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Peeran SW, Murugan M, Doggalli N, Fageeh H, Ibrahim W, Al-Ak'hali MS, Basheer SN. Herbal Composite Preparation and Investigating its Efficiency to Inhibit Biofilm Formation and Virulence Factors of Prevotella Intermedia and Porphyromonas Gingivalis - Formulation of Mouthwash Using a Herbal Composite and Evaluating its Anti-microbial Activity. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2024; 16:S1574-S1584. [PMID: 38882878 PMCID: PMC11174225 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_998_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Herbal composite preparation was studied with the aim of inhibiting the virulence factors of two dental pathogens: Prevotella intermedia and Porphyromonas gingivalis. A novel herbal composite was developed using the herbal extracts of Wrightia tinctoria and Bauhinia variegata. During the study, the following observations were noted. The minimal inhibitory concentration of Wrightia tinctoria and Bauhinia variegata composites (WBc) was obtained for the test concentration of 20 μg/ml (16 ± 0.57 mm and 15 ± 0.75 mm of inhibitory zones against Prevotella intermedia and Porphyromonas gingivalis, respectively). Biofilm inhibition assay results revealed about 0.51 ± 1.25 mg/ml and 0.53 ± 0.57 mg/ml of minimal biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) against Prevotella intermedia and Porphyromonas gingivalis, respectively. The effect of WBc on lactic acid production showed that 200 μg/ml and 400 μg/ml concentrates reduced up to 80% and 70% in Prevotella intermedia and Porphyromonas gingivalis, respectively. Formulated herbal mouthwash showed good stability under all three different test conditions (5°C, 25°C, and 40°C) as the color, odor, phase separation, and homogeneity were not changed for the period of 3 months. The anti-bacterial activity of formulated mouthwash (30 μg/ml) exhibited maximum inhibitory zones of about 18 ± 0.75 mm and 19 ± 1.05 mm against the respective test bacteria - Prevotella intermedia and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Amplification of mfa1 and clpB genes showed 246 bp and 294 bp fragments of P. gingivalis and 238 bp and 280 bp fragments of P. intermedia during agarose electrophoretic analysis. The docking report revealed -5.84 Kcal/Mol binding energy and found three hydrogen bonding between the quercetin and target protein, mfa1 of Porphyromonas gingivalis. The target protein, clpB of Prevotella intermedia, and quercetin had -6.72 Kcal/Mol binding energy and found four hydrogen bonds between them. The developed composite could be optimized in future to develop a novel and biocompatible herbal mouthwash for the prevention of different dental caries and gingival inflammation associated with dental biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Wali Peeran
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Division of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manohar Murugan
- Department of Microbiology, Sadakathullah Appa College (Autonomous), Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Hytham Fageeh
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Division of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael Ibrahim
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Division of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Sultan Al-Ak'hali
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Division of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Nahid Basheer
- Department of Conservative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Jazan University, KSA
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Klomp T, Jahr H, Abdelbary MMH, Conrads G. Evaluation of hydrocortisone as a strain-dependent growth-regulator of Porphyromonasgingivalis. Anaerobe 2023; 80:102698. [PMID: 36681234 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Porphyromonas gingivalis is an oral key pathogen and known to be very diverse in geno- and phenotypes. It is a fastidious bacterium with low O2-tolerance and 3-7 days of incubation are necessary. With growing interest in the field of microbial endocrinology we explored the potential growth-stimulating effect of hydrocortisone (HC, synonym cortisol) on P. gingivalis cultures. MATERIAL AND METHODS Six different P. gingivalis strains were pre-incubated in supplemented Brain-Heart-Infusion broth under appropriate conditions for 24 h, diluted and transferred into microplates. A newly developed and semi-automated spectrophotometric measurement in triplicate, applying a SpectraMax i3x microplate reader at an optical density of 600 nm, was conducted to test growth differences between test group (exposed to a supplement of either 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 μg/ml of hydrocortisone) and control group over 48 h of anaerobic incubation (O2 ≤ 1%). Furthermore, strains were also incubated on HC-supplemented blood agar to test for a possible growth-stimulating effect on solid media. RESULTS HC significantly stimulated the lag-phase growth of four out of six P. gingivalis strains. Our data suggest a concentration-dependent growth stimulatory effect of HC between 2.5 and 5 μg/ml, while below 1.25 μg/ml and above 10 μg/ml HC either did not stimulate or inhibited growth. CONCLUSIONS HC could reduce the incubation time when isolating P. gingivalis from clinical samples and could boost low biomass cultivations especially during their lag-phase. The growth-modulating effect might be via modulation of virulence factors/quorum sensing gene expression or by reactive oxygen species(ROS)-capturing during early stages of bacterial growth. Further experiments are necessary to explain the mechanism behind our observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Klomp
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule University Hospital, Aachen, Germany; Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Holger Jahr
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Institute of Structural Mechanics and Lightweight Design, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mohamed M H Abdelbary
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Georg Conrads
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.
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Saxena R, Prasoodanan P K V, Gupta SV, Gupta S, Waiker P, Samaiya A, Sharma AK, Sharma VK. Assessing the Effect of Smokeless Tobacco Consumption on Oral Microbiome in Healthy and Oral Cancer Patients. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:841465. [PMID: 35433507 PMCID: PMC9009303 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.841465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer is a globally widespread cancer that features among the three most prevalent cancers in India. The risk of oral cancer is elevated by factors such as tobacco consumption, betel-quid chewing, excessive alcohol consumption, unhygienic oral condition, sustained viral infections, and also due to dysbiosis in microbiome composition of the oral cavity. Here, we performed an oral microbiome study of healthy and oral cancer patients to decipher the microbial dysbiosis due to the consumption of smokeless-tobacco-based products and also revealed the tobacco-associated microbiome. The analysis of 196 oral microbiome samples from three different oral sites of 32 healthy and 34 oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients indicated health status, site of sampling, and smokeless tobacco consumption as significant covariates associated with oral microbiome composition. Significant similarity in oral microbiome composition of smokeless-tobacco-consuming healthy samples and OSCC samples inferred the possible role of smokeless tobacco consumption in increasing inflammation-associated species in oral microbiome. Significantly higher abundance of Streptococcus was found to adequately discriminate smokeless-tobacco-non-consuming healthy samples from smokeless-tobacco-consuming healthy samples and contralateral healthy site of OSCC samples from the tumor site of OSCC samples. Comparative analysis of oral microbiome from another OSCC cohort also confirmed Streptococcus as a potential marker for healthy oral microbiome. Gram-negative microbial genera such as Prevotella, Capnocytophaga, and Fusobacterium were found to be differentially abundant in OSCC-associated microbiomes and can be considered as potential microbiome marker genera for oral cancer. Association with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis pathway further confirms the differential abundance of Gram-negative marker genera in OSCC microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituja Saxena
- MetaBioSys Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Vishnu Prasoodanan P K
- MetaBioSys Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Sonia Vidushi Gupta
- MetaBioSys Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Sudheer Gupta
- MetaBioSys Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Prashant Waiker
- MetaBioSys Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Atul Samaiya
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Bansal Hospital, Bhopal, India
| | - Ashok K. Sharma
- MetaBioSys Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
- Department of Gastroenterology, Inflammatory Bowel & Immunology Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Vineet K. Sharma
- MetaBioSys Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
- *Correspondence: Vineet K. Sharma,
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Saxena R, Prasoodanan P K V, Gupta SV, Gupta S, Waiker P, Samaiya A, Sharma AK, Sharma VK. Assessing the Effect of Smokeless Tobacco Consumption on Oral Microbiome in Healthy and Oral Cancer Patients. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022. [PMID: 35433507 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.841465/full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer is a globally widespread cancer that features among the three most prevalent cancers in India. The risk of oral cancer is elevated by factors such as tobacco consumption, betel-quid chewing, excessive alcohol consumption, unhygienic oral condition, sustained viral infections, and also due to dysbiosis in microbiome composition of the oral cavity. Here, we performed an oral microbiome study of healthy and oral cancer patients to decipher the microbial dysbiosis due to the consumption of smokeless-tobacco-based products and also revealed the tobacco-associated microbiome. The analysis of 196 oral microbiome samples from three different oral sites of 32 healthy and 34 oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients indicated health status, site of sampling, and smokeless tobacco consumption as significant covariates associated with oral microbiome composition. Significant similarity in oral microbiome composition of smokeless-tobacco-consuming healthy samples and OSCC samples inferred the possible role of smokeless tobacco consumption in increasing inflammation-associated species in oral microbiome. Significantly higher abundance of Streptococcus was found to adequately discriminate smokeless-tobacco-non-consuming healthy samples from smokeless-tobacco-consuming healthy samples and contralateral healthy site of OSCC samples from the tumor site of OSCC samples. Comparative analysis of oral microbiome from another OSCC cohort also confirmed Streptococcus as a potential marker for healthy oral microbiome. Gram-negative microbial genera such as Prevotella, Capnocytophaga, and Fusobacterium were found to be differentially abundant in OSCC-associated microbiomes and can be considered as potential microbiome marker genera for oral cancer. Association with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis pathway further confirms the differential abundance of Gram-negative marker genera in OSCC microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituja Saxena
- MetaBioSys Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Vishnu Prasoodanan P K
- MetaBioSys Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Sonia Vidushi Gupta
- MetaBioSys Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Sudheer Gupta
- MetaBioSys Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Prashant Waiker
- MetaBioSys Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Atul Samaiya
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Bansal Hospital, Bhopal, India
| | - Ashok K Sharma
- MetaBioSys Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
- Department of Gastroenterology, Inflammatory Bowel & Immunology Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Vineet K Sharma
- MetaBioSys Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
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The Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Porphyromonas gingivalis: Genetic Repertoire, Global Phenotype, and Review of the Literature. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10121438. [PMID: 34943650 PMCID: PMC8698109 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of 29 strains of the major periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis and three P. gulae (as an ancestor) to nine antibiotics (amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, clindamycin, metronidazole, moxifloxacin, doxycycline, azithromycin, imipenem, and cefoxitin) was evaluated by E-testing of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) according to international standards. The results were compared with 16 international studies reporting MICs from 1993 until recently. In addition, 77 currently available P. gingivalis genomes were screened for antimicrobial resistance genes. E-testing revealed a 100% sensitivity of P. gingivalis and P. gulae to all antibiotics. This was independent of the isolation year (1970 until 2021) or region, including rural areas in Indonesia and Africa. Regarding studies worldwide (675 strains), several method varieties regarding medium, McFarland inoculation standards (0.5-2) and incubation time (48-168 h) were used for MIC-testing. Overall, no resistances have been reported for amoxicillin + clavulanate, cefoxitin, and imipenem. Few strains showed intermediate susceptibility or resistance to amoxicillin and metronidazole, with the latter needing both confirmation and attention. The only antibiotics which might fail in the treatment of P. gingivalis-associated mixed anaerobic infections are clindamycin, macrolides, and tetracyclines, corresponding to the resistance genes erm(B), erm(F), and tet(Q) detected in our study here, as well as fluoroquinolones. Periodical antibiotic susceptibility testing is necessary to determine the efficacy of antimicrobial agents and to optimize antibiotic stewardship.
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Tett A, Pasolli E, Masetti G, Ercolini D, Segata N. Prevotella diversity, niches and interactions with the human host. Nat Rev Microbiol 2021; 19:585-599. [PMID: 34050328 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-021-00559-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The genus Prevotella includes more than 50 characterized species that occur in varied natural habitats, although most Prevotella spp. are associated with humans. In the human microbiome, Prevotella spp. are highly abundant in various body sites, where they are key players in the balance between health and disease. Host factors related to diet, lifestyle and geography are fundamental in affecting the diversity and prevalence of Prevotella species and strains in the human microbiome. These factors, along with the ecological relationship of Prevotella with other members of the microbiome, likely determine the extent of the contribution of Prevotella to human metabolism and health. Here we review the diversity, prevalence and potential connection of Prevotella spp. in the human host, highlighting how genomic methods and analysis have improved and should further help in framing their ecological role. We also provide suggestions for future research to improve understanding of the possible functions of Prevotella spp. and the effects of the Western lifestyle and diet on the host-Prevotella symbiotic relationship in the context of maintaining human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Tett
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Edoardo Pasolli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Danilo Ercolini
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy.
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Nicola Segata
- Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
- European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
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Liu H, Huang L, Cai Y, Bikker FJ, Wei X, Mei Deng D. A novel gingipain regulatory gene in Porphyromonas gingivalis mediates host cell detachment and inhibition of wound closure. Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:e1128. [PMID: 33047890 PMCID: PMC7755767 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The black pigmentation-related genes in Porphyromonas gingivalis are primarily involved in regulating gingipain functions. In this study, we identified a pigmentation-related gene, designated as pgn_0361. To characterize the role of pgn_0361 in regulating P. gingivalis-mediated epithelial cell detachment and inhibition of wound closure, PgΔ0361, an isogenic pgn_0361-defective mutant strain, and PgΔ0361C, a complementation strain, were constructed using P. gingivalis ATCC 33277. The gingipain and hemagglutination activities, as well as biofilm formation, were examined in all three strains. The effect of P. gingivalis strains on epithelial cell detachment was investigated using the HO-1-N-1 and Ca9-22 epithelial cell lines. The inhibition of wound closure by heat-killed P. gingivalis cells and culture supernatant was analyzed using an in vitro wound closure assay. Compared to the wild-type strain, the PgΔ0361 strain did not exhibit gingipain or hemagglutination activity but exhibited enhanced biofilm formation. Additionally, the PgΔ0361 strain exhibited attenuated ability to detach the epithelial cells and to inhibit wound closure in vitro. Contrastingly, the culture supernatant of PgΔ0361 exhibited high gingipain activity and strong inhibition of wound closure. The characteristics of PgΔ0361C and wild-type strains were comparable. In conclusion, the pgn_0361 gene is involved in regulating gingipains. The PGN_0361-defective strain exhibited reduced virulence in terms of epithelial cell detachment and inhibition of wound closure. The culture supernatant of the mutant strain highly inhibited wound closure, which may be due to high gingipain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Liu
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijia Huang
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanling Cai
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Floris J Bikker
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Free University and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xi Wei
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong Mei Deng
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
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Primary infectious costochondritis due to Prevotella nigrescens in an immunocompetent patient: clinical and imaging findings. Skeletal Radiol 2019; 48:1305-1309. [PMID: 30683976 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-019-3148-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Infection of costal cartilage is a rare observation. We report the case of a 43-year-old male patient without relevant history who presented with a progressive painful swelling of the left chest wall since 4 months. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated an abscess within the left ninth costal cartilage with surrounding reactive changes. A CT-guided biopsy was performed and the culture of the sample revealed the presence of Prevotella nigrescens. Musculoskeletal infections by Prevotella are rarely described in the literature, Prevotella oralis and Prevotella bivia being the most frequently observed pathogens. These infections usually originate from a hematogenous spread after thoracic surgery or dental procedure. In our patient, conservative treatment was chosen. A clinical improvement was noted after 1-month antibiotherapy, confirmed by short-term and 6-month imaging follow-up showing the complete disappearance of all previously observed abnormalities.
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Kayar Dogan E, Abaci Gunyar O, Topal F, Alper E, Ekinci N. Bacterial species and total bacterial load in the distal oesophagus in patients with and without clinical gastric reflux. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 126:1891-1898. [PMID: 30873693 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study is to compare distal oesophagus of persons with and without gastric reflux in terms of bacterial load and presence of certain bacterial species. METHODS AND RESULTS Two biopsy specimens were obtained from the distal oesophagus at 5 cm above the gastroesophageal junction of each of the 50 patients (20 with normal oesophagus and 30 with reflux oesophagitis) under endoscopic examination and used for histological examination and DNA isolation. We used a real-time PCR-based assay to quantify the bacterial load and the presence of certain bacterial species from one of the biopsy samples. The biopsy specimens taken from the patients with reflux oesophagitis were consistent with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The bacterial load did not significantly differ between the groups (P < 0·005). CONCLUSION While there was no difference between the bacterial load in the two groups, variation was observed in bacterial species. Most of the bacteria identified in distal oesophagus of the patients with gastroesophageal reflux were Gram negative. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The human oesophagus was considered sterile until quite recently. Molecular techniques displayed the presence of a diverse bacterial species in the oesophagus. Although it is known that dysbiosis in the oesophagus causes GERD, and that Barrett's oesophagus can trigger the development of oesophageal adenocarcinoma, its etiopathogenesis is not clear. A limited number of published studies support the importance of the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kayar Dogan
- Basic and Industrial Microbiology Section, Biology Department, Science Faculty, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - O Abaci Gunyar
- Basic and Industrial Microbiology Section, Biology Department, Science Faculty, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - F Topal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Atatürk Research and Teaching Hospital, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - E Alper
- Department of Gastroenterology, İstanbul Koç University Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - N Ekinci
- Department of Pathology, Atatürk Research and Teaching Hospital, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, İzmir, Turkey
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Borsanelli AC, Gaetti-Jardim E, Schweitzer CM, Viora L, Busin V, Riggio MP, Dutra IS. Black-pigmented anaerobic bacteria associated with ovine periodontitis. Vet Microbiol 2017; 203:271-274. [PMID: 28619155 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a polymicrobial infectious disease that causes occlusion change, tooth loss, difficulty in rumination, and premature culling of animals. This study aimed to detect species of the genera Porphyromonas and Prevotella present in the periodontal pocket of sheep with lesions deeper than 5mm (n=14) and in the gingival sulcus of animals considered periodontally healthy (n=20). The presence of microorganisms was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers for Porphyromonas asaccharolytica, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Porphyromonas gulae, Prevotella buccae, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella loescheii, Prevotella melaninogenica, Prevotella nigrescens, Prevotella oralis, and Prevotella tannerae. Prevalence and risk analysis were performed using Student's t-test and Spearman's correlation. Among the Prevotella and Porphyromonas species detected in the periodontal lesions of sheep, P. melaninogenica (85.7%), P. buccae (64.3%), P. gingivalis (50%), and P. endodontalis (50%) were most prevalent. P. gingivalis (15%) and P. oralis (10%) prevailed in the gingival sulcus. P. gulae and P. tannerae were not detected in the 34 samples studied. Data evaluation by t-test verified that occurrence of P. asaccharolytica, P. endodontalis, P. gingivalis, P. buccae, P. intermedia, P. melalinogenica, and P. nigrescens correlated with sheep periodontitis. The findings of this study will be an important contribution to research on pathogenesis of sheep periodontitis and development of its control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Borsanelli
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Lorenzo Viora
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Valentina Busin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Iveraldo S Dutra
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, Brazil
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Borsanelli AC, Gaetti-Jardim Júnior E, Schweitzer CM, Döbereiner J, Dutra IS. Presence of Porphyromonas and Prevotella species in the oral microflora of cattle with periodontitis. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2015001000002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstratc: Bovine periodontitis is a progressive purulent infectious process associated with the presence of strictly and facultative anaerobic subgingival biofilm and epidemiologically related to soil management in large geographic areas of Brazil. This study aimed to detect species of the genera Porphyromonas and Prevotella, which occurr in periodontal pockets of cattle with lesions deeper than 5mm (n=26) and in gingival sulcus of animals considered periodontally healthy (n=25). Presence of the microorganisms was evaluated by independent-culture medium diagnostic method, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with specific primers of Porphyromonas asaccharolytica, P. endodontalis, P. gingivalis, P. gulae, Prevotella buccae, P. intermedia, P. loescheii, P. melaninogenica, P. nigrescens, P. oralis and P. tannerae. The species P. endodontalis (80.7%), P. melaninogenica (73.1%) and P. intermedia (61.5%) were the most predominant in samples of cattle with periodontitis. Regarding non-injured gingival sulcus of cattle, P. endodontalis (40%) and P. loeschei (40%) prevailed. Porphyromonas gingivalis, P. gulae and Prevotella tannerae were not detected in the 51 samples studied. Data evaluation by T test, enabled to verify that ocorrence of Porphyromonas asaccharolytica (p=0.000003), P. endodontalis (p=0.0023), Prevotella buccae (p=0.0017), P. intermedia (p=0.0020), P. melaninogenica (p=0.00006) and P. oralis (p=0.0028) is correlated with bovine periodontitis.
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Nayak RN, Dixitraj PT, Nayak A, Bhat K. Evaluation of anti-microbial activity of spore powder of Ganoderma lucidum on clinical isolates of Prevotella intermedia: A pilot study. Contemp Clin Dent 2015; 6:S248-52. [PMID: 26604581 PMCID: PMC4632230 DOI: 10.4103/0976-237x.166834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aimed at evaluating the anti-microbial activity of spore powder of Ganoderma lucidum on Prevotella intermedia isolated from subgingival plaque from chronic periodontitis patients. SETTINGS AND DESIGN Written informed consent was obtained from each subject enrolled in the study. The Institutional Ethics Committee granted the ethical clearance for the study. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study included 20 patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis. Pooled subgingival plaque samples were collected using sterile curettes from the deepest sites of periodontal pockets. The collected samples were then transported in 1 mL of reduced transport fluid. The organisms were cultured and confirmed. These organisms were then used for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) procedure. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Mean of the MIC value obtained was calculated. RESULTS Thirteen out of the 20 clinical samples were tested that showed sensitivity at various concentrations. Five samples showed sensitivity at all concentrations. Twelve samples showed sensitivity at 8 mcg/ml. Eleven samples showed sensitivity at 4 mcg/ml, 8 samples showed sensitivity at 2 mcg/ml, and 5 samples showed sensitivity even at 1 mcg/ml. Mean MIC value of G. lucidum spore powder for P. intermedia obtained was 3.62 mcg/ml. CONCLUSION G. lucidum with its multipotential bioactivity could be used as an anti-microbial, in conjunction with conventional therapy in periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranganath N. Nayak
- Department of Periodontology, Maratha Mandal's Nathajirao G. Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Center, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - P. T. Dixitraj
- Department of Periodontology, Maratha Mandal's Nathajirao G. Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Center, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - Aarati Nayak
- Department of Periodontology, Maratha Mandal's Nathajirao G. Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Center, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - Kishore Bhat
- Department of Periodontology, Maratha Mandal's Nathajirao G. Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Center, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
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Yang JJ, Kwon TY, Seo MJ, Nam YS, Han CS, Lee HJ. 16S ribosomal RNA identification of Prevotella nigrescens from a case of cellulitis. Ann Lab Med 2013; 33:379-82. [PMID: 24003433 PMCID: PMC3756247 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2013.33.5.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Rouf SMA, Ohara-Nemoto Y, Hoshino T, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Nemoto TK. Discrimination based on Gly and Arg/Ser at position 673 between dipeptidyl-peptidase (DPP) 7 and DPP11, widely distributed DPPs in pathogenic and environmental gram-negative bacteria. Biochimie 2012; 95:824-32. [PMID: 23246913 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, an asaccharolytic gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium, expresses the novel Asp/Glu-specific dipeptidyl-peptidase (DPP) 11 (Ohara-Nemoto, Y. et al. (2011) J. Biol. Chem. 286, 38115-38127), which has been categorized as a member of the S46/DPP7 family that is preferential for hydrophobic residues at the P1 position. From that finding, 129 gene products constituting five clusters from the phylum Bacteroidetes have been newly annotated to either DPP7 or DPP11, whereas the remaining 135 members, mainly from the largest phylum Proteobacteria, have yet to be assigned. In this study, the substrate specificities of the five clusters and an unassigned group were determined with recombinant DPPs from typical species, i.e., P. gingivalis, Capnocytophaga gingivalis, Flavobacterium psychrophilum, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides vulgatus, and Shewanella putrefaciens. Consequently, clusters 1, 3, and 5 were found to be DPP7 with rather broad substrate specificity, and clusters 2 and 4 were DPP11. An unassigned S. putrefaciens DPP carrying Ser(673) exhibited Asp/Glu-specificity more preferable to Glu, in contrast to the Asp preference of DPP11 with Arg(673) from Bacteroidetes species. Mutagenesis experiments revealed that Arg(673)/Ser(673) were indispensable for the Asp/Glu-specificity of DPP11, and that the broad specificity of DPP7 was mediated by Gly(673). Taken together with the distribution of the two genes, all 264 members of the S46 family could be attributed to either DPP7 or DPP11 by an amino acid at position 673. A more compelling phylogenic tree based on the conserved C-terminal region suggested two gene duplication events in the phylum Bacteroidetes, one causing the development of DPP7 and DPP11 with altered substrate specificities, and the other producing an additional DPP7 in the genus Bacteroides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakh M A Rouf
- Department of Oral Molecular Biology, Course of Medical and Dental of Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
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Abstract
Oral infections commonly originate from an odontogenic source in adults and from tonsil and lymphatic sources in children. Odontogenic infections arise from advanced dental caries or periodontal disease. Oral trauma, radiation injury, chemotherapy mucositis, salivary gland infection, lymph node abscess, and postoperative infection are potential nonodontogenic sources of infections that could potentially be life threatening. This article reviews the serious nature and potential danger that exists from oral infection and the antibiotics available to treat them are reviewed. Successful treatment requires an understanding of the microflora, the regional anatomy, the disease process, the treatment methods available, and interdisciplinary team collaboration.
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Pushalkar S, Mane SP, Ji X, Li Y, Evans C, Crasta OR, Morse D, Meagher R, Singh A, Saxena D. Microbial diversity in saliva of oral squamous cell carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 61:269-77. [PMID: 21205002 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2010.00773.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the oral cavity, chronic inflammation has been observed at various stages of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC). Such inflammation could result from persistent mucosal or epithelial cell colonization by microorganisms. There is increasing evidence of the involvement of oral bacteria in inflammation, warranting further studies on the association of bacteria with the progression of OSCC. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diversity and relative abundance of bacteria in the saliva of subjects with OSCC. Using 454 parallel DNA sequencing, ∼58,000 PCR amplicons that span the V4-V5 hypervariable region of rRNAs from five subjects were sequenced. Members of eight phyla (divisions) of bacteria were detected. The majority of classified sequences belonged to the phyla Firmicutes (45%) and Bacteroidetes (25%). Further, 52 different genera containing approximately 860 (16.51%) known species were identified and 1077 (67%) sequences belonging to various uncultured bacteria or unclassified groups. The species diversity estimates obtained with abundance-based coverage estimators and Chao1 were greater than published analyses of other microbial profiles from the oral cavity. Fifteen unique phylotypes were present in all three OSCC subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smruti Pushalkar
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
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Pigrau C, Almirante B, Rodriguez D, Larrosa N, Bescos S, Raspall G, Pahissa A. Osteomyelitis of the jaw: resistance to clindamycin in patients with prior antibiotics exposure. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 28:317-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-008-0626-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Berger P, Adékambi T, Mallet MN, Drancourt M. Prevotella massiliensis sp. nov. isolated from human blood. Res Microbiol 2005; 156:967-73. [PMID: 16085394 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2005.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2005] [Accepted: 05/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We report a bacterial isolate (Marseille isolate) recovered from the blood of a patient hospitalized in an intensive care unit, presenting with severe trauma, fever and mechanical ventilation. Colonies appeared at 37 degrees C on blood agar after 72 h incubation. This isolate was a strictly anaerobic, Gram-negative rod phenotypically related to other Prevotella species described to date: non-motile, catalase-negative, oxidase-positive, non-glucose fermenting, resistant to vancomycin and susceptible to kanamycin. Cells exhibited a trilamellar membrane under electron microscopy. The fatty acid methyl ester profile was marginally related to that of Clostridium botulinum group A (distance: 26.27%) and Bifidobacterium bifidum GC subgroup B (distance: 26.38%). 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity was 90.0% with that of Prevotella oris and 89.1% with that of Prevotella melaninogenica. Partial rpoB gene sequence similarity was 84.5 and 86.4% with P. oris and P. melaninogenica, respectively. According to current standards, phenotypic traits, 16S rRNA and rpoB gene sequence analyses indicated that the Marseille isolate belonged to a previously unrecognized species of the genus Prevotella, and we propose classifying it in the new taxon "Prevotella massiliensis" sp. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Berger
- AP-HM Timone, Fédération de Microbiologie Clinique and Unité des Rickettsies CNRS UMR 6020, IFR 48, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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20
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Song Y. PCR-based diagnostics for anaerobic infections. Anaerobe 2005; 11:79-91. [PMID: 16701536 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2004.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2004] [Accepted: 10/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Conventional methods to identify anaerobic bacteria have often relied on unique clinical findings, isolation of organisms, and laboratory identification by morphology and biochemical tests (phenotypic tests). Although these methods are still fundamental, there is an increasing move toward molecular diagnostics of anaerobes. In this review, some of the molecular approaches to anaerobic diagnostics based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are discussed. This includes several technological advances in PCR-based methods for the detection, identification, and quantitation of anaerobes including real-time PCR which has been successfully used to provide rapid, quantitative data on anaerobic species on clinical samples. Since its introduction in the mid-1980s, PCR has provided many molecular diagnostic tools, some of which are discussed within this review. With the advances in micro-array technology and real-time PCR methods, the future is bright for the development of accurate, quantitative diagnostic tools that can provide information not only on individual anaerobic species but also on whole communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Song
- Research Service, VA Medical Center, West Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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21
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Stefanopoulos PK, Kolokotronis AE. The clinical significance of anaerobic bacteria in acute orofacial odontogenic infections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 98:398-408. [PMID: 15472653 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2004.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A review of the literature on orofacial odontogenic infections indicates that the underlying microflora is typically polymicrobial, predominantly involving strictly anaerobic gram-positive cocci and gram-negative rods, along with facultative and microaerophilic streptococci. Although no single species has been consistently implicated in all of these infections, the pathogenic potential of some of these organisms has been documented by many studies. This potential can be explained by a number of virulence factors demonstrated in anaerobic bacteria, as well as by synergistic interrelationships with other members of the infectious flora. Awareness of the anaerobic component of orofacial odontogenic infections dictates to a large extent the selection of antimicrobial therapy, mainly because of the frequency of beta-lactamase production by anaerobic gram-negative rods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis K Stefanopoulos
- Dental Corps, Hellenic Army, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, 401 Army Hospital of Athens, Greece.
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Beikler T, Abdeen G, Schnitzer S, Sälzer S, Ehmke B, Heinecke A, Flemmig TF. Microbiological shifts in intra- and extraoral habitats following mechanical periodontal therapy. J Clin Periodontol 2004; 31:777-83. [PMID: 15312101 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2004.00557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to analyze the intra- and extraoral colonization dynamics of periodontal pathogens following supra- and subgingival debridement. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty five patients with chronic periodontitis were enrolled in the study. Supra- and subgingival plaque samples, saliva, and swab samples from mucosa and extraoral sites were taken at baseline and 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months after mechanical periodontal therapy. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Eikenella corrodens (Ec), Tannerella forsythensis (Tf), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Prevotella nigrescens (Pn), and Treponema denticola (Td) were identified by PCR. RESULTS Supra- and subgingival debridement decreased the number of subgingival sites infected with the analyzed pathogens only transiently, if at all. However, the detection frequencies of Tf, Td, Ec, Pi, and Pn in the supragingival region, of Pg, Td, and Pn at the oral mucosa sites (mostly the tongue), and of all pathogens except Aa in saliva increased over the 6-month observation period. Td was the only pathogen recorded in notable quantities in the extraoral habitat (external ear canal). CONCLUSION The results indicate that supra- and subgingival debridement results in a dissemination of periodontal pathogens within the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Beikler
- Department of Periodontology, University of Münster, Germany.
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Sobottka I, Cachovan G, Stürenburg E, Ahlers MO, Laufs R, Platzer U, Mack D. In vitro activity of moxifloxacin against bacteria isolated from odontogenic abscesses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46:4019-21. [PMID: 12435716 PMCID: PMC132736 DOI: 10.1128/aac.46.12.4019-4021.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the antimicrobial susceptibility of 87 pathogens isolated from 37 patients with odontogenic abscesses. The most prevalent bacteria were viridans group streptococci and Prevotella species. Considering all bacterial isolates, 100% were susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, 98% were susceptible to moxifloxacin and to levofloxacin, 76% were susceptible to doxycycline, 75% were susceptible to clindamycin, and 69% were susceptible to penicillin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Sobottka
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Dahlén
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Göteborg University, Sweden
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25
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PCR analysis of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola andFusobacterium nucleatum in middle ear effusion. Anaerobe 2001. [DOI: 10.1006/anae.2001.0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Rautio M, Saxén H, Siitonen A, Nikku R, Jousimies-Somer H. Bacteriology of histopathologically defined appendicitis in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000; 19:1078-83. [PMID: 11099090 DOI: 10.1097/00006454-200011000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute appendicitis is the most common surgical emergency in childhood. However, the pathogenesis and detailed microbiology are obscure. OBJECTIVE To determine in detail the bacterial etiology of appendicitis in children in relation to the histologic tissue pathology. STUDY DESIGN Tissue samples obtained at surgery from 41 children with suspected acute appendicitis were examined histologically and by culture for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The patients were analyzed according to histopathologic and clinical findings. RESULTS Aerobic and anaerobic species were isolated from 40 of 41 (98%) samples; on average, 14.1 isolates per specimen (10.4 anaerobes and 3.7 aerobes). Specimens from patients with gangrenous appendices yielded significantly higher numbers of anaerobic isolates per specimen than did specimens from patients with healthy appendices (11.7 vs. 7.7; P < 0.01). Bacteria belonging to the Bacteroides fragilis group were the most frequently isolated anaerobic microorganisms (95%). Other organisms frequently isolated in all histology groups were Peptostreptococcus micros (66%), Bilophila wadsworthia (63%), Fusobacterium nucleatum (44%), Eggerthella lenta (44%) and a hitherto undescribed bile-resistant, pigment-producing Gram-negative rod (41%). Of the aerobes Escherichia coli (88%) and Streptococcus anginosus group (former Streptococcus "milleri" group) organisms (61%) were the most frequent findings. CONCLUSIONS The shift from histologically normal toward gangrenous appendices was clearly associated with markedly elevated anaerobic bacterial counts in terms of species. The unusually high frequencies of B. wadsworthia (75%) and the hitherto undescribed bile-resistant, pigment-producing Gram-negative rod (56%) in gangrenous appendices represent unique and different findings from those reported in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rautio
- Anaerobe Reference Laboratory, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
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Vandenbos F, Roth S, Girard-Pipau F, Neri D, Boscagli-Melaine A, Montagne N. [Lemierre syndrome due to Porphyromonas spp. in a 21 year-old patient]. Rev Med Interne 2000; 21:909-10. [PMID: 11075404 DOI: 10.1016/s0248-8663(00)00246-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pearce MA, Devine DA, Dixon RA, van Steenbergen TJ. Genetic heterogeneity in Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, Prevotella corporis and related species isolated from oral and nonoral sites. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2000; 15:89-95. [PMID: 11155171 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-302x.2000.150204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Prevotella intermedia (43 isolates), Prevotella nigrescens (55) and Prevotella corporis (8) from oral and nonoral sites were distinguished by species-specific DNA fragments, after hybridization of DNA fragments with ribosomal RNA (ribotyping). Eight strains previously identified as P. intermedia did not have these specific fragments. P. nigrescens, P. intermedia and P. corporis formed separate clusters in dendrograms constructed using clustering with an unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages of similarity values derived from ribotype patterns, with 10 subclusters in P. intermedia isolates and 26 in P. nigrescens. Nine groups of P. intermedia isolates and 6 of P. nigrescens shared identical patterns. Specific ribotypes or species were not associated with particular diseases when all isolates were analyzed. However, results from organisms isolated by one laboratory using consistent clinical reporting indicated that P. intermedia was associated with more severe forms of periodontitis and P. nigrescens with mild to moderate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Pearce
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bradford, United Kingdom
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Fosse T, Madinier I, Hitzig C, Charbit Y. Prevalence of beta-lactamase-producing strains among 149 anaerobic gram-negative rods isolated from periodontal pockets. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 1999; 14:352-7. [PMID: 10895690 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-302x.1999.140604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In a prospective study, 47 adults presenting a rapidly progressive periodontitis were selected in order to evaluate the prevalence of beta-lactamase-producing strains among oral anaerobic gram-negative rods. Predominant anaerobes were identified from two of the deepest periodontal pockets. beta-Lactamase-positive strains fulfilled to at least two of three criteria: positive nitrocefin test, penicillin Etest minimal inhibitory concentration > 1 microgram/ml, and disk diffusion synergy between amoxycillin and clavulanic acid > 10 mm. At least one beta-lactamase-producing strain was found in 53.2% of patients and 39.4% of the periodontal pockets investigated. Prominent beta-lactamase-positive species were Prevotella buccae and Prevotella intermedia (respectively 16 of 38: 42% and 18 of 52: 35% positive strains), followed by Prevotella bivia, Prevotella disiens, Prevotella denticola and Fusobacterium nucleatum (respectively 1 of 6: 17%, 1 of 10: 10%, 1 of 10: 10%, and 1 of 13: 8% positive strains). No beta-lactamase producer could be evidenced in Porphyromonas gingivalis (10 strains tested). All the beta-lactamase-positive strains with the nitrocefin test had penicillin minimal inhibitory concentrations > 1 microgram/ml with the Etest, and a strong synergy between amoxicillin and clavulanic acid was always observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fosse
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Hôpital l'Archet 2, CHU de Nice, France
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Mättö J, Asikainen S, Väisänen ML, Von Troil-Lindén B, Könönen E, Saarela M, Salminen K, Finegold SM, Jousimies-Somer H. Beta-lactamase production in Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, and Prevotella pallens genotypes and in vitro susceptibilities to selected antimicrobial agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43:2383-8. [PMID: 10508011 PMCID: PMC89487 DOI: 10.1128/aac.43.10.2383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the beta-lactamase production of 73 Prevotella intermedia, 84 Prevotella nigrescens, and 14 Prevotella pallens isolates and their in vitro susceptibilities to six antimicrobial agents. The P. intermedia and P. nigrescens isolates were recovered from oral and extraoral samples obtained from subjects in two geographic locations from 1985 to 1995. The clonality of the beta-lactamase-positive and beta-lactamase-negative isolates and the clustering of the genotypes were studied by arbitrarily primed-PCR fingerprinting. beta-Lactamase production was detected in 29% of P. intermedia isolates, 29% of P. nigrescens isolates, and 57% of P. pallens isolates. No difference in the frequencies of beta-lactamase production by P. intermedia and P. nigrescens between isolates from oral and extraoral sites, between isolates obtained at different time periods, or between P. intermedia isolates from different geographic locations was observed. However, the P. nigrescens isolates from the United States were significantly more frequently (P = 0.015) beta-lactamase positive than those from Finland. No association between the genotypes and beta-lactamase production or between the genotypes and the sources of the isolates was found. The penicillin G MICs at which 90% of the isolates were inhibited were 8 microg/ml for P. intermedia, 8 microg/ml for P. nigrescens, and 16 microg/ml for P. pallens. For the beta-lactamase-negative isolates, the corresponding values were 0.031, 0.031, and 0.125 microg/ml, and for the beta-lactamase-positive isolates, the corresponding values were 16, 8, and 32 microg/ml. All isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefoxitin, metronidazole, azithromycin, and trovafloxacin. The MICs of amoxicillin-clavulanate and cefoxitin were relatively higher for the beta-lactamase-positive population than for the beta-lactamase-negative population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mättö
- Research Laboratory, Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Fukui K, Kato N, Kato H, Watanabe K, Tatematsu N. Incidence of Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens carriage among family members with subclinical periodontal disease. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:3141-5. [PMID: 10488167 PMCID: PMC85513 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.37.10.3141-3145.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We established a typing system for Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens using the combination of PCR ribotyping and arbitrarily primed PCR (AP-PCR) fingerprinting and applied this system to the study of intrafamilial incidence of these species in the oral cavity. PCR ribotyping followed by subtyping by AP-PCR fingerprinting was applied to each type strain of P. intermedia and P. nigrescens and 54 isolates (32 isolates of P. intermedia and 24 isolates of P. nigrescens) from extraoral infections, resulting in an excellent discriminatory power (discrimination index, 0.99) for both species. A total of 18 subjects from six families, with the subjects from each family comprising the mother, the father, and a child who had subclinical early-stage to moderate adult periodontitis or simple gingivitis and who carried P. intermedia or P. nigrescens, or both, were enrolled in the study of intrafamilial carriage. When 20 colonies per specimen of subgingival plaque, if available, were picked from primary culture, 115 P. intermedia and 178 P. nigrescens isolates were recovered from the 18 subjects. Among the subjects studied, family members shared the same subtype strain(s) but non-family members did not. Multiple subtypes were found in 8 (57%) of the 14 P. nigrescens-positive subjects but in only 3 (27%) of the 11 P. intermedia-positive subjects; the difference was, however, not statistically significant (P = 0.14). These results suggest that the combination of PCR ribotyping and AP-PCR fingerprinting is well suited for the epidemiological study of P. intermedia and P. nigrescens and that each family seems to carry a distinct subtype(s) of these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fukui
- Institute of Anaerobic Bacteriology, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu 500-8705, Japan
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van Winkelhoff AJ, Slots J. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis in nonoral infections. Periodontol 2000 1999; 20:122-35. [PMID: 10522225 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.1999.tb00160.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A J van Winkelhoff
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Litterio M, Hernandez C, Bernáldez P, Fiorilli G, Rubeglio E. Bacteroides fragilis Group in Middle Ear Infections. Anaerobe 1999. [DOI: 10.1006/anae.1999.0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Asikainen S, Chen C. Oral ecology and person-to-person transmission of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Periodontol 2000 1999; 20:65-81. [PMID: 10522223 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.1999.tb00158.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ecological characteristics of the oral cavity are dissimilar for A. actinomycetemcomitans and for P. gingivalis, as judged by differences in their colonization preferences and patterns, associations with periodontal disease parameters, relationships with the subgingival microbiota and the type of periodontitis and their clonal persistence in the oral cavity. These features also suggest that as a periodontal pathogen, A. actinomycetemcomitans is different from P. gingivalis. Probably in most infected individuals, low levels of A. actinomycetemcomitans can persist for years in equilibrium with the host and the resident oral microbiota. However, it is well established that A. actinomycetemcomitans can cause disease in some individuals or in some circumstances when the regulatory mechanisms are unable to maintain homeostasis in the ecosystem. Elevated A. actinomycetemcomitans proportions of the biota can be regarded as a sign of ecological imbalance, leading to increased risk of periodontal destruction. There is also evidence showing elevated pathogenic potential of certain A. actinomycetemcomitans clones. Although A. actinomycetemcomitans seems to be relatively rarely transmitted between cohabiting adults, transmission can occur to periodontally healthy children of A. actinomycetemcomitans-positive parents. Parents and children may share factors that promote successful oral colonization of A. actinomycetemcomitans, or the window of opportunity is in childhood. Therefore, to prevent parent-child transmission of A. actinomycetemcomitans, bacterium-positive parents of young children are optimal targets for enhanced information and treatment. In selected populations, screening for specific clones of A. actinomycetemcomitans has been employed in prevention of peridontitis. Future research aiming at finding the reasons which cause the changes in the oral homeostasis to allow the growth of A. actinomycetemcomitans may give insight into novel prevention strategies for A. actinomycetemcomitans-associated periodontitis. Compared with A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis shows a different pattern of coexistence with the host. In periodontal health or in children, P. gingivalis is absent or only rarely detected. When present, P. gingivalis is commonly recovered in high numbers from dentitions exhibiting inflamed periodontitis and poor oral hygiene. Contrary to A. actinomycetemcomitans, the data on the vertical transmission of P. gingivalis are limited. The major infection route of P. gingivalis seems to be between adults, indicating that P. gingivalis commonly colonizes in an established oral microbiota. These characteristics suggest that the degree of tolerance between P. gingivalis and the host is inferior to that between A. actinomycetemcomitans and the host. It appears that the association of P. gingivalis with disease is a rule rather than an accidental incident. On these grounds, it seems that the host-P. gingivalis relationship approaches antibiosis. Since P. gingivalis infection is related to a typical periodontal eco-pathology, the susceptibility to person-to-person transmission of this pathogen may be controlled by periodontal treatment and emphasizing the significance of high standard oral hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Asikainen
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Baumgartner JC, Bae KS, Xia T, Whitt J, David LL. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and polymerase chain reaction for differentiation of Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens. J Endod 1999; 25:324-8. [PMID: 10530254 DOI: 10.1016/s0099-2399(06)81164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Isolates previously thought to be Prevotella intermedia have been shown to be a closely related species now known as Prevotella nigrescens. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to differentiate endodontic isolates of P. nigrescens from P. intermedia. Fifty-six strains of black-pigmented bacteria isolated from endodontic infections and conventionally identified as P. intermedia were used in this study. Using SDS-PAGE, novel polypeptide bands were used to differentiate P. nigrescens from P. intermedia. PCR was accomplished with specific primers for the 16S ribosomal RNA gene of both strains. Of 56 endodontic isolates, 41 (73%) strains were identified by SDS-PAGE as P. nigrescens and 15 (27%) strains as P. intermedia. Of the 41 strains of P. nigrescens identified by SDS-PAGE, PCR identified 37 strains as P. nigrescens. Restriction endonuclease digestion of amplified 16S ribosomal RNA genes indicated that the remaining four strains originally identified by SDS-PAGE as P. nigrescens were actually strains of Prevotella distinct from P. nigrescens and P. intermedia. Of 15 strains of P. intermedia identified by SDS-PAGE, PCR identified 14 strains as P. intermedia; but, one strain was identified as P. nigrescens. The results indicated that PCR was a more precise method than SDS-PAGE to differentiate P. intermedia from P. nigrescens. This study confirms that P. nigrescens is more commonly isolated in pure culture from endodontic infections than P. intermedia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Baumgartner
- Department of Endodontology, Oregon Health Sciences University School of Dentistry, Portland 97201, USA
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Conrads G, Herrler A, Moonen I, Lampert F, Schnitzler N. Flow cytometry to monitor phagocytosis and oxidative burst of anaerobic periodontopathogenic bacteria by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Periodontal Res 1999; 34:136-44. [PMID: 10384401 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1999.tb02234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The reduced susceptibility to phagocytosis found among some periodontopathogenic anaerobes may account for the differences between invasive and non-invasive strains. We applied flow cytometry as a powerful tool to analyze and quantify phagocytosis using standardized cultures of oral anaerobes (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, P. nigrescens, Capnocytophaga gingivalis, C. ochracea, C. sputigena, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Peptostreptococcus micros) and heparinized whole blood. Bacteria were labeled by a fluorescein-methylester and their esterase activity, resulting in green fluorescence. Ingested bacteria could be detected easily and quantified by a shift towards green fluorescence in the PMNL population involved and a concomitant decrease in the bacterial population. Furthermore, the oxidative burst of PMNLs was detected in parallel assays using the dye DHR123 which becomes fluorescent upon oxidation during the oxidative burst process. We found a great diversity in phagocytosis susceptibility determined by estimating the portion of phagocytosing PMNLs, ranging from 10.6% (strain W83) to > 99.4% (e.g. ATCC 33277T) in P. gingivalis and from 15.9% (strain MH5) to > 95% (ATCC 33563T) in P. nigrescens. In contrast, almost all P. intermedia strains as well as the representatives of the other anaerobic, putative periodontopathic species tested showed no or only moderate resistance in the phagocytosis assay. Comparison of clinical data of patients and the extent of phagocytosis resistance of the corresponding P. gingivalis strains suggests that this virulence factor may contribute to the clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Conrads
- Clinic of Conservative & Preventive Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
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Andrés MT, Chung WO, Roberts MC, Fierro JF. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, and Prevotella nigrescens spp. isolated in Spain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42:3022-3. [PMID: 9797247 PMCID: PMC105987 DOI: 10.1128/aac.42.11.3022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The susceptibilities of 143 Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, and Prevotella nigrescens isolates to 18 antimicrobial agents were tested. All P. gingivalis isolates were susceptible. In contrast, some Prevotella spp. (17%) were resistant to beta-lactams, erythromycin, clindamycin, or tetracycline and carried resistance genes, ermF or tetQ, or beta-lactamases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Andrés
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, School of Stomatology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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