbreeding and additive genetic effects should be accounted for simultaneously whenever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J J Becker
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J Hegelbach
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L F Keller
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - E Postma
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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24
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Genetic variance components and heritability of multiallelic heterozygosity under inbreeding. Heredity (Edinb) 2015; 116:1-11. [PMID: 26174022 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2015.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of genetic diversity in fitness-related traits remains a central topic in evolutionary biology, for example, in the context of sexual selection for genetic benefits. Among the solutions that have been proposed is directional sexual selection for heterozygosity. The importance of such selection is highly debated. However, a critical evaluation requires knowledge of the heritability of heterozygosity, a quantity that is rarely estimated in this context, and often assumed to be zero. This is at least partly the result of the lack of a general framework that allows for its quantitative prediction in small and inbred populations, which are the focus of most empirical studies. Moreover, while current predictors are applicable only to biallelic loci, fitness-relevant loci are often multiallelic, as are the neutral markers typically used to estimate genome-wide heterozygosity. To this end, we first review previous, but little-known, work showing that under most circumstances, heterozygosity at biallelic loci and in the absence of inbreeding is heritable. We then derive the heritability of heterozygosity and the underlying variances for multiple alleles and any inbreeding level. We also show that heterozygosity at multiallelic loci can be highly heritable when allele frequencies are unequal, and that this heritability is reduced by inbreeding. Our quantitative genetic framework can provide new insights into the evolutionary dynamics of heterozygosity in inbred and outbred populations.
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25
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Losdat S, Arcese P, Reid JM. Double decomposition: decomposing the variance in subcomponents of male extra-pair reproductive success. J Anim Ecol 2015; 84:1384-95. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Losdat
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences; School of Biological Sciences; Zoology Building; University of Aberdeen; Tillydrone Avenue Aberdeen AB24 2TZ UK
| | - Peter Arcese
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences; University of British Columbia; 2424 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Jane M. Reid
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences; School of Biological Sciences; Zoology Building; University of Aberdeen; Tillydrone Avenue Aberdeen AB24 2TZ UK
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26
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Ferrer ES, García-Navas V, Bueno-Enciso J, Sanz JJ, Ortego J. Multiple sexual ornaments signal heterozygosity in male blue tits. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza S. Ferrer
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales; Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica; Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha; Avda. Carlos III s/n 45071 Toledo Spain
- Grupo de Investigación de la Biodiversidad Genética y Cultural; Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM); Ronda de Toledo s/n 13071 Ciudad Real Spain
| | - Vicente García-Navas
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales; Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica; Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha; Avda. Carlos III s/n 45071 Toledo Spain
- Grupo de Investigación de la Biodiversidad Genética y Cultural; Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM); Ronda de Toledo s/n 13071 Ciudad Real Spain
- Evolution and Genetics of Love, Life and Death Group; Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Javier Bueno-Enciso
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales; Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica; Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha; Avda. Carlos III s/n 45071 Toledo Spain
| | - Juan José Sanz
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva; Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC); C/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2 28006 Madrid Spain
| | - Joaquín Ortego
- Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics Group; Department of Integrative Ecology; Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC); Avda. Américo Vespucio s/n 41092 Seville Spain
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27
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Reid JM, Duthie AB, Wolak ME, Arcese P. Demographic mechanisms of inbreeding adjustment through extra-pair reproduction. J Anim Ecol 2015; 84:1029-40. [PMID: 25645743 PMCID: PMC4670719 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One hypothesis explaining extra-pair reproduction is that socially monogamous females mate with extra-pair males to adjust the coefficient of inbreeding (f) of extra-pair offspring (EPO) relative to that of within-pair offspring (WPO) they would produce with their socially paired male. Such adjustment of offspring f requires non-random extra-pair reproduction with respect to relatedness, which is in turn often assumed to require some mechanism of explicit pre-copulatory or post-copulatory kin discrimination.
We propose three demographic processes that could potentially cause mean f to differ between individual females’ EPO and WPO given random extra-pair reproduction with available males without necessarily requiring explicit kin discrimination. Specifically, such a difference could arise if social pairings formed non-randomly with respect to relatedness or persisted non-randomly with respect to relatedness, or if the distribution of relatedness between females and their sets of potential mates changed during the period through which social pairings persisted.
We used comprehensive pedigree and pairing data from free-living song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) to quantify these three processes and hence investigate how individual females could adjust mean offspring f through instantaneously random extra-pair reproduction.
Female song sparrows tended to form social pairings with unrelated or distantly related males slightly less frequently than expected given random pairing within the defined set of available males. Furthermore, social pairings between more closely related mates tended to be more likely to persist across years than social pairings between less closely related mates. However, these effects were small and the mean relatedness between females and their sets of potential extra-pair males did not change substantially across the years through which social pairings persisted.
Our framework and analyses illustrate how demographic and social structuring within populations might allow females to adjust mean f of offspring through random extra-pair reproduction without necessarily requiring explicit kin discrimination, implying that adjustment of offspring f might be an inevitable consequence of extra-pair reproduction. New theoretical and empirical studies are required to explore the general magnitude of such effects and quantify the degree to which they could facilitate or constrain long-term evolution of extra-pair reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Reid
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland
| | - A Bradley Duthie
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland
| | - Matthew E Wolak
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland
| | - Peter Arcese
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
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28
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Kristensen TN, Hoffmann AA, Pertoldi C, Stronen AV. What can livestock breeders learn from conservation genetics and vice versa? Front Genet 2015; 6:38. [PMID: 25713584 PMCID: PMC4322732 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of livestock breeds and threatened natural population share common challenges, including small effective population sizes, high risk of inbreeding, and the potential benefits and costs associated with mixing disparate gene pools. Here, we consider what has been learnt about these issues, the ways in which the knowledge gained from one area might be applied to the other, and the potential of genomics to provide new insights. Although there are key differences stemming from the importance of artificial versus natural selection and the decreased level of environmental heterogeneity experienced by many livestock populations, we suspect that information from genetic rescue in natural populations could be usefully applied to livestock. This includes an increased emphasis on maintaining substantial population sizes at the expense of genetic uniqueness in ensuring future adaptability, and on emphasizing the way that environmental changes can influence the relative fitness of deleterious alleles and genotypes in small populations. We also suspect that information gained from cross-breeding and the maintenance of unique breeds will be increasingly important for the preservation of genetic variation in small natural populations. In particular, selected genes identified in domestic populations provide genetic markers for exploring adaptive evolution in threatened natural populations. Genomic technologies in the two disciplines will be important in the future in realizing genetic gains in livestock and maximizing adaptive capacity in wildlife, and particularly in understanding how parts of the genome may respond differently when exposed to population processes and selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten N. Kristensen
- Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg UniversityAalborg, Denmark
| | - Ary A. Hoffmann
- Department of Zoology and Department of Genetics, Bio21 Institute, The University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Cino Pertoldi
- Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg UniversityAalborg, Denmark
- Aalborg ZooAalborg, Denmark
| | - Astrid V. Stronen
- Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg UniversityAalborg, Denmark
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29
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Effects of heterozygosity and MHC diversity on patterns of extra-pair paternity in the socially monogamous scarlet rosefinch. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-014-1858-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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30
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Reid JM, Arcese P, Keller LF, Germain RR, Duthie AB, Losdat S, Wolak ME, Nietlisbach P. Quantifying inbreeding avoidance through extra-pair reproduction. Evolution 2014; 69:59-74. [PMID: 25346331 PMCID: PMC4312944 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Extra-pair reproduction is widely hypothesized to allow females to avoid inbreeding with related socially paired males. Consequently, numerous field studies have tested the key predictions that extra-pair offspring are less inbred than females’ alternative within-pair offspring, and that the probability of extra-pair reproduction increases with a female's relatedness to her socially paired male. However, such studies rarely measure inbreeding or relatedness sufficiently precisely to detect subtle effects, or consider biases stemming from failure to observe inbred offspring that die during early development. Analyses of multigenerational song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) pedigree data showed that most females had opportunity to increase or decrease the coefficient of inbreeding of their offspring through extra-pair reproduction with neighboring males. In practice, observed extra-pair offspring had lower inbreeding coefficients than females’ within-pair offspring on average, while the probability of extra-pair reproduction increased substantially with the coefficient of kinship between a female and her socially paired male. However, simulations showed that such effects could simply reflect bias stemming from inbreeding depression in early offspring survival. The null hypothesis that extra-pair reproduction is random with respect to kinship therefore cannot be definitively rejected in song sparrows, and existing general evidence that females avoid inbreeding through extra-pair reproduction requires reevaluation given such biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Reid
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zoology Building, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland.
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Reid JM, Arcese P, Losdat S. Genetic covariance between components of male reproductive success: within-pair vs. extra-pair paternity in song sparrows. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:2046-56. [PMID: 25186454 PMCID: PMC4283045 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary trajectories of reproductive systems, including both male and female multiple mating and hence polygyny and polyandry, are expected to depend on the additive genetic variances and covariances in and among components of male reproductive success achieved through different reproductive tactics. However, genetic covariances among key components of male reproductive success have not been estimated in wild populations. We used comprehensive paternity data from socially monogamous but genetically polygynandrous song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) to estimate additive genetic variance and covariance in the total number of offspring a male sired per year outside his social pairings (i.e. his total extra-pair reproductive success achieved through multiple mating) and his liability to sire offspring produced by his socially paired female (i.e. his success in defending within-pair paternity). Both components of male fitness showed nonzero additive genetic variance, and the estimated genetic covariance was positive, implying that males with high additive genetic value for extra-pair reproduction also have high additive genetic propensity to sire their socially paired female's offspring. There was consequently no evidence of a genetic or phenotypic trade-off between male within-pair paternity success and extra-pair reproductive success. Such positive genetic covariance might be expected to facilitate ongoing evolution of polygyny and could also shape the ongoing evolution of polyandry through indirect selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Reid
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland
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32
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Huchard E, Charmantier A, English S, Bateman A, Nielsen JF, Clutton-Brock T. Additive genetic variance and developmental plasticity in growth trajectories in a wild cooperative mammal. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:1893-904. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Huchard
- LARG; Department of Zoology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - A. Charmantier
- LARG; Department of Zoology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
- CEFE-CNRS; Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - S. English
- Department of Zoology; The Edward Grey Institute; University of Oxford, Oxford UK
| | - A. Bateman
- LARG; Department of Zoology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - J. F. Nielsen
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology; School of Biological Sciences; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
- Institute of Zoology; Zoological Society of London; London UK
| | - T. Clutton-Brock
- LARG; Department of Zoology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
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33
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Harrison XA, York JE, Cram DL, Young AJ. Extra-group mating increases inbreeding risk in a cooperatively breeding bird. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:5700-15. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- X. A. Harrison
- Institute of Zoology; Zoological Society of London; Regent's Park London NW1 4RY UK
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation; University of Exeter; Tremough Campus; Penryn Cornwall TR10 9EZ UK
| | - J. E. York
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation; University of Exeter; Tremough Campus; Penryn Cornwall TR10 9EZ UK
| | - D. L. Cram
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation; University of Exeter; Tremough Campus; Penryn Cornwall TR10 9EZ UK
| | - A. J. Young
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation; University of Exeter; Tremough Campus; Penryn Cornwall TR10 9EZ UK
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34
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Haanes H, Markussen SS, Herfindal I, Røed KH, Solberg EJ, Heim M, Midthjell L, Sæther BE. Effects of inbreeding on fitness-related traits in a small isolated moose population. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:4230-42. [PMID: 24324873 PMCID: PMC3853567 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inbreeding can affect fitness-related traits at different life history stages and may interact with environmental variation to induce even larger effects. We used genetic parentage assignment based on 22 microsatellite loci to determine a 25 year long pedigree for a newly established island population of moose with 20–40 reproducing individuals annually. We used the pedigree to calculate individual inbreeding coefficients and examined for effects of individual inbreeding (f) and heterozygosity on fitness-related traits. We found negative effects of f on birth date, calf body mass and twinning rate. The relationship between f and calf body mass and twinning rate were found to be separate but weaker after accounting for birth date. We found no support for an inbreeding effect on the age-specific lifetime reproductive success of females. The influence of f on birth date was related to climatic conditions during the spring prior to birth, indicating that calves with a low f were born earlier after a cold spring than calves with high f. In years with a warm spring, calf f did not affect birth date. The results suggest that severe inbreeding in moose has both indirect effects on fitness through delayed birth and lower juvenile body mass, as well as separate direct effects, as there still was a significant relationship between f and twinning rate after accounting for birth date and body mass as calf. Consequently, severe inbreeding as found in the study population may have consequences for population growth and extinction risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hallvard Haanes
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim, N-7491, Norway ; Departments of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science PO-8146 Dep, Oslo, N-0033, Norway
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35
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Herdegen M, Nadachowska‐Brzyska K, Konowalik A, Babik W, Radwan J. Retracted: Heterozygosity, sexual ornament and body size in the crested newt. J Zool (1987) 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Herdegen
- Institute of Environmental Sciences Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | | | - A. Konowalik
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Conservation of Vertebrates University of Wroclaw Wroclaw Poland
| | - W. Babik
- Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals Polish Academy of Sciences Krakow Poland
| | - J. Radwan
- Institute of Environmental Biology Faculty of Biology Adam Mickiewicz University Uppsala Sweden
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36
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Loyau A, Cornuau JH, Clobert J, Danchin E. Incestuous sisters: mate preference for brothers over unrelated males in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51293. [PMID: 23251487 PMCID: PMC3519633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The literature is full of examples of inbreeding avoidance, while recent mathematical models predict that inbreeding tolerance or even inbreeding preference should be expected under several realistic conditions like e.g. polygyny. We investigated male and female mate preferences with respect to relatedness in the fruit fly D. melanogaster. Experiments offered the choice between a first order relative (full-sibling or parent) and an unrelated individual with the same age and mating history. We found that females significantly preferred mating with their brothers, thus supporting inbreeding preference. Moreover, females did not avoid mating with their fathers, and males did not avoid mating with their sisters, thus supporting inbreeding tolerance. Our experiments therefore add empirical evidence for inbreeding preference, which strengthens the prediction that inbreeding tolerance and preference can evolve under specific circumstances through the positive effects on inclusive fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Loyau
- CNRS, Station d'Ecologie Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis, USR 2936, Saint Girons, France.
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Sardell RJ, Arcese P, Reid JM. Offspring fitness varies with parental extra-pair status in song sparrows, Melospiza melodia. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:4078-86. [PMID: 22874751 PMCID: PMC3427578 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have tested for indirect selection on female extra-pair reproduction (EPR) by quantifying whether extra-pair young (EPY) are fitter than their within-pair young (WPY) maternal half-siblings. In contrast, the hypothesis that offspring of EPY and WPY (rather than the EPY and WPY themselves) differ in fitness has not been tested, even though inter-generational effects of parental extra-pair status on offspring fitness could alter the magnitude and direction of indirect selection on EPR. We tested whether offspring of EPY song sparrows, Melospiza melodia, were more likely to recruit or produce hatched or recruited offspring over their lifetimes than offspring of WPY. Hatchlings with one or two EPY parents were more likely to recruit and produce hatched offspring than hatchlings with two WPY parents. Furthermore, these relationships differed between maternal versus paternal extra-pair status. Hatchlings with EPY fathers were more likely to recruit and produce offspring than hatchlings with WPY fathers. In contrast, hatchlings with EPY mothers were as likely to recruit as hatchlings with WPY mothers and tended to be less likely to produce recruited offspring. Depending on the causal genetic and environmental mechanisms, such conflicting inter-generational relationships between parental extra-pair status and offspring fitness could substantially influence the evolutionary dynamics of EPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Sardell
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Zoology Building, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
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38
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Reid JM. Predicting evolutionary responses to selection on polyandry in the wild: additive genetic covariances with female extra-pair reproduction. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:4652-60. [PMID: 22993252 PMCID: PMC3479734 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.1835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary forces that underlie polyandry, including extra-pair reproduction (EPR) by socially monogamous females, remain unclear. Selection on EPR and resulting evolution have rarely been explicitly estimated or predicted in wild populations, and evolutionary predictions are vulnerable to bias due to environmental covariances and correlated selection through unmeasured traits. However, evolutionary responses to (correlated) selection on any trait can be directly predicted as additive genetic covariances (covA) with appropriate components of relative fitness. I used comprehensive life-history, paternity and pedigree data from song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) to estimate covA between a female's liability to produce extra-pair offspring and two specific fitness components: relative annual reproductive success (ARS) and survival to recruitment. All three traits showed non-zero additive genetic variance. Estimates of covA were positive, predicting evolution towards increased EPR, but 95% credible intervals overlapped zero. There was therefore no conclusive prediction of evolutionary change in EPR due to (correlated) selection through female ARS or recruitment. Negative environmental covariance between EPR and ARS would have impeded evolutionary prediction from phenotypic selection differentials. These analyses demonstrate an explicit quantitative genetic approach to predicting evolutionary responses to components of (correlated) selection on EPR that should be unbiased by environmental covariances and unmeasured traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Reid
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Zoology Building, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
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39
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BILLING ANNAM, LEE ALINEM, SKJELSETH SIGRUN, BORG ÅSAA, HALE MATTHEWC, SLATE JON, PÄRN HENRIK, RINGSBY THORH, SAETHER BERNTERIK, JENSEN HENRIK. Evidence of inbreeding depression but not inbreeding avoidance in a natural house sparrow population. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:1487-99. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05490.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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WETZEL DANIELP, STEWART IANRK, WESTNEAT DAVIDF. Heterozygosity predicts clutch and egg size but not plasticity in a house sparrow population with no evidence of inbreeding. Mol Ecol 2011; 21:406-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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41
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Reid JM, Sardell RJ. Indirect selection on female extra-pair reproduction? Comparing the additive genetic value of maternal half-sib extra-pair and within-pair offspring. Proc Biol Sci 2011; 279:1700-8. [PMID: 22113036 PMCID: PMC3297462 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.2230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
One specific hypothesis explaining the evolution of extra-pair reproduction (EPR) by socially monogamous females is that EPR is under indirect selection because extra-pair offspring (EPO) sired by extra-pair males have higher additive genetic value for fitness than the within-pair offspring (WPO) a female would have produced had she solely mated with her socially paired male. This hypothesis has not been explicitly tested by comparing additive genetic value between EPO and the WPO they replaced. We show that the difference in additive genetic breeding value (BV) between EPO and the WPO they replaced is proportional to the genetic covariance between offspring fitness and male net paternity gain through EPR, and estimate this covariance with respect to offspring recruitment in free-living song sparrows (Melospiza melodia). Recruitment and net paternity gain showed non-zero additive genetic variance and heritability, and negative genetic covariance. Opposite to prediction, EPO therefore had lower BV for recruitment than the WPO they replaced. We thereby demonstrate an explicit quantitative genetic approach to testing the hypothesis that EPR allows polyandrous females to increase offspring additive genetic value, and suggest that there may be weak indirect selection against female EPR through reduced additive genetic value for recruitment of EPO versus WPO in song sparrows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Reid
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Zoology Building, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
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42
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Walling CA, Nussey DH, Morris A, Clutton-Brock TH, Kruuk LEB, Pemberton JM. Inbreeding depression in red deer calves. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11:318. [PMID: 22039837 PMCID: PMC3226574 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the fitness consequences of inbreeding is of major importance for evolutionary and conservation biology. However, there are few studies using pedigree-based estimates of inbreeding or investigating the influence of environment and age variation on inbreeding depression in natural populations. Here we investigated the consequences of variation in inbreeding coefficient for three juvenile traits, birth date, birth weight and first year survival, in a wild population of red deer, considering both calf and mother's inbreeding coefficient. We also tested whether inbreeding depression varied with environmental conditions and maternal age. RESULTS We detected non-zero inbreeding coefficients for 22% of individuals with both parents and at least one grandparent known (increasing to 42% if the dataset was restricted to those with four known grandparents). Inbreeding depression was evident for birth weight and first year survival but not for birth date: the first year survival of offspring with an inbreeding coefficient of 0.25 was reduced by 77% compared to offspring with an inbreeding coefficient of zero. However, it was independent of measures of environmental variation and maternal age. The effect of inbreeding on birth weight appeared to be driven by highly inbred individuals (F = 0.25). On the other hand first year survival showed strong inbreeding depression that was not solely driven by individuals with the highest inbreeding coefficients, corresponding to an estimate of 4.35 lethal equivalents. CONCLUSIONS These results represent a rare demonstration of inbreeding depression using pedigree-based estimates in a wild mammal population and highlight the potential strength of effects on key components of fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Walling
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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43
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Aparicio JM. The paradox of the resolution of the lek paradox based on mate choice for heterozygosity. Anim Behav 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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44
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MacDougall-Shackleton EA, Clinchy M, Zanette L, Neff BD. Songbird genetic diversity is lower in anthropogenically versus naturally fragmented landscapes. CONSERV GENET 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-011-0222-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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45
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Reid JM, Arcese P, Sardell RJ, Keller LF. Additive Genetic Variance, Heritability, and Inbreeding Depression in Male Extra-Pair Reproductive Success. Am Nat 2011; 177:177-87. [DOI: 10.1086/657977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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46
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Clinchy M, Zanette L, Charlier TD, Newman AEM, Schmidt KL, Boonstra R, Soma KK. Multiple measures elucidate glucocorticoid responses to environmental variation in predation threat. Oecologia 2011; 166:607-14. [PMID: 21279653 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-011-1915-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Predator-induced changes in the glucocorticoid responses of prey have been proposed to mediate indirect predator effects on prey demography. Ambiguities exist, however, as to whether differences in predation threat in the environment at large affect the mean glucocorticoid response in wild birds and mammals, and whether this is likely to affect reproduction. Most studies to date that have examined glucocorticoid responses to environmental variation in predation threat have evaluated just one of the several potential measures of the glucocorticoid response, and this may be the source of many ambiguities. We evaluated multiple measures of the glucocorticoid response [plasma total CORTicosterone, corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG) and free CORT] in male and female song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) sampled at locations differing in predation threat in the environment at large, where we have previously reported reproductive differences suggestive of indirect predator effects. Total CORT varied markedly with predation threat in males but not females whereas the opposite was true for CBG, and both sexes demonstrated the same moderately significant free CORT response. Considering all three indices, a glucocorticoid response to environmental variation in predation threat was evident in both sexes, whereas there were ambiguities considering each index singly. We conclude that collecting multiple physiological measures and conducting multivariate analyses may provide a preferable means of assessing glucocorticoid responses to environmental variation in predation threat, and so help clarify whether such glucocorticoid changes affect reproduction in wild birds and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Clinchy
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3020, Station CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 3N5, Canada.
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47
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Drayton JM, Milner RNC, Hall MD, Jennions MD. Inbreeding and courtship calling in the cricket Teleogryllus commodus. J Evol Biol 2010; 24:47-58. [PMID: 21054622 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J M Drayton
- Evolution, Ecology & Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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48
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Reid JM, Arcese P, Sardell RJ, Keller LF. Heritability of female extra-pair paternity rate in song sparrows (Melospiza melodia). Proc Biol Sci 2010; 278:1114-20. [PMID: 20980302 PMCID: PMC3049030 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.1704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The forces driving the evolution of extra-pair reproduction in socially monogamous animals remain widely debated and unresolved. One key hypothesis is that female extra-pair reproduction evolves through indirect genetic benefits, reflecting increased additive genetic value of extra-pair offspring. Such evolution requires that a female's propensity to produce offspring that are sired by an extra-pair male is heritable. However, additive genetic variance and heritability in female extra-pair paternity (EPP) rate have not been quantified, precluding accurate estimation of the force of indirect selection. Sixteen years of comprehensive paternity and pedigree data from socially monogamous but genetically polygynandrous song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) showed significant additive genetic variance and heritability in the proportion of a female's offspring that was sired by an extra-pair male, constituting major components of the genetic architecture required for extra-pair reproduction to evolve through indirect additive genetic benefits. However, estimated heritabilities were moderately small (0.12 and 0.18 on the observed and underlying latent scales, respectively). The force of selection on extra-pair reproduction through indirect additive genetic benefits may consequently be relatively weak. However, the additive genetic variance and non-zero heritability observed in female EPP rate allow for multiple further genetic mechanisms to drive and constrain mating system evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Reid
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
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49
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Taylor SS, Sardell RJ, Reid JM, Bucher T, Taylor NG, Arcese P, Keller LF. Inbreeding coefficient and heterozygosity-fitness correlations in unhatched and hatched song sparrow nestmates. Mol Ecol 2010; 19:4454-61. [PMID: 20854411 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04824.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygosity-fitness correlations use molecular measures of heterozygosity as proxy estimates of individual inbreeding coefficients (f) to examine relationships between inbreeding and fitness traits. Heterozygosity-fitness correlations partly depend on the assumption that individual heterozygosity and f are strongly and negatively correlated. Although theory predicts that this relationship will be strongest when mean f and variance in f are high, few studies of heterozygosity-fitness correlations include estimates of f based on pedigrees, which allow for more thorough examinations of the relationship between f, heterozygosity and fitness in nature. We examined relationships between pedigree-based estimates of f, multilocus heterozygosity (MLH) and the probability of survival to hatch in song sparrow nestmates. f and MLH were weakly, but significantly negatively correlated. Inbreeding coefficient predicted the probability of survival to hatch. In contrast, MLH did not predict the probability of survival to hatch nor did it account for residual variation in survival to hatch after statistically controlling for the effects of f. These results are consistent with the expectation that heterozygosity-f correlations will be weak when mean and variance in f are low. Our results also provide empirical support for recent simulation studies, which show that variation in MLH among siblings with equal f can be large and may obscure MLH-fitness relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina S Taylor
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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50
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Drayton JM, Milner RNC, Hunt J, Jennions MD. Inbreeding and advertisement calling in the cricket Teleogryllus commodus: laboratory and field experiments. Evolution 2010; 64:3069-83. [PMID: 20662924 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
If sexually selected traits reveal a male's heterozygosity or condition to females, then such traits should exhibit declines with inbreeding. We tested this by examining the effect of inbreeding on advertisement calling in male crickets Teleogryllus commodus. We investigated the effect of one generation of full-sibling mating on calling effort and fine-scale call structure. Inbreeding reduced calling effort but had no effect on call structure. We then compared the attractiveness of inbred and outbred calls in the field by monitoring how many wild females were attracted to each call type. From the field data, we conducted a selection analysis to identify the major axes of linear and nonlinear multivariate sexual selection on call structure. A comparison of multivariate attractiveness of inbred and outbred calls along each major axis of selection revealed no difference in attractiveness. Our results suggest that inbred male calls have a fine-scale structure that is no less attractive to females than that of outbred calls. However, because inbred males call less often, and female T. commodus prefer males with a higher calling effort, inbred males will suffer reductions in mating success. Females who base mate choice on call rate are therefore using a signal correlated with male heterozygosity and/or condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean M Drayton
- Evolution, Ecology & Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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