1
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Terada K, Furumoto C, Nishimura T, Hirayama A, Takami Y. The development of extremely large male genitalia under spatial limitation. Evol Dev 2024; 26:e12488. [PMID: 38927009 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Extensive research in evolutionary biology has focused on the exaggeration of sexual traits; however, the developmental basis of exaggerated sexual traits has only been determined in a few cases. The evolution of exaggerated sexual traits may involve the relaxation of constraints or developmental processes mitigating constraints. Ground beetles in the subgenus Ohomopterus (genus Carabus) have species-specific genitalia that show coevolutionary divergence between the sexes. Here, we examined the morphogenesis of the remarkably enlarged male and female genitalia of Carabus uenoi by X-ray microcomputed tomography. The morphogenetic processes generating the male and female genitalia at the pupal stage were qualitatively similar to those in closely related species with standard genital sizes. Higher growth rates contributed to the exaggeration of both the male and female genital parts of C. uenoi, possibly related to a gene network commonly upregulated in both sexes. Additionally, the length of the copulatory piece (CP), the enlarged male genital part stored in the aedeagus (AD), reached close to that of the AD at the later developmental stages and thereafter decelerated to grow in parallel with the AD, suggesting a structural constraint on the CP by the outer AD. Then, unlike related species, the lengths of the CP and AD increased at eclosion, suggesting a mechanism leading to further elongation of the male genitalia. These observations suggest that a developmental process allows continuous growth of the male genitalia even under the spatial limitation. These results revealed the spatio-temporal dynamics of the development of exaggerated genital structures under structural constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Terada
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe, Japan
| | - Chinami Furumoto
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe, Japan
| | - Taira Nishimura
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Yasuoki Takami
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe, Japan
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2
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Jirapatrasilp P, Huang CW, Sutcharit C, Lee CT. The arboreal snail genus Amphidromus Albers, 1850 (Eupulmonata, Camaenidae) of Southeast Asia: 1. Molecular systematics of some Vietnamese species and related species from Cambodia, Indonesia, and Laos. Zookeys 2024; 1196:15-78. [PMID: 38560093 PMCID: PMC10980882 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1196.112146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper reassesses the taxonomy and systematics of 11 arboreal snail species in the genus Amphidromus from Vietnam, Cambodia, Indonesia and Laos (A.bozhii Wang, 2019, A.buelowi Fruhstorfer, 1905, A.costifer Smith, 1893, A.haematostoma Möllendorff, 1898, A.ingens Möllendorff, 1900, A.madelineae Thach, 2020, A.metabletus Möllendorff, 1900, A.pankowskianus Thach, 2020, A.placostylus Möllendorff, 1900, A.roseolabiatus Fulton, 1896, and A.thachi Huber, 2015). The taxonomic validity of each species is supported by a phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial COI and 16S rRNA gene fragments from 17 ingroup taxa. Amphidromusbuelowi was found to comprise two populations from two distant localities, one from Mount Singgalang, West Sumatra, Indonesia and the other from southern Vietnam. The samples from southern Vietnam were previously described as A.asper Haas, 1934 and A.franzhuberi Thach, 2016, but they are now treated as junior synonyms of A.buelowi in this study. In addition, two species from Vietnam are described as new to science, viz. A.asperoides Jirapatrasilp & Lee, sp. nov. and A.ingensoides Jirapatrasilp & Lee, sp. nov., each of which is conchologically comparable to A.buelowi and A.ingens, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parin Jirapatrasilp
- Animal Systematics Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, ThailandChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
- Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, Hamburg, GermanyLeibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity ChangeHamburgGermany
| | - Chih-Wei Huang
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, TaiwanNational Taiwan Normal UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chirasak Sutcharit
- Animal Systematics Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, ThailandChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Chi-Tse Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, TaiwanNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
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3
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Xia T, Nishimura T, Nagata N, Kubota K, Sota T, Takami Y. Reproductive isolation via divergent genital morphology due to cascade reinforcement in Ohomopterus ground beetles. J Evol Biol 2023; 36:169-182. [PMID: 36357996 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Secondary contact between incipient species and selection against maladaptive hybridization can drive reinforcement between populations in contact and result in reproductive character displacement (RCD). Resultant divergence in mating traits within a species may generate downstream reproductive isolation between populations with displaced and non-displaced traits, referred to as the cascade reinforcement hypothesis. We examined this hypothesis using three allopatric populations of the ground beetle Carabus maiyasanus with a genital lock-and-key system. This species shows RCD in male and female genital morphologies in populations in contact with the sister species C. iwawakianus. In a reciprocal mating experiment using three allopatric populations with differences in male and female genital sizes, insemination failure increased as the difference in genital size increased. Based on the reproductive isolation index, insemination failure was the major postmating-prezygotic isolation barrier, at least in one population pair with comparable total isolation to those of other species pairs. By contrast, there was only incomplete premating isolation among populations. These results suggest that RCD in genital morphologies drives incipient allopatric speciation, supporting the cascade reinforcement hypothesis. These findings provide insight into the roles of interspecific interactions and subsequent trait diversification in speciation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xia
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe, Japan
| | - Taira Nishimura
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Nagata
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan.,National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kohei Kubota
- Department of Forest Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teiji Sota
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuoki Takami
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe, Japan
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4
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Nishimura T, Terada K, Xia T, Takami Y. Relationships between reproductive character displacement in genital morphology and the population-level cost of interspecific mating: implications for the Templeton effect. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blac126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Natural selection against maladaptive interspecific reproductive interactions may cause greater divergence in mating traits between sympatric populations than between allopatric populations in a pair of species, known as reproductive character displacement (RCD) which is evidence for the lock-and-key hypothesis of genital evolution. However, the relative importance of various processes contributing to RCD in genital morphology (e.g. reinforcement, reproductive interference, and population filtering or the Templeton effect) is not clear. Here, we examined hypotheses for RCD in genital morphology, with a special focus on the Templeton effect (which predicts that only highly differentiated populations can exist in sympatry). We examined population-level fitness costs in interspecific mating between Carabus maiyasanus and Carabus iwawakianus with RCD in genital morphology. A mating experiment using populations with various degrees of RCD in genital morphology showed no evidence for consistently lower interspecific mating costs in C. maiyasanus populations in contact with displacement in genital morphology than in remote populations, contrary to the predictions of the Templeton effect. Alternatively, interspecific mating costs varied among populations. Observed relationships between the sizes of genital parts concerning isolation and interspecific mating costs across populations suggested that population-level fitness costs do not necessarily decrease during the process leading to RCD. Our results provide insight into ecological and evolutionary processes during secondary contact in closely related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taira Nishimura
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University , Tsurukabuto 3-11, Nada, Kobe 657-8501 , Japan
| | - Karen Terada
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University , Tsurukabuto 3-11, Nada, Kobe 657-8501 , Japan
| | - Tian Xia
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University , Tsurukabuto 3-11, Nada, Kobe 657-8501 , Japan
| | - Yasuoki Takami
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University , Tsurukabuto 3-11, Nada, Kobe 657-8501 , Japan
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5
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Morii Y, Ohkubo Y, Kanaya G, Prozorova L. The habitat use and trophic niche comparisons among closely related land snails in Northeast Asia. POPUL ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/1438-390x.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Morii
- The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Ecology, Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Yusaku Ohkubo
- Center for Data Assimilation Research and Applications, Joint Support Center for Data Science Research Research Organization of Information and Systems Tokyo Japan
| | - Gen Kanaya
- Regional Environment Conservation Division National Institute for Environmental Studies Ibaraki Japan
| | - Larisa Prozorova
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Vladivostok Russia
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6
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Nishimura T, Nagata N, Terada K, Xia T, Kubota K, Sota T, Takami Y. Reproductive character displacement in genital morphology in Ohomopterus ground beetles. Am Nat 2021; 199:E76-E90. [DOI: 10.1086/717864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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7
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Terada K, Nishimura T, Hirayama A, Takami Y. Heterochrony and growth rate variation mediate the development of divergent genital morphologies in closely related
Ohomopterus
ground beetles. Evol Dev 2020; 23:19-27. [DOI: 10.1111/ede.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Terada
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment Kobe University Kobe Japan
| | - Taira Nishimura
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment Kobe University Kobe Japan
| | | | - Yasuoki Takami
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment Kobe University Kobe Japan
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8
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Winters S, Allen WL, Higham JP. The structure of species discrimination signals across a primate radiation. eLife 2020; 9:47428. [PMID: 31928629 PMCID: PMC6957270 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Discriminating conspecifics from heterospecifics can help avoid costly interactions between closely related sympatric species. The guenons, a recent primate radiation, exhibit high degrees of sympatry and form multi-species groups. Guenons have species-specific colorful face patterns hypothesized to function in species discrimination. Here, we use a machine learning approach to identify face regions most essential for species classification across fifteen guenon species. We validate these computational results using experiments with live guenons, showing that facial traits critical for accurate classification influence selective attention toward con- and heterospecific faces. Our results suggest variability among guenon species in reliance on single-trait-based versus holistic facial characteristics for species discrimination, with behavioral responses and computational results indicating variation from single-trait to whole-face patterns. Our study supports a role for guenon face patterns in species discrimination, and shows how complex signals can be informative about differences between species across a speciose and highly sympatric radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Winters
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, United States.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, United States
| | - William L Allen
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, United States.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, United States.,Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - James P Higham
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, United States.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, United States
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9
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Ribeiro JRI, Stefanello F, Bugs C, Stenert C, Maltchik L, Guilbert E. Coevolution between male and female genitalia in Belostoma angustum Lauck, 1964 (Insecta, Heteroptera, Belostomatidae): disentangling size and shape. ZOOLOGY 2019; 137:125711. [PMID: 31634693 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2019.125711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sexual and natural selection mechanisms might drive variation in the genitalia of male animals. All aforementioned mechanisms are known to predict the coevolution of male and female genital morphology. Belostoma angustum is known to have subtle variation in the male and female genitalia of its members. In this species, phallosoma with dorsal arms and ventral diverticulum are assumed to be intromittent male genital traits that interact with the female genital chamber. We thus evaluated the existence of variation after disentangling the size from the shape of male genitalia in B. angustum. Body and genitalia dimensions and photographs of phallosoma with dorsal arms, ventral diverticulum and lateral views of the right paramere (the non-intromittent part) were obtained. Semi-landmarks and landmarks were used to capture phenotypic variation, by eliminating all non-shape variation with a Procrustes superimposition. Male and female specimens collected from the same location or immediate vicinity were grouped, and 12 groups originating from 12 locations were used to conduct two block-Partial Least Squares analyses (PLS). Group structures were also taken into account by adopting a multilevel approach. The male and female genital traits had similarly shallow static allometry slopes, as well as the dispersion values around the mean (i.e. coefficient of variation) and the standard error of the estimate. The correlation between the pooled within-locality covariance matrix of the symmetric component of phallosoma with dorsal arms and the female genital chamber was significant (r-PLS=0.37), as well as that with male body dimensions (r-PLS=0.36), even after controlling for allometry. Specimens with lower PLS shape scores had narrower phallosoma with dorsal arms, with poorly curved outer margins of the dorsal arms, whereas specimens with higher PLS shape scores had slightly shorter dorsal arms, with strongly curved outer margins. Lower shape scores were associated with narrower and especially shorter and narrower female genital chambers. Similar shallow allometric curves among sexes and the correlation between intromittent male parts and the female genital chamber, as well as male dimensions, suggest the coevolution of these contact structures in size and in shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ricardo Inacio Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Estudos da Biodiversidade do Pampa (LEBIP), Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, 97307-020, São Gabriel, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Fabiano Stefanello
- Laboratório de Estudos da Biodiversidade do Pampa (LEBIP), Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, 97307-020, São Gabriel, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Cristhian Bugs
- Laboratório de Estudos da Biodiversidade do Pampa (LEBIP), Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, 97307-020, São Gabriel, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Cristina Stenert
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação de Ecossistemas Aquáticos, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Av. Unisinos, 950, 93022-000, Cristo Rei, São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo Maltchik
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação de Ecossistemas Aquáticos, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Av. Unisinos, 950, 93022-000, Cristo Rei, São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Eric Guilbert
- Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, MECADEV - UMR 7179 MNHN/CNRS, CP50-57, rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France.
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10
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Sağlam İK, Miller MR, O'Rourke S, Çağlar SS. Phylo-comparative analyses reveal the dual role of drift and selection in reproductive character displacement. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 140:106597. [PMID: 31445201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
When incipient species meet in secondary contact, natural selection can rapidly reduce costly reproductive interactions by directly targeting reproductive traits. This process, called reproductive character displacement (RCD), leaves a characteristic pattern of geographic variation where divergence of traits between species is greater in sympatry than allopatry. However, because other forces can also cause similar patterns, care must be given in separating pattern from process. Here we show how the phylo-comparative method together with genomic data can be used to evaluate evolutionary processes at the population level in closely related species. Using this framework, we test the role of RCD in speciation of two cricket species endemic to Anatolian mountains by quantifying patterns of character displacement, rates of evolution and adaptive divergence. Our results show differing patterns of character displacement between species for reproductive vs. non-reproductive characters and strong patterns of asymmetric divergence. We demonstrate diversification results from rapid divergence of reproductive traits towards multiple optima under the dual influence of strong drift and selection. These results present the first solid evidence for RCD in Anatolian mountains, quantify the amount of drift and selection necessary for RCD to lead to speciation, and demonstrate the utility of phylo-comparative methods for quantifying evolutionary parameters at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- İsmail K Sağlam
- Koç University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul, Turkey; University of California Davis, Department of Animal Science, Davis, CA, USA; Hacettepe University, Department of Biology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Michael R Miller
- University of California Davis, Department of Animal Science, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sean O'Rourke
- University of California Davis, Department of Animal Science, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Selim S Çağlar
- Hacettepe University, Department of Biology, Ankara, Turkey
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11
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Sloan NS, Simmons LW. The evolution of female genitalia. J Evol Biol 2019; 32:882-899. [PMID: 31267594 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Female genitalia have been largely neglected in studies of genital evolution, perhaps due to the long-standing belief that they are relatively invariable and therefore taxonomically and evolutionarily uninformative in comparison with male genitalia. Contemporary studies of genital evolution have begun to dispute this view, and to demonstrate that female genitalia can be highly diverse and covary with the genitalia of males. Here, we examine evidence for three mechanisms of genital evolution in females: species isolating 'lock-and-key' evolution, cryptic female choice and sexual conflict. Lock-and-key genital evolution has been thought to be relatively unimportant; however, we present cases that show how species isolation may well play a role in the evolution of female genitalia. Much support for female genital evolution via sexual conflict comes from studies of both invertebrate and vertebrate species; however, the effects of sexual conflict can be difficult to distinguish from models of cryptic female choice that focus on putative benefits of choice for females. We offer potential solutions to alleviate this issue. Finally, we offer directions for future studies in order to expand and refine our knowledge surrounding female genital evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia S Sloan
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences (M092), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Leigh W Simmons
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences (M092), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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12
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13
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Hollander J, Montaño-Rendón M, Bianco G, Yang X, Westram AM, Duvaux L, Reid DG, Butlin RK. Are assortative mating and genital divergence driven by reinforcement? Evol Lett 2018; 2:557-566. [PMID: 30564439 PMCID: PMC6292706 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of assortative mating is a key part of the speciation process. Stronger assortment, or greater divergence in mating traits, between species pairs with overlapping ranges is commonly observed, but possible causes of this pattern of reproductive character displacement are difficult to distinguish. We use a multidisciplinary approach to provide a rare example where it is possible to distinguish among hypotheses concerning the evolution of reproductive character displacement. We build on an earlier comparative analysis that illustrated a strong pattern of greater divergence in penis form between pairs of sister species with overlapping ranges than between allopatric sister‐species pairs, in a large clade of marine gastropods (Littorinidae). We investigate both assortative mating and divergence in male genitalia in one of the sister‐species pairs, discriminating among three contrasting processes each of which can generate a pattern of reproductive character displacement: reinforcement, reproductive interference and the Templeton effect. We demonstrate reproductive character displacement in assortative mating, but not in genital form between this pair of sister species and use demographic models to distinguish among the different processes. Our results support a model with no gene flow since secondary contact and thus favor reproductive interference as the cause of reproductive character displacement for mate choice, rather than reinforcement. High gene flow within species argues against the Templeton effect. Secondary contact appears to have had little impact on genital divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Hollander
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology Lund University 223 62 Lund Sweden
| | - Mauricio Montaño-Rendón
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield S10 2TN Sheffield United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Bianco
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology Lund University 223 62 Lund Sweden
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology Lund University 223 62 Lund Sweden
| | - Anja M Westram
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield S10 2TN Sheffield United Kingdom.,Current address: IST Austria Am Campus 1 3400 Klosterneuburg Austria
| | - Ludovic Duvaux
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield S10 2TN Sheffield United Kingdom.,Current address: UMR 1202 BIOGECO - INRA/Université Bordeaux Site de Recherches Forêt Bois de Pierroton 69 route d'Arcachon 33612 CESTAS Cedex France
| | - David G Reid
- Department of Life Sciences Natural History Museum SW7 5BD London United Kingdom
| | - Roger K Butlin
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield S10 2TN Sheffield United Kingdom.,Department of Marine Sciences University of Gothenburg 405 30 Gothenburg Sweden
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14
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Means JC, Marek PE. Is geography an accurate predictor of evolutionary history in the millipede family Xystodesmidae? PeerJ 2017; 5:e3854. [PMID: 29038750 PMCID: PMC5641431 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
For the past several centuries, millipede taxonomists have used the morphology of male copulatory structures (modified legs called gonopods), which are strongly variable and suggestive of species-level differences, as a source to understand taxon relationships. Millipedes in the family Xystodesmidae are blind, dispersal-limited and have narrow habitat requirements. Therefore, geographical proximity may instead be a better predictor of evolutionary relationship than morphology, especially since gonopodal anatomy is extremely divergent and similarities may be masked by evolutionary convergence. Here we provide a phylogenetics-based test of the power of morphological versus geographical character sets for resolving phylogenetic relationships in xystodesmid millipedes. Molecular data from 90 species-group taxa in the family were included in a six-gene phylogenetic analysis to provide the basis for comparing trees generated from these alternative character sets. The molecular phylogeny was compared to topologies representing three hypotheses: (1) a prior classification formulated using morphological and geographical data, (2) hierarchical groupings derived from Euclidean geographical distance, and (3) one based solely on morphological data. Euclidean geographical distance was not found to be a better predictor of evolutionary relationship than the prior classification, the latter of which was the most similar to the molecular topology. However, all three of the alternative topologies were highly divergent (Bayes factor >10) from the molecular topology, with the tree inferred exclusively from morphology being the most divergent. The results of this analysis show that a high degree of morphological convergence from substantial gonopod shape divergence generated spurious phylogenetic relationships. These results indicate the impact that a high degree of morphological homoplasy may have had on prior treatments of the family. Using the results of our phylogenetic analysis, we make several changes to the classification of the family, including transferring the rare state-threatened species Sigmoria whiteheadi Shelley, 1986 to the genus Apheloria Chamberlin, 1921-a relationship not readily apparent based on morphology alone. We show that while gonopod differences are a premier source of taxonomic characters to diagnose species pairwise, the traits should be viewed critically as taxonomic features uniting higher levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson C. Means
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Paul E. Marek
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
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15
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Genitalic Differentiations in Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Gueneé) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Associated with Solanaceae Crops in Ecuador. INSECTS 2017; 8:insects8030091. [PMID: 28858224 PMCID: PMC5620711 DOI: 10.3390/insects8030091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée) is an oligophagous species of plants in the Solanaceae family that has a broad geographical distribution in the tropical zones of South America. It is the most important insect pest of naranjilla (Solanum quitoense Lamarck), a crop grown in threatened areas of the tropical old-growth forest in Ecuador. In this study, two host-specific populations of N. elegantalis were collected from infested fruit of naranjilla and tree tomato (Solanum betaceum Cavanilles) in different locations. Sexually virgin adult insects (93 females and 103 males) were dissected to extract their genitalia to measure 12 morphological variables in females and six in males, resulting in six and four informative variables respectively. Using univariate and multivariate analysis of variance, it was found that the Solanaceous host was the main factor differentiating the area measurements of the seventh abdominal segment and ostium bursae in female genitalia, and cornuti length in male genitalia. Principal components generated with these measurements were employed in a logistic regression model for the classification of the Solanaceous host. Female genitalia of individuals from S. betaceum showed significantly larger ostium bursae relative to female genitalia from S. quitoense. For males, individuals collected from S. betaceum showed longer cornuti length than samples collected from S. quitoense. The results suggest genotypic differentiation according to the Solanaceous host or phenotypic plasticity in N. elegantalis. Further molecular and bio-geographical studies are needed to properly differentiate N. elegantalis populations that would help in the control of this pest.
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Genevcius BC, Caetano DS, Schwertner CF. Rapid differentiation and asynchronous coevolution of male and female genitalia in stink bugs. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:461-473. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B. C. Genevcius
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolution; Federal University of São Paulo; Diadema SP Brazil
- Museum of Zoology (MZUSP); University of São Paulo; São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - D. S. Caetano
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Idaho; Moscow ID USA
| | - C. F. Schwertner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolution; Federal University of São Paulo; Diadema SP Brazil
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17
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Yassin A. Unresolved questions in genitalia coevolution: bridging taxonomy, speciation, and developmental genetics. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-016-0286-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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18
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Kosuda S, Sasakawa K, Ikeda H. Directional mitochondrial introgression and character displacement due to reproductive interference in two closely related Pterostichus
ground beetle species. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:1121-30. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Kosuda
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science; Hirosaki University; Hirosaki Japan
| | - K. Sasakawa
- Department of Science Education; Faculty of Education; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
| | - H. Ikeda
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science; Hirosaki University; Hirosaki Japan
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Lehtinen RM, Steratore AF, Eyre MM, Cassagnol ES, Stern ML, Edgington HA. Identification of Widespread Hybridization between Two Terrestrial Salamanders Using Morphology, Coloration, and Molecular Markers. COPEIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1643/ch-14-205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Criscione F, Köhler F. On the land snailDamochloraIredale, 1938 and its cryptic siblingNannochloran. gen. (Stylommatophora: Camaenidae), each endemic to an island in the Western Australian Kimberley. MOLLUSCAN RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/13235818.2015.1053172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Brennan PLR, Prum RO. Mechanisms and Evidence of Genital Coevolution: The Roles of Natural Selection, Mate Choice, and Sexual Conflict. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 7:a017749. [PMID: 26134314 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a017749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genital coevolution between the sexes is expected to be common because of the direct interaction between male and female genitalia during copulation. Here we review the diverse mechanisms of genital coevolution that include natural selection, female mate choice, male-male competition, and how their interactions generate sexual conflict that can lead to sexually antagonistic coevolution. Natural selection on genital morphology will result in size coevolution to allow for copulation to be mechanically possible, even as other features of genitalia may reflect the action of other mechanisms of selection. Genital coevolution is explicitly predicted by at least three mechanisms of genital evolution: lock and key to prevent hybridization, female choice, and sexual conflict. Although some good examples exist in support of each of these mechanisms, more data on quantitative female genital variation and studies of functional morphology during copulation are needed to understand more general patterns. A combination of different approaches is required to continue to advance our understanding of genital coevolution. Knowledge of the ecology and behavior of the studied species combined with functional morphology, quantitative morphological tools, experimental manipulation, and experimental evolution have been provided in the best-studied species, all of which are invertebrates. Therefore, attention to vertebrates in any of these areas is badly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L R Brennan
- Departments of Psychology and Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Richard O Prum
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
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22
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Hamilton ZR, Johnson MS. Hybridization between genetically and morphologically divergent forms ofRhagada(Gastropoda: Camaenidae) snails at a zone of secondary contact. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoë R. Hamilton
- School of Animal Biology (M092); University of Western Australia; Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Michael S. Johnson
- School of Animal Biology (M092); University of Western Australia; Crawley WA 6009 Australia
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23
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A molecular phylogeny of camaenid land snails from north-western Australia unravels widespread homoplasy in morphological characters (Gastropoda, Helicoidea). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2014; 83:44-55. [PMID: 25463754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
North-western Australia harbours more than 300 species of camaenid land snail in 41 genera exhibiting considerable and well documented morphological diversity. We performed Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood analyses of concatenated nuclear (28S) and mitochondrial (COI, 16S) DNA sequences from 140 species of 37 of these genera plus an additional 27 extralimital species in order to resolve their phylogenetic relationships and to address the significance of morphological characters for the delineation of monophyletic taxa. While north-western Australian Camaenidae in their entirety are not monophyletic with respect to extralimital groups, they underwent extensive in situ-diversification in several independent phylogenetic radiations. A Maximum Likelihood-based character history reconstruction revealed extensive convergence in all studied shell characters and in three out of four genital features across this group. However, in some genera close morphological similarity is best explained by the retention of ancestral characters. We hypothesize that both morphological stasis in some groups and convergent character evolution in others can to a large extent be attributed to adaptive transformations in response to historically increasing aridity throughout north-western Australia in concert with structural constraints.
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Hirano T, Kameda Y, Kimura K, Chiba S. Substantial incongruence among the morphology, taxonomy, and molecular phylogeny of the land snails Aegista, Landouria, Trishoplita, and Pseudobuliminus (Pulmonata: Bradybaenidae) occurring in East Asia. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2014; 70:171-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Tatarnic NJ, Cassis G. Surviving in Sympatry: Paragenital Divergence and Sexual Mimicry between a Pair of Traumatically Inseminating Plant Bugs. Am Nat 2013; 182:542-51. [DOI: 10.1086/671931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Wojcieszek JM, Simmons LW. Divergence in genital morphology may contribute to mechanical reproductive isolation in a millipede. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:334-43. [PMID: 23467632 PMCID: PMC3586643 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genitalia appear to evolve rapidly and divergently in taxa with internal fertilization. The current consensus is that intense directional sexual selection drives the rapid evolution of genitalia. Recent research on the millipede Antichiropus variabilis suggests that the male genitalia are currently experiencing stabilizing selection – a pattern of selection expected for lock-and-key structures that enforce mate recognition and reproductive isolation. Here, we investigate how divergence in genital morphology affects reproductive compatibility among isolated populations of A. variabilis. Females from a focal population were mated first to a male from their own population and, second, to a male from one of two populations with divergent genital morphology. We observed variation in mating behavior that might indicate the emergence of precopulatory reproductive barriers: males from one divergent population took significantly longer to recognize females and exhibited mechanical difficulty in genital insertion. Moreover, we observed very low paternity success for extra-population males who were successful in copulating. Our data suggest that divergence in genital shape may be contributing to reproductive isolation, and incipient speciation among isolated populations of A. variabilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine M Wojcieszek
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Animal Biology M092, University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
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CRISCIONE FRANCESCO, LAW MARGOTLOUISA, KÖHLER FRANK. Land snail diversity in the monsoon tropics of Northern Australia: revision of the genusExiligadaIredale, 1939 (Mollusca: Pulmonata: Camaenidae), with description of 13 new species. Zool J Linn Soc 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00863.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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28
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Hollander J, Smadja CM, Butlin RK, Reid DG. Genital divergence in sympatric sister snails. J Evol Biol 2012; 26:210-5. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Hollander
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology; Lund University; Lund Sweden
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - C. M. Smadja
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution UMR 5554; Montpellier France
| | - R. K. Butlin
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - D. G. Reid
- Department of Life Sciences; Natural History Museum; London UK
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Wojcieszek JM, Simmons LW. EVIDENCE FOR STABILIZING SELECTION AND SLOW DIVERGENT EVOLUTION OF MALE GENITALIA IN A MILLIPEDE (ANTICHIROPUS VARIABILIS). Evolution 2011; 66:1138-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01509.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Köhler F. The Camaenid Species of the Kimberley Islands, Western Australia (Stylommatophora: Helicoidea). MALACOLOGIA 2011. [DOI: 10.4002/040.054.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Wojcieszek JM, Simmons LW. Male genital morphology influences paternity success in the millipede Antichiropus variabilis. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-011-1192-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Toju H, Ueno S, Taniguchi F, Sota T. Metapopulation structure of a seed-predator weevil and its host plant in arms race coevolution. Evolution 2011; 65:1707-22. [PMID: 21644958 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although the importance of gene flow in the geographic structuring of host-parasite interactions has been well discussed, little is known about how dispersal drives the spatial dynamics of other types of coevolutionary interactions in nature. We evaluated the roles of gene flow in the geographically structured processes of a predator-prey arms race involving a seed-predatory weevil with a long mouthpart and its host camellia plant with a thick fruit coat. Molecular genetic analyses showed that both weevil and camellia populations were structured at a spatial scale of several kilometers. Importantly, the spatial pattern of the migration of weevils, but not that of camellias, imposed significant effects on the geographic configuration of the levels of coevolutionary escalation. This result suggests that even if migration is limited in one species (camellia), local coevolution with the other species that migrates between neighboring localities (weevil) can reduce the interpopulation difference in the local adaptive optima of the former species. Thus, gene flow of a species potentially homogenizes the local biological environments provided by the species and thereby promotes the evolutionary convergence of its coevolving counterparts. Consequently, by focusing on coevolutionary interactions in natural communities, "indirect" effects of gene flow on the adaptive divergence of organisms could be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Toju
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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33
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Nydam ML, Harrison RG. Reproductive protein evolution in two cryptic species of marine chordate. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11:18. [PMID: 21247489 PMCID: PMC3036616 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reproductive character displacement (RCD) is a common and taxonomically widespread pattern. In marine broadcast spawning organisms, behavioral and mechanical isolation are absent and prezygotic barriers between species often operate only during the fertilization process. Such barriers are usually a consequence of differences in the way in which sperm and egg proteins interact, so RCD can be manifest as faster evolution of these proteins between species in sympatry than allopatry. Rapid evolution of these proteins often appears to be a consequence of positive (directional) selection. Here, we identify a set of candidate gamete recognition proteins (GRPs) in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis and showed that these GRPs evolve more rapidly than control proteins (those not involved in gamete recognition). Choosing a subset of these gamete recognition proteins that show evidence of positive selection (CIPRO37.40.1, CIPRO60.5.1, CIPRO100.7.1), we then directly test the RCD hypothesis by comparing divergence (omega) and polymorphism (McDonald-Kreitman, Tajima's D, Fu and Li's D and F, Fay and Wu's H) statistics in sympatric and allopatric populations of two distinct forms of C. intestinalis (Types A and B) between which there are strong post-zygotic barriers. Results Candidate gamete recognition proteins from two lineages of C. intestinalis (Type A and B) are evolving more rapidly than control proteins, consistent with patterns seen in insects and mammals. However, ω (dN/dS) is not significantly different between the sympatric and allopatric populations, and none of the polymorphism statistics show significant differences between sympatric and allopatric populations. Conclusions Enhanced prezygotic isolation in sympatry has become a well-known feature of gamete recognition proteins in marine broadcast spawners. But in most cases the evolutionary process or processes responsible for this pattern have not been identified. Although gamete recognition proteins in C. intestinalis do appear to evolve more rapidly, on average, than proteins with other functions, rates of evolution are not different in allopatric and sympatric populations of the two reproductively isolated forms. That sympatry is probably human-mediated, and therefore recent, may explain the absence of RCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie L Nydam
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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Konuma J, Nagata N, Sota T. Factors determining the direction of ecological specialization in snail-feeding carabid beetles. Evolution 2010; 65:408-18. [PMID: 20977474 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A stout-slender dimorphism in body shape is observed among carabid beetles of the subtribe Carabina, which feed on land snails. We hypothesized that this dimorphism has resulted from divergent ecological specialization for feeding on different-sized land snails. Therefore, we examined whether the geographic variation in the body shape of Damaster blaptoides, a representative snail-feeding species in Japan, is correlated with the size of Euhadra, a genus of land snails frequently consumed by D. blaptoides. An analysis of beetle specimens from the whole distribution area of D. blaptoides determined that more slender beetle populations occurred in localities harboring larger snails, whereas more stout beetles inhabited localities harboring smaller snails. This pattern could be adaptive because slender beetles exhibit high feeding performance for large snails by inserting their heads into the shells, whereas stout beetles do so for small snails by crushing the shells. The D. blaptoides populations showed a clear genetic isolation-by-distance pattern, which could be effective in promoting such local adaptation. Thus, food resources as well as geographic isolation may have promoted adaptive divergence of external morphology in the snail-feeding carabid beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Konuma
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
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Bailey AL, Brewer MS, Hendrixson BE, Bond JE. Phylogeny and classification of the trapdoor spider genus Myrmekiaphila: an integrative approach to evaluating taxonomic hypotheses. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12744. [PMID: 20856873 PMCID: PMC2939068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Revised by Bond and Platnick in 2007, the trapdoor spider genus Myrmekiaphila comprises 11 species. Species delimitation and placement within one of three species groups was based on modifications of the male copulatory device. Because a phylogeny of the group was not available these species groups might not represent monophyletic lineages; species definitions likewise were untested hypotheses. The purpose of this study is to reconstruct the phylogeny of Myrmekiaphila species using molecular data to formally test the delimitation of species and species-groups. We seek to refine a set of established systematic hypotheses by integrating across molecular and morphological data sets. METHODS AND FINDINGS Phylogenetic analyses comprising Bayesian searches were conducted for a mtDNA matrix composed of contiguous 12S rRNA, tRNA-val, and 16S rRNA genes and a nuclear DNA matrix comprising the glutamyl and prolyl tRNA synthetase gene each consisting of 1348 and 481 bp, respectively. Separate analyses of the mitochondrial and nuclear genome data and a concatenated data set yield M. torreya and M. millerae paraphyletic with respect to M. coreyi and M. howelli and polyphyletic fluviatilis and foliata species groups. CONCLUSIONS Despite the perception that molecular data present a solution to a crisis in taxonomy, studies like this demonstrate the efficacy of an approach that considers data from multiple sources. A DNA barcoding approach during the species discovery process would fail to recognize at least two species (M. coreyi and M. howelli) whereas a combined approach more accurately assesses species diversity and illuminates speciation pattern and process. Concomitantly these data also demonstrate that morphological characters likewise fail in their ability to recover monophyletic species groups and result in an unnatural classification. Optimizations of these characters demonstrate a pattern of "Dollo evolution" wherein a complex character evolves only once but is lost multiple times throughout the group's history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L. Bailey
- North Carolina Center for Biodiversity and Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Brewer
- North Carolina Center for Biodiversity and Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Brent E. Hendrixson
- Department of Biology, Millsaps College, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Jason E. Bond
- North Carolina Center for Biodiversity and Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
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