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Yasuura M, Nakaya Y, Ashiba H, Fukuda T. Investigation on the applicability of a long-range reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay for the rapid detection of active viruses. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:300. [PMID: 36510144 PMCID: PMC9743722 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02723-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods are widely used in diagnosis, the titer of the pathogenic virus is difficult to determine based on the PCR. In our prior report, a long-range reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (LR-RT-qPCR) assay was developed to assess the titer of UV-irradiated influenza A virus (IAV) rapidly. In this research, we focused on whether the LR-RT-qPCR assay could evaluate the titer of IAV inactivated by other methods. METHODS IAV was inactivated by: heating at 100 °C for periods ranging from 1 to 15 min, treating with 0.12% sodium hypochlorite for periods ranging from 3 to 30 min, or treating with 70% ethanol for periods ranging from 10 to 30 min. Fifty percent tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) assay was performed to confirm the efficacy of the inactivation methods, followed by LR-RT-qPCR to investigate the correlation between infectivity and copy number. RESULTS One minute heating, 3 min sodium hypochlorite treatment, or 10 min ethanol treatment was sufficient to deactivate IAV. Changes before and after the inactivations in the copy numbers on LR-RT-qPCR were significantly different among the inactivation methods. Heat-inactivation drastically decreased the copy number to below the cutoff value around 5 copies/μL after 5 min treatment. The inactivation time of heating estimated using LR-RT-qPCR was marginally higher than that determined using TCID50. However, the treatments with sodium hypochlorite or ethanol moderately and minimally affected the copy numbers obtained using LR-RT-qPCR (~ 1 digit or no copy number decrease), respectively. CONCLUSIONS In addition to good applicability in UV-irradiation previously reported, the LR-RT-qPCR method is suitable for evaluating the effect of heat-inactivation on IAV infectivity. However, minor modifications may be made and investigated in the future to reduce the time intervals with TCID50. Although this method is not applicable for the ethanol inactivation, rapid evaluation of the effects of chlorination on IAV can be determined by comparing copy numbers before and after treatment using the LR-RT-qPCR method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Yasuura
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Yuki Nakaya
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan.,Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ashiba
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Takashi Fukuda
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
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Quick assessment of influenza a virus infectivity with a long-range reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:585. [PMID: 32762666 PMCID: PMC7407439 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05317-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is commonly used to detect viral pathogens because of its high sensitivity and specificity. However, conventional PCR methods cannot determine virus infectivity. Virus infectivity is conventionally examined with methods such as the plaque assay, even though such assays require several days. Long-range reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) has previously been suggested for the rapid assessment of RNA virus infectivity where the loss of infectivity is attributable to genomic fragmentation. METHODS IAV was irradiated with 253.7 nm ultraviolet (UV) rays to induce genomic strand breaks that were confirmed by a full-length RT-PCR assay. The IAV was then subjected to plaque assay, conventional RT-qPCR and long-range RT-qPCR to examine the relationship between infectious titer and copy number. A simple linear regression analysis was performed to examine the correlation between the results of these assays. RESULTS A long-range RT-qPCR assay was developed and validated for influenza A virus (IAV). Although only a few minutes of UV irradiation was required to completely inactivate IAV, genomic RNA remained detectable by the conventional RT-qPCR and the full-length RT-PCR for NS of viral genome following inactivation. A long-range RT-qPCR assay was then designed using RT-priming at the 3' termini of each genomic segment and subsequent qPCR of the 5' regions. UV-mediated IAV inactivation was successfully analyzed by the long-range RT-qPCR assay especially when targeting PA of the viral genome. This was also supported by the regression analysis that the long-range RT-qPCR is highly correlated with plaque assay (Adjusted R2 = 0.931, P = 0.000066). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that IAV infectivity can be predicted without the infectivity assays. The rapid detection of pathogenic IAV has, therefore, been achieved with this sensing technology.
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Wiehe A, O'Brien JM, Senge MO. Trends and targets in antiviral phototherapy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:2565-2612. [PMID: 31397467 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00211a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a well-established treatment option in the treatment of certain cancerous and pre-cancerous lesions. Though best-known for its application in tumor therapy, historically the photodynamic effect was first demonstrated against bacteria at the beginning of the 20th century. Today, in light of spreading antibiotic resistance and the rise of new infections, this photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of microbes, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, is gaining considerable attention. This review focuses on the PDI of viruses as an alternative treatment in antiviral therapy, but also as a means of viral decontamination, covering mainly the literature of the last decade. The PDI of viruses shares the general action mechanism of photodynamic applications: the irradiation of a dye with light and the subsequent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are the effective phototoxic agents damaging virus targets by reacting with viral nucleic acids, lipids and proteins. Interestingly, a light-independent antiviral activity has also been found for some of these dyes. This review covers the compound classes employed in the PDI of viruses and their various areas of use. In the medical area, currently two fields stand out in which the PDI of viruses has found broader application: the purification of blood products and the treatment of human papilloma virus manifestations. However, the PDI of viruses has also found interest in such diverse areas as water and surface decontamination, and biosafety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Wiehe
- biolitec research GmbH, Otto-Schott-Str. 15, 07745 Jena, Germany. and Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jessica M O'Brien
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | - Mathias O Senge
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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4
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Hamza IA, Bibby K. Critical issues in application of molecular methods to environmental virology. J Virol Methods 2019; 266:11-24. [PMID: 30659861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Waterborne diseases have significant public health and socioeconomic implications worldwide. Many viral pathogens are commonly associated with water-related diseases, namely enteric viruses. Also, novel recently discovered human-associated viruses have been shown to be a causative agent of gastroenteritis or other clinical symptoms. A wide range of analytical methods is available for virus detection in environmental water samples. Viral isolation is historically carried out via propagation on permissive cell lines; however, some enteric viruses are difficult or not able to propagate on existing cell lines. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) screening of viral nucleic acid is routinely used to investigate virus contamination in water due to the high sensitivity and specificity. Additionally, the introduction of metagenomic approaches into environmental virology has facilitated the discovery of viruses that cannot be grown in cell culture. This review (i) highlights the applications of molecular techniques in environmental virology such as PCR and its modifications to overcome the critical issues associated with the inability to discriminate between infectious viruses and nonviable viruses, (ii) outlines the strengths and weaknesses of Nucleic Acid Sequence Based Amplification (NASBA) and microarray, (iii) discusses the role of digital PCR as an emerging water quality monitoring assay and its advantages over qPCR, (iv) addresses the viral metagenomics in terms of detecting emerging viral pathogens and diversity in aquatic environment. Indeed, there are many challenges for selecting methods to detect classic and emerging viruses in environmental samples. While the existing techniques have revealed the importance and diversity of viruses in the water environment, further developments are necessary to enable more rapid and accurate methodologies for viral water quality monitoring and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Ahmed Hamza
- Department of Water Pollution Research, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Kyle Bibby
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, USA
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5
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Qiu Y, Li Q, Lee BE, Ruecker NJ, Neumann NF, Ashbolt NJ, Pang X. UV inactivation of human infectious viruses at two full-scale wastewater treatment plants in Canada. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 147:73-81. [PMID: 30300783 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection is widely used to inactivate microorganisms prior to release of treated municipal wastewater. However, limited data are available for in situ inactivation of infectious enteric viruses by UV treatment at full-scale. In this study, a total of 51 pre-UV and 50 post-UV samples were collected over a two-year period from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and analyzed for noroviruses, rotavirus, reovirus, sapovirus, astrovirus, enteroviruses, adenoviruses and JC virus. Both pre-UV and post-UV samples had relatively high concentrations of these viruses determined by qPCR. Infectious viruses were also observed in 98% of pre-UV samples and 76% of post-UV samples by cell culture, using either cytopathic effect (CPE) or integrated cell culture with qPCR (ICC-qPCR). Reovirus was the most common virus detected by ICC-qPCR, present in 92% of pre-UV and 48% of post-UV samples. Infectious enterovirus and adenovirus were detected by ICC-qPCR in 33% and 31% of pre-UV samples, 14% and 20% of post-UV samples, respectively. Mean log10 reduction estimates for infectious reovirus was 1.2 and 1.8 log for the two WWTPs as assessed by ICC-qPCR, which was similar to the reduction of total infectious viruses (1.5 and 1.7 log) as assessed by CPE in cells culture. Overall, quantification of infectious reovirus appears to provide a useful index of enteric virus inactivation during wastewater treatment at full-scale. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study to assess UV inactivation of human enteric viruses at full-scale in WWTPs using both molecular and cell culture techniques, providing important information for quantitative microbial risk assessment of UV inactivation of human viruses in municipal wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Qiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 116st & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G. 2R3, Canada
| | - Qiaozhi Li
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 11405-87Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Bonita E Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, 11405-87Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Norma J Ruecker
- City of Calgary, Water Resources, 625, 25 Avenue SE, Calgary, AB, T2G 4K8, Canada
| | - Norman F Neumann
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 11405-87Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Nicholas J Ashbolt
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 11405-87Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada; Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, 8440-112st, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2J2, Canada
| | - Xiaoli Pang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 116st & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G. 2R3, Canada; Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, 8440-112st, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2J2, Canada.
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Ho J, Seidel M, Niessner R, Eggers J, Tiehm A. Long amplicon (LA)-qPCR for the discrimination of infectious and noninfectious phix174 bacteriophages after UV inactivation. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 103:141-148. [PMID: 27450352 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne viruses are increasingly being considered in risk assessment schemes. In general, virus detection by culture methods is time consuming. In contrast, detection by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is more rapid and therefore, more suitable for monitoring. At present, qPCR lacks the essential ability for discriminating between infectious and non-infectious viruses, thus limiting its applicability for monitoring disinfection processes. In this study, a method was developed to quantify UV inactivation by long amplicon (LA)-qPCR. Bacteriophage phiX174 was used as a surrogate for human pathogenic viruses. A qPCR protocol was developed with new sets of primers, resulting in amplicon lengths of 108, 250, 456, 568, 955, 1063, 1544, and 1764 nucleotides. The log reduction of gene copies increased with increasing amplicon length. Additional treatment with the intercalating dye, PMA, had no effect, indicating that the bacteriophage capsids were not damaged by low pressure UV irradiation. A qPCR of nearly the complete genome (approx. 5000 nucleotides) showed similar results to the plaque assay. The log reduction in qPCR correlates with [specific amplicon length x UV dose]. The normalized DNA effect constant can be applied to calculate phiX174 inactivation based on qPCR detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ho
- DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (TZW), Department Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Karlsruher Str. 84, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael Seidel
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Marchioninistr. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhard Niessner
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Marchioninistr. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jutta Eggers
- DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (TZW), Department Technology and Economics, Karlsruher Str. 84, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andreas Tiehm
- DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (TZW), Department Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Karlsruher Str. 84, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Treatment of Whole Blood With Riboflavin and UV Light: Impact on Malaria Parasite Viability and Whole Blood Storage. Shock 2016; 44 Suppl 1:33-8. [PMID: 25423125 PMCID: PMC4498649 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: Sub-Saharan African countries utilize whole blood (WB) to treat severe anemia secondary to severe blood loss or malaria on an emergency basis. In many areas with high prevalence of transfusion-transmissible agents, blood safety measures are insufficient. Pathogen reduction technology applied to WB might considerably improve blood safety. Methods: Whole blood from 40 different donors were treated with riboflavin and UV light (pathogen reduction technology) in order to inactivate malaria parasite replication. The extent of parasite inactivation was determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction methods and was correlated to studies evaluating the replication of malaria parasites in culture. Products were also stored for 21 days at +4°C and monitored for cell quality throughout storage. Results: Plasmodium amplicon was present in 21 samples (>100 copies/mL), doubtful in four (10–100 genome equivalents [gEq]/mL), and negative in 15 U. The majority of asymptomatic parasitemic donors carried low parasite levels, with only six donors above 5,000 copies/mL (15%). After treatment with riboflavin and UV light, these six samples demonstrated a 0.5 to 1.2 log reduction in quantitative polymerase chain reaction amplification. This correlated to equal to or greater than 6.4 log reductions in infectivity. In treated WB units, cell quality parameters remained stable; however, plasma hemoglobin increased to 0.15 g/dL. All markers behaved similarly to published data for stored, untreated WB. Conclusions: Pathogen reduction technology treatment can inactivate malaria parasites in WB while maintaining adequate blood quality during posttreatment cold storage for 21 days.
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Psoralen Inactivation of Viruses: A Process for the Safe Manipulation of Viral Antigen and Nucleic Acid. Viruses 2015; 7:5875-88. [PMID: 26569291 PMCID: PMC4664985 DOI: 10.3390/v7112912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
High consequence human pathogenic viruses must be handled at biosafety level 2, 3 or 4 and must be rendered non-infectious before they can be utilized for molecular or immunological applications at lower biosafety levels. Here we evaluate psoralen-inactivated Arena-, Bunya-, Corona-, Filo-, Flavi- and Orthomyxoviruses for their suitability as antigen in immunological processes and as template for reverse transcription PCR and sequencing. The method of virus inactivation using a psoralen molecule appears to have broad applicability to RNA viruses and to leave both the particle and RNA of the treated virus intact, while rendering the virus non-infectious.
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Bakkour S, Chafets DM, Wen L, Dupuis K, Castro G, Green JM, Stassinopoulos A, Busch MP, Lee T. Assessment of nucleic acid modification induced by amotosalen and ultraviolet A light treatment of platelets and plasma using real‐time polymerase chain reaction amplification of variable length fragments of mitochondrial DNA. Transfusion 2015; 56:410-20. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Bakkour
- Blood Systems Research InstituteSan Francisco California
| | | | - Li Wen
- Blood Systems Research InstituteSan Francisco California
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael P. Busch
- Blood Systems Research InstituteSan Francisco California
- University of California San FranciscoSan Francisco California
| | - Tzong‐Hae Lee
- Blood Systems Research InstituteSan Francisco California
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Bouwknegt M, Verhaelen K, Rzeżutka A, Kozyra I, Maunula L, von Bonsdorff CH, Vantarakis A, Kokkinos P, Petrovic T, Lazic S, Pavlik I, Vasickova P, Willems KA, Havelaar AH, Rutjes SA, de Roda Husman AM. Quantitative farm-to-fork risk assessment model for norovirus and hepatitis A virus in European leafy green vegetable and berry fruit supply chains. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 198:50-8. [PMID: 25598201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fresh produce that is contaminated with viruses may lead to infection and viral gastroenteritis or hepatitis when consumed raw. It is thus important to reduce virus numbers on these foods. Prevention of virus contamination in fresh produce production and processing may be more effective than treatment, as sufficient virus removal or inactivation by post-harvest treatment requires high doses that may adversely affect food quality. To date knowledge of the contribution of various potential contamination routes is lacking. A risk assessment model was developed for human norovirus, hepatitis A virus and human adenovirus in raspberry and salad vegetable supply chains to quantify contributions of potential contamination sources to the contamination of produce at retail. These models were used to estimate public health risks. Model parameterization was based on monitoring data from European supply chains and literature data. No human pathogenic viruses were found in the soft fruit supply chains; human adenovirus (hAdV) was detected, which was additionally monitored as an indicator of fecal pollution to assess the contribution of potential contamination points. Estimated risks per serving of lettuce based on the models were 3×10(-4) (6×10(-6)-5×10(-3)) for NoV infection and 3×10(-8) (7×10(-10)-3×10(-6)) for hepatitis A jaundice. The contribution to virus contamination of hand-contact was larger as compared with the contribution of irrigation, the conveyor belt or the water used for produce rinsing. In conclusion, viral contamination in the lettuce and soft fruit supply chains occurred and estimated health risks were generally low. Nevertheless, the 97.5% upper limit for the estimated NoV contamination of lettuce suggested that infection risks up to 50% per serving might occur. Our study suggests that attention to full compliance for hand hygiene will improve fresh produce safety related to virus risks most as compared to the other examined sources, given the monitoring results. This effect will be further aided by compliance with other hygiene and water quality regulations in production and processing facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Bouwknegt
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Katharina Verhaelen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Artur Rzeżutka
- Department of Food and Environmental Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Iwona Kozyra
- Department of Food and Environmental Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Leena Maunula
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carl-Henrik von Bonsdorff
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Apostolos Vantarakis
- Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Petros Kokkinos
- Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Tamas Petrovic
- Virology Department, Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad", Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Sava Lazic
- Virology Department, Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad", Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ivo Pavlik
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Kris A Willems
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arie H Havelaar
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia A Rutjes
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Maria de Roda Husman
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Bakkour S, Chafets DM, Wen L, van der Meer PF, Mundt JM, Marschner S, Goodrich RP, Busch MP, Lee TH. Development of a mitochondrial DNA real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for quality control of pathogen reduction with riboflavin and ultraviolet light. Vox Sang 2014; 107:351-9. [PMID: 24976130 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Transfusion is associated with a risk of infection and alloimmunization. Pathogen reduction using riboflavin and UV light (Mirasol treatment) inactivates pathogens and leucocytes. With increasing adoption of the technology in clinical use, regulatory agencies have recommended the introduction of quality control measures to monitor pathogen reduction efficacy. We sought to develop a real-time PCR-based assay to document the impact of pathogen reduction on the mitochondrial genome in blood components. MATERIALS AND METHODS DNA was extracted from platelet and plasma components before and after treatment with riboflavin and UV light. Inhibition of PCR amplification of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in short- and long-amplicon target regions, ranging from under 200 base pairs (bp) to over 1800 bp, was measured in treated relative to untreated components. RESULTS Pathogen reduction of platelets using riboflavin and UV light resulted in inhibition of PCR amplification of long-amplicon mtDNA targets, demonstrating approximately 1 log reduction of amplification relative to untreated products. Amplification of short-amplicon mtDNA targets was not affected by treatment. Evaluation of 110 blinded platelet samples from the PREPAReS clinical trial resulted in prediction of treatment status with 100% accuracy. Pathogen reduction of plasma components resulted in similar levels of PCR inhibition, while testing of 30 blinded plasma samples resulted in prediction of treatment status with 93% accuracy. CONCLUSION A differential sized amplicon real-time PCR assay of mitochondrial DNA effectively documents nucleic acid damage induced by Mirasol treatment of platelets. The use of the assay for plasma product pathogen reduction requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bakkour
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
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12
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Ma R, Cui X. Low pH inactivation for xenotropic gamma retrovirus in recombinant human TNF-α receptor immunoglobulin G and mechanism of inactivation. Biologicals 2013; 42:52-6. [PMID: 24341971 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CHO-derived recombinant proteins for human therapeutic are used commonly. There are noninfectious endogenous retroviruses in CHO cells. Validation study for inactivation process is required. Murine xenotropic gamma retrovirus (X-MulV) is a model virus in validation study. In our previous study, optimum conditions for X-MulV inactivation were sifted. In this study, we performed a further research on low pH inactivation for evaluation of X-MulV clearance in manufacturing of recombinant human TNF-α receptor immunoglobulin G fusion proteins (rhTNF-α) for injection. Cell-based infectivity assay was used for the evaluation of X-MulV clearance. RhTNF-α were spiked with X-MulV and were inactivated at pH 3.60 ∼ 3.90, 25 ± 2 °C, and 0 ∼ 240 min, respectively. Samples incubated at the conditions for 15 ∼ 180 min were not inactivated effectively. For 4 h incubation, log10 reductions were achieved 5.0 log10. Biological activity of rhTNF-α incubated at pH 3.60, 25 °C for 4 h, which was assayed on murine L929 fibroblasts cells, was not affected by low pH. Env gene of X-MulV, which was detected by conventional PCR method for the first time, was not detected after incubation at pH 3.60, and it may be the mechanism of low pH inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ma
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Xiaolan Cui
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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El Chaar M, Atwal S, Freimanis GL, Dinko B, Sutherland CJ, Allain JP. Inactivation of Plasmodium falciparum in whole blood by riboflavin plus irradiation. Transfusion 2013; 53:3174-83. [PMID: 23656538 DOI: 10.1111/trf.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria parasites are frequently transmitted by unscreened blood transfusions in Africa. Pathogen reduction methods in whole blood would thus greatly improve blood safety. We aimed to determine the efficacy of riboflavin plus irradiation for treatment of whole blood infected with Plasmodium falciparum. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Blood was inoculated with 10(4) or 10(5) parasites/mL and riboflavin treated with or without ultraviolet (UV) irradiation (40-160 J/mL red blood cells [mL(RBCs)]). Parasite genome integrity was assessed by quantitative amplification inhibition assays, and P. falciparum viability was monitored in vitro. RESULTS Riboflavin alone did not affect parasite genome integrity or parasite viability. Application of UV after riboflavin treatment disrupted parasite genome integrity, reducing polymerase-dependent amplification by up to 2 logs (99%). At 80 J/mL(RBCs), riboflavin plus irradiation prevented recovery of viable parasites in vitro for 2 weeks, whereas untreated controls typically recovered to approximately 2% parasitemia after 4 days of in vitro culture. Exposure of blood to 160 J/mL(RBCs) was not associated with significant hemolysis. CONCLUSIONS Riboflavin plus irradiation treatment of whole blood damages parasite genomes and drastically reduces P. falciparum viability in vitro. In the absence of suitable malaria screening assays, parasite inactivation should be investigated for prevention of transfusion-transmitted malaria in highly endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira El Chaar
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Immunology & Infection, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; HPA Malaria Reference Laboratory, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Balamand, Beirut, Lebanon
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Rodríguez R, Bounty S, Linden K. Long-range quantitative PCR for determining inactivation of adenovirus 2 by ultraviolet light. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 114:1854-65. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R.A. Rodríguez
- School of Public Health-El Paso Regional Campus; University of Texas-Health Science Center at Houston; El Paso TX USA
| | - S. Bounty
- Department of Civil Environmental and Architectural Engineering; University of Colorado Boulder; Boulder CO USA
| | - K.G. Linden
- Department of Civil Environmental and Architectural Engineering; University of Colorado Boulder; Boulder CO USA
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15
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16
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Sagripanti JL, Grote G, Niederwöhrmeier B, Hülseweh B, Marschall HJ. Photochemical inactivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 88:201-6. [PMID: 22053910 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.01029.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adaptability to a broad range of environments together with relatively high resistance to antibiotics and to disinfectants makes Pseudomonas aeruginosa a concern in hospitals and in public health. We investigated whether UVA-mediated photochemical inactivation of P. aeruginosa could be accomplished with high efficiency while at the same time preserving the sensitivity of subsequent diagnostic tests. We characterized dose responses and bactericidal kinetic rates of 5-iodonaphthyl 1-azide (INA) and of amotosalen (AMO) as these substances exposed to UVA are known to inactivate germs with minimal impact to blood products or to viral antigens. Neither UVA without photochemicals nor INA or AMO in the dark inactivated bacteria. We found that AMO was ca 1000-fold more effective in inactivating P. aeruginosa cells than INA under similar conditions. Photoinactivation with either INA or AMO at conditions that abolished bacterial infectivity did not impair polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing. For comparison, similar titers of Bacillus atrophaeus spores (a surrogate for B. anthracis) remained unaffected at conditions that reduced the survival of P. aeruginosa below detection levels. The results presented in this study should assist in improved methods to inactivate P. aeruginosa in environmental, clinical and forensic samples without impairing subsequent nucleic acid- or immune-based analysis.
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Sagripanti JL, Marschall HJ, Voss L, Hülseweh B. Photochemical Inactivation of Alpha- and Poxviruses. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 87:1369-78. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.00998.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Hamza IA, Jurzik L, Überla K, Wilhelm M. Methods to detect infectious human enteric viruses in environmental water samples. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2011; 214:424-36. [PMID: 21920815 PMCID: PMC7106513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 07/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Currently, a wide range of analytical methods is available for virus detection in environmental water samples. Molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) have the highest sensitivity and specificity to investigate virus contamination in water, so they are the most commonly used in environmental virology. Despite great sensitivity of PCR, the main limitation is the lack of the correlation between the detected viral genome and viral infectivity, which limits conclusions regarding the significance for public health. To provide information about the infectivity of the detected viruses, cultivation on animal cell culture is the gold standard. However, cell culture infectivity assays are laborious, time consuming and costly. Also, not all viruses are able to produce cytopathic effect and viruses such as human noroviruses have no available cell line for propagation. In this brief review, we present a summary and critical evaluation of different approaches that have been recently proposed to overcome limitations of the traditional cell culture assay and PCR assay such as integrated cell culture-PCR, detection of genome integrity, detection of capsid integrity, and measurement of oxidative damages on viral capsid protein. Techniques for rapid detection of infectious viruses such as fluorescence microscopy and automated flow cytometry have also been suggested to assess virus infectivity in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Ahmed Hamza
- Department of Hygiene, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany.
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19
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Maves RC, Oré RMC, Porter KR, Kochel TJ. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a psoralen-inactivated dengue-1 virus vaccine candidate in Aotus nancymaae monkeys. Vaccine 2011; 29:2691-6. [PMID: 21303709 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 01/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Psoralens are photoreactive compounds that cross-link pyrimidines after exposure to UVA radiation. In this experiment, we tested the protective efficacy of a psoralen-inactivated dengue vaccine candidate in non-human primates. Two groups of 7 Aotus nancymaae monkeys received either 10ng per dose of inactivated DENV1 plus alum adjuvant or alum alone (controls). Doses were injected intradermally on days 0, 14, and 28. Monkeys then received a challenge inoculation of 1.1 × 10(4)PFUs of WestPac 74 DENV-1 on day 132. At 62 days, only 1/7 vaccinated monkeys had detectable IgM, but IgG and neutralizing antibody remained detectable in 7/7. No IgM, IgG, or neutralizing antibody was detectable in control monkeys. DENV-1 viremia was detected after challenge in 3/7 vaccinated monkeys and 5/6 control monkeys (with one removed due to pregnancy) (p=0.27), but days of viremia were reduced from 3.67 days/animal among controls to 0.71 days/animal among vaccinated monkeys (p=0.051). Psoralen-inactivated DENV1 is immunogenic in Aotus nancymaae with a trend towards a reduction in days of viremia following experimental challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Maves
- Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru.
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Fittipaldi M, Rodriguez NJP, Codony F, Adrados B, Peñuela GA, Morató J. Discrimination of infectious bacteriophage T4 virus by propidium monoazide real-time PCR. J Virol Methods 2010; 168:228-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Immunogenicity of a psoralen-inactivated dengue virus type 1 vaccine candidate in mice. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 17:304-6. [PMID: 20007362 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00353-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated a novel psoralen-inactivated dengue virus type 1 (DENV-1) vaccine candidate in Mus musculus mice. Mice received intradermal alum or 5 to 10 ng of psoralen-inactivated virus. Anti-DENV-1 neutralizing antibody was detectable in 10/11 mice receiving a 10-ng dose at 90 days. Psoralen-inactivated DENV-1 is immunogenic in mice.
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22
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Application of PCR-based methods to assess the infectivity of enteric viruses in environmental samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 75:297-307. [PMID: 19011062 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01150-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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Baylis SA. Standardization of nucleic acid amplification technique (NAT)-based assays for different genotypes of parvovirus B19: a meeting summary. Vox Sang 2008; 94:74-80. [PMID: 18171331 DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2007.00992.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An extraordinary meeting of the International Working Group on the Standardization of Genome Amplification Techniques for the safety testing of blood, tissues and organs for blood borne pathogens was held on 2 March 2007, at the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control. The aim of the meeting was to investigate ways to harmonize results obtained for the detection and quantification of different genotypes of parvovirus B19 (B19V) DNA by control laboratories and manufacturers of plasma derivatives. The meeting explored issues of B19V such as the classification of B19V strains, the prevalence and distribution of different genotypes, the clinical and biological significance of different genotypes, the detection of different genotypes in plasma-derived products, and their susceptibility to virus-inactivation procedures. At this meeting and through subsequent studies, high titre, high volume samples have been identified representing different genotypes of B19V, which will be evaluated by collaborative study to prepare reference panels for the purposes of assay validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Baylis
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK.
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