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Eckstrand CD, Sparger EE, Murphy BG. Central and peripheral reservoirs of feline immunodeficiency virus in cats: a review. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1985-1996. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chrissy D. Eckstrand
- Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, 4003 Animal Disease Biotechnology Facility, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA
| | - Ellen E. Sparger
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 3115 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brian G. Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, 4206 Vet Med 3A, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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McDonnel SJ, Sparger EE, Murphy BG. Feline immunodeficiency virus latency. Retrovirology 2013; 10:69. [PMID: 23829177 PMCID: PMC3707804 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite highly effective anti-retroviral therapy, HIV is thought to persist in patients within long-lived cellular reservoirs in the form of a transcriptionally inactive (latent) integrated provirus. Lentiviral latency has therefore come to the forefront of the discussion on the possibility of a cure for HIV infection in humans. Animal models of lentiviral latency provide an essential tool to study mechanisms of latency and therapeutic manipulation. Of the three animal models that have been described, the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-infected cat is the most recent and least characterized. However, several aspects of this model make it attractive for latency research, and it may be complementary to other model systems. This article reviews what is known about FIV latency and chronic FIV infection and how it compares with that of other lentiviruses. It thereby offers a framework for the usefulness of this model in future research aimed at lentiviral eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J McDonnel
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 4206 Vet Med 3A, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Infection with feline immunodeficiency virus alters intestinal epithelial transport and mucosal immune responses to probiotics. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 153:146-52. [PMID: 23453768 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
HIV infection is associated with intestinal mucosal dysfunction and probiotics offer the therapeutic potential to enhance the mucosal barrier in HIV+ patients. To evaluate the response of immunocompromised hosts to probiotics, we orally administered Lactobacillus acidophilus to cats with chronic feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection. FIV infection significantly affected transcellular, but not paracellular, transport of small molecules across the intestinal epithelium. Additionally, probiotic treatment of FIV+ cats resulted in changes in cytokine release and mucosal leukocyte percentages that were not paralleled in FIV- cats. These results suggest a novel role for FIV in upregulating transcellular transport across the gastrointestinal epithelial barrier and demonstrate the potential therapeutic use of probiotic bacteria to restore intestinal homeostasis.
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Chan CN, Dietrich I, Hosie MJ, Willett BJ. Recent developments in human immunodeficiency virus-1 latency research. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:917-932. [PMID: 23364195 PMCID: PMC3709588 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.049296-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost 30 years after its initial discovery, infection with the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) remains incurable and the virus persists due to reservoirs of latently infected CD4(+) memory T-cells and sanctuary sites within the infected individual where drug penetration is poor. Reactivating latent viruses has been a key strategy to completely eliminate the virus from the host, but many difficulties and unanswered questions remain. In this review, the latest developments in HIV-persistence and latency research are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Ngai Chan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Isabelle Dietrich
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Margaret J Hosie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Brian J Willett
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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Simões RD, Howard KE, Dean GA. In vivo assessment of natural killer cell responses during chronic feline immunodeficiency virus infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37606. [PMID: 22701523 PMCID: PMC3365115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that natural killer (NK) cells may have an important role in HIV-1 disease pathogenesis; however, in vivo studies are lacking. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection of cats provides a valuable model to study NK cell function in vivo. The immune response against Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is well characterized, allowing its use as an innate immune probe. We have previously shown that locally delivered IL-15 can improve Lm clearance in FIV-infected animals, and this correlated with an increase in NK cell number. In the present study, chronically FIV-infected and SPF-control cats were challenged with Lm by unilateral subcutaneous injection next to the footpad and then treated with 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU). The Lm draining and contralateral control lymph nodes were evaluated for NK, NKT, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell number, proliferation, apoptosis, and NK cell function. Listeria monocytogenes burden was also assessed in both control and Lm draining lymph nodes. NK, NKT, CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells in the Lm-challenged lymph node of FIV-infected cats did not increase in number. In addition, after Lm challenge, NK cells from FIV-infected cats did not increase their proliferation rate, apoptosis was elevated, and perforin expression was not upregulated when compared to SPF-control cats. The failure of the NK cell response against Lm challenge in the draining lymph node of FIV-infected cats correlates with the delayed control and clearance of this opportunistic bacterial pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita D. Simões
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kristina E. Howard
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gregg A. Dean
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Murphy B, Vapniarsky N, Hillman C, Castillo D, McDonnel S, Moore P, Luciw PA, Sparger EE. FIV establishes a latent infection in feline peripheral blood CD4+ T lymphocytes in vivo during the asymptomatic phase of infection. Retrovirology 2012; 9:12. [PMID: 22314004 PMCID: PMC3292463 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a lentivirus of cats that establishes a lifelong persistent infection with immunologic impairment. Results In an approximately 2 year-long experimental infection study, cats infected with a biological isolate of FIV clade C demonstrated undetectable plasma viral loads from 10 months post-infection onward. Viral DNA was detected in CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25- T cells isolated from infected cats whereas viral RNA was not detected at multiple time points during the early chronic phase of infection. Viral transcription could be reactivated in latently infected CD4+ T cells ex vivo as demonstrated by detectable FIV gag RNA and 2-long terminal repeat (LTR) circle junctions. Viral LTR and gag sequences amplified from peripheral blood mononuclear cells during early and chronic stages of infection demonstrated minimal to no viral sequence variation. Conclusions Collectively, these findings are consistent with FIV latency in peripheral blood CD4+ T cells isolated from chronically infected cats. The ability to isolate latently FIV-infected CD4+ T lymphocytes from FIV-infected cats provides a platform for the study of in vivo mechanisms of lentiviral latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 4206 Vet Med 3A, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Kumar SB, Leavell S, Porter K, Assogba BD, Burkhard MJ. Prior mucosal exposure to heterologous cells alters the pathogenesis of cell-associated mucosal feline immunodeficiency virus challenge. Retrovirology 2010; 7:49. [PMID: 20507636 PMCID: PMC2898776 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several lines of research suggest that exposure to cellular material can alter the susceptibility to infection by HIV-1. Because sexual contact often includes exposure to cellular material, we hypothesized that repeated mucosal exposure to heterologous cells would induce an immune response that would alter the susceptibility to mucosal infection. Using the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) model of HIV-1 mucosal transmission, the cervicovaginal mucosa was exposed once weekly for 12 weeks to 5,000 heterologous cells or media (control) and then cats were vaginally challenged with cell-associated or cell-free FIV. RESULTS Exposure to heterologous cells decreased the percentage of lymphocytes in the mucosal and systemic lymph nodes (LN) expressing L-selectin as well as the percentage of CD4+ CD25+ T cells. These shifts were associated with enhanced ex-vivo proliferative responses to heterologous cells. Following mucosal challenge with cell-associated, but not cell-free, FIV, proviral burden was reduced by 64% in cats previously exposed to heterologous cells as compared to media exposed controls. CONCLUSIONS The pathogenesis and/or the threshold for mucosal infection by infected cells (but not cell-free virus) can be modulated by mucosal exposure to uninfected heterologous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surender B Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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Howard KE, Reckling SK, Egan EA, Dean GA. Acute mucosal pathogenesis of feline immunodeficiency virus is independent of viral dose in vaginally infected cats. Retrovirology 2010; 7:2. [PMID: 20085648 PMCID: PMC2835650 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mucosal pathogenesis of HIV has been shown to be an important feature of infection and disease progression. HIV-1 infection causes depletion of intestinal lamina propria CD4+ T cells (LPL), therefore, intestinal CD4+ T cell preservation may be a useful correlate of protection in evaluating vaccine candidates. Vaccine studies employing the cat/FIV and macaque/SIV models frequently use high doses of parenterally administered challenge virus to ensure high plasma viremia in control animals. However, it is unclear if loss of mucosal T cells would occur regardless of initial viral inoculum dose. The objective of this study was to determine the acute effect of viral dose on mucosal leukocytes and associated innate and adaptive immune responses. RESULTS Cats were vaginally inoculated with a high, middle or low dose of cell-associated and cell-free FIV. PBMC, serum and plasma were assessed every two weeks with tissues assessed eight weeks following infection. We found that irrespective of mucosally administered viral dose, FIV infection was induced in all cats. However, viremia was present in only half of the cats, and viral dose was unrelated to the development of viremia. Importantly, regardless of viral dose, all cats experienced significant losses of intestinal CD4+ LPL and CD8+ intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL). Innate immune responses by CD56+CD3- NK cells correlated with aviremia and apparent occult infection but did not protect mucosal T cells. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in viremic cats were more likely to produce cytokines in response to Gag stimulation, whereas aviremic cats T cells tended to produce cytokines in response to Env stimulation. However, while cell-mediated immune responses in aviremic cats may have helped reduce viral replication, they could not be correlated to the levels of viremia. Robust production of anti-FIV antibodies was positively correlated with the magnitude of viremia. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that mucosal immune pathogenesis could be used as a rapid indicator of vaccine success or failure when combined with a physiologically relevant low dose mucosal challenge. We also show that innate immune responses may play an important role in controlling viral replication following acute mucosal infection, which has not been previously identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina E Howard
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Stacie K Reckling
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Erin A Egan
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
- Current address: Immunobio, 920 Main Campus Drive, Suite 405, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Gregg A Dean
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
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Pontier D, Fouchet D, Bahi-Jaber N, Poulet H, Guiserix M, Natoli E, Sauvage F. When domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus) population structures interact with their viruses. C R Biol 2008; 332:321-8. [PMID: 19281962 PMCID: PMC7185750 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2008.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many theoretical studies have proposed different causal mechanisms by which the structure of a host population could have important implications for life history traits of pathogens. However, little information is available from real systems to test these hypotheses. The domestic cat, Felis silvestris catus, whose populations exhibit a great variability in social and spatial structure, represent an ideal case study to assess this question. In the present article, we show how cat population structure may have influenced the evolution of feline viruses and, in return, how these viruses may have modified the genetic structure of cat populations. To cite this article: D. Pontier et al., C. R. Biologies 332 (2009).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Pontier
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, 69622 Villeurbanne, France.
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