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Campo JJ, Seppo AE, Randall AZ, Pablo J, Hung C, Teng A, Shandling AD, Truong J, Oberai A, Miller J, Iqbal NT, Peñataro Yori P, Kukkonen AK, Kuitunen M, Guterman LB, Morris SK, Pell LG, Al Mahmud A, Ramakrishan G, Heinz E, Kirkpatrick BD, Faruque AS, Haque R, Looney RJ, Kosek MN, Savilahti E, Omer SB, Roth DE, Petri WA, Järvinen KM. Human milk antibodies to global pathogens reveal geographic and interindividual variations in IgA and IgG. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e168789. [PMID: 39087469 PMCID: PMC11290967 DOI: 10.1172/jci168789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDThe use of high-throughput technologies has enabled rapid advancement in the knowledge of host immune responses to pathogens. Our objective was to compare the repertoire, protection, and maternal factors associated with human milk antibodies to infectious pathogens in different economic and geographic locations.METHODSUsing multipathogen protein microarrays, 878 milk and 94 paired serum samples collected from 695 women in 5 high and low-to-middle income countries (Bangladesh, Finland, Peru, Pakistan, and the United States) were assessed for specific IgA and IgG antibodies to 1,607 proteins from 30 enteric, respiratory, and bloodborne pathogens.RESULTSThe antibody coverage across enteric and respiratory pathogens was highest in Bangladeshi and Pakistani cohorts and lowest in the U.S. and Finland. While some pathogens induced a dominant IgA response (Campylobacter, Klebsiella, Acinetobacter, Cryptosporidium, and pertussis), others elicited both IgA and IgG antibodies in milk and serum, possibly related to the invasiveness of the infection (Shigella, enteropathogenic E. coli "EPEC", Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Group B Streptococcus). Besides the differences between economic regions and decreases in concentrations over time, human milk IgA and IgG antibody concentrations were lower in mothers with high BMI and higher parity, respectively. In Bangladeshi infants, a higher specific IgA concentration in human milk was associated with delayed time to rotavirus infection, implying protective properties of antirotavirus antibodies, whereas a higher IgA antibody concentration was associated with greater incidence of Campylobacter infection.CONCLUSIONThis comprehensive assessment of human milk antibody profiles may be used to guide the development of passive protection strategies against infant morbidity and mortality.FUNDINGBill and Melinda Gates Foundation grant OPP1172222 (to KMJ); Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation grant OPP1066764 funded the MDIG trial (to DER); University of Rochester CTSI and Environmental Health Sciences Center funded the Rochester Lifestyle study (to RJL); and R01 AI043596 funded PROVIDE (to WAP).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antti E. Seppo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | | | - Jozelyn Pablo
- Antigen Discovery Incorporated, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Chris Hung
- Antigen Discovery Incorporated, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Andy Teng
- Antigen Discovery Incorporated, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | | | - Amit Oberai
- Antigen Discovery Incorporated, Irvine, California, USA
| | - James Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Najeeha Talat Iqbal
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Pablo Peñataro Yori
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Anna Kaarina Kukkonen
- New Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Kuitunen
- New Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - L. Beryl Guterman
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shaun K. Morris
- Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa G. Pell
- Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abdullah Al Mahmud
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Girija Ramakrishan
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Eva Heinz
- Departments of Vector Biology and Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Parasites and Microbes, Cambridge, UK
| | - Beth D. Kirkpatrick
- Vaccine Testing Center and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Abu S.G. Faruque
- Emerging Infection and Parasitology Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashidul Haque
- Emerging Infection and Parasitology Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - R. John Looney
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Margaret N. Kosek
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Erkki Savilahti
- New Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saad B. Omer
- Peter O’Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel E. Roth
- Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - William A. Petri
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Kirsi M. Järvinen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
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Basaran MK, Dogan C, Sursal A, Ozdener F. Effect of Rotavirus Infection on Serum Micronutrients and Atopy in Children. J PEDIAT INF DIS-GER 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1745836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective Rotavirus is a highly infectious and prevalent ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus that causes fatal gastroenteritis in children. Despite vitamin D deficiency is associated with susceptibility to infections, the relationship between ferritin and vitamin B12 levels is not known. This study aimed to investigate and compare the effect of rotavirus on micronutrient levels, atopy, and the frequency of allergic diseases in children with rotavirus.
Methods There were rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVG) (N = 92) and non-rotavirus (control) groups (N = 95). Serum micronutrient levels (B12, ferritin, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25-OH-D3]) were checked during the first control after gastroenteritis healed. Patients were also examined for allergic diseases on an average of 17 (14–32) months following rotavirus infection. Serum immunoglobulin E (IgE), eosinophil count, and percentage were analyzed. Skin tests and respiratory function tests were also performed on patients with allergic disease and asthma symptoms.
Results Mean ferritin, B12, and 25-OH-D3 levels were lower in the RVG group compared with the control group. Allergic diseases in the RVG group were more frequent than in the control group. The prevalence of the allergic disease in the RVG group was 16.3%, as opposed to 5.2% in the control group (p = 0.014). The IgE level was significantly higher in the RVG group.
Conclusion Children with rotavirus infection should be followed closely in terms of allergic diseases and micronutrient deficiency. Furthermore, rotavirus infection should be prevented in the society and early treatment should be made available via tests detecting micronutrient deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Keceli Basaran
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Gaziosmanpaşa Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Caner Dogan
- Department of Pediatrics, Gaziosmanpaşa Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alihan Sursal
- Department of Neuroscience, Bahcesehir University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Ozdener
- Department of Pharmacology, Bahcesehir University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Gikonyo JN, Mbatia B, Okanya PW, Obiero GFO, Sang C, Steele D, Nyangao J. Post-vaccine rotavirus genotype distribution in Nairobi County, Kenya. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 100:434-440. [PMID: 32898668 PMCID: PMC7670220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotaviruses are primary etiological agents of gastroenteritis in young children. In Kenya, G1P8 monovalent vaccine (Rotarix) was introduced in July 2014 for mandatory vaccination of all newborns at 6 and 10 weeks of age. Since then, no studies have been done to identify the rotavirus genotypes circulating in Nairobi County, Kenya, following the vaccine introduction, hence the post-vaccine genotype distribution is not known. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the post-vaccine occurrence of rotavirus genotypes in children <5 years of age in Nairobi County, Kenya. METHODS Stool samples were collected from children presenting with diarrhea for whom the vaccination status was card-confirmed. Fecal samples were analyzed for rotavirus antigen using a commercial enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kit, followed by characterization by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, RT-PCR, and nested PCR genotyping, targeting the most medically important genotypes. RESULTS The strains observed included G1P[8] (38.8%), G9P[8] (20.4%), G2P[4] (12.2%), G3[P4] (6.1%), G2P[6] (4.1%), and G9P[6] (4.1%). Mixed genotype constellations G3P[4][8] were also detected (4.1%). Remarkably, an increased prevalence of G2 genotypes was observed, revealing a change in genetic diversity of rotavirus strains. While the dominance of G1P[8] decreased after vaccination, an upsurge in G2P[4] (12.2%) and G9P[8] (20.4%) was observed. Additionally, G3[P4] (6.1%) and G2P[6] (4.1%) prevalence increased over the 3 years of study. CONCLUSIONS The results inform the need for robust longitudinal surveillance and epidemiological studies to assess the long-term interaction between rotavirus vaccine and strain ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Ndung'u Gikonyo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, The Technical University of Kenya (TU-K), PO Box 52428-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Betty Mbatia
- School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, United States International University (USIU) - Africa, PO Box 14634-00800, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Patrick W Okanya
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, The Technical University of Kenya (TU-K), PO Box 52428-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - George F O Obiero
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, The Technical University of Kenya (TU-K), PO Box 52428-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Carlene Sang
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), PO Box 43640-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Duncan Steele
- Enteric and Diarrhoeal Diseases, Global Health Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation PO Box 23350, Seattle, WA98102, USA.
| | - James Nyangao
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), PO Box 43640-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Parenterally Administered P24-VP8* Nanoparticle Vaccine Conferred Strong Protection against Rotavirus Diarrhea and Virus Shedding in Gnotobiotic Pigs. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040177. [PMID: 31698824 PMCID: PMC6963946 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Current live rotavirus vaccines are costly with increased risk of intussusception due to vaccine replication in the gut of vaccinated children. New vaccines with improved safety and cost-effectiveness are needed. In this study, we assessed the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a novel P24-VP8* nanoparticle vaccine using the gnotobiotic (Gn) pig model of human rotavirus infection and disease. Three doses of P24-VP8* (200 μg/dose) intramuscular vaccine with Al(OH)3 adjuvant (600 μg) conferred significant protection against infection and diarrhea after challenge with virulent Wa strain rotavirus. This was indicated by the significant reduction in the mean duration of diarrhea, virus shedding in feces, and significantly lower fecal cumulative consistency scores in post-challenge day (PCD) 1-7 among vaccinated pigs compared to the mock immunized controls. The P24-VP8* vaccine was highly immunogenic in Gn pigs. It induced strong VP8*-specific serum IgG and Wa-specific virus-neutralizing antibody responses from post-inoculation day 21 to PCD 7, but did not induce serum or intestinal IgA antibody responses or a strong effector T cell response, which are consistent with the immunization route, the adjuvant used, and the nature of the non-replicating vaccine. The findings are highly translatable and thus will facilitate clinical trials of the P24-VP8* nanoparticle vaccine.
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Wang Y, Zhang J, Liu P. Clinical and molecular epidemiologic trends reveal the important role of rotavirus in adult infectious gastroenteritis, in Shanghai, China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 47:143-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Angel J, Steele AD, Franco MA. Correlates of protection for rotavirus vaccines: Possible alternative trial endpoints, opportunities, and challenges. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:3659-71. [PMID: 25483685 PMCID: PMC4514048 DOI: 10.4161/hv.34361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is a major vaccine-preventable killer of young children worldwide. Two RV vaccines are globally commercially available and other vaccines are in different stages of development. Due to the absence of a suitable correlate of protection (CoP), all RV vaccine efficacy trials have had clinical endpoints. These trials represent an important challenge since RV vaccines have to be introduced in many different settings, placebo-controlled studies are unethical due to the availability of licensed vaccines, and comparator assessments for new vaccines with clinical endpoints are very large, complex, and expensive to conduct. A CoP as a surrogate endpoint would allow predictions of vaccine efficacy for new RV vaccines and enable a regulatory pathway, contributing to the more rapid development of new RV vaccines. The goal of this review is to summarize experiences from RV natural infection and vaccine studies to evaluate potential CoP for use as surrogate endpoints for assessment of new RV vaccines, and to explore challenges and opportunities in the field.
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Key Words
- ASC, antibody secreting cells
- CO, cutoff
- CoP, correlate of protection
- EMA, European Medicines Agency
- GAVI, Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation
- GE, gastroenteritis
- GMT, geometric mean titers
- HAI, haemagglutination inhibition
- IgA
- MenC, Meningococcal serogroup C
- RRV-TV, Rhesus RV-Tetravalent vaccine
- RV, rotavirus
- RV-NA, RV specific neutralizing antibodies
- RV-SIg, rotavirus secretory Ig
- RV-T cells, rotavirus specific T cells
- RV1, Rotarix®
- RV5, RotaTeq®
- RV5-precursor, RV5 precursor reassortants
- SBA, serum bactericidal assay
- SGE, severe gastroenteritis
- VE, vaccine efficacy
- VEI, VE estimated with an immunological endpoint
- WHO, World Health Organization
- correlates of protection
- mBc, memory B cells
- mucosal
- rSAB, serum bactericidal assay using rabbit serum
- rotavirus
- vaccines
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana Angel
- a I nstituto de Genética Humana; Facultad de Medicina ; Pontificia Universidad ; Javeriana , Bogotá
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McDermid A, Le Saux N, Grudeski E, Bettinger JA, Manguiat K, Halperin SA, Macdonald L, Déry P, Embree J, Vaudry W, Booth TF. Molecular characterization of rotavirus isolates from select Canadian pediatric hospitals. BMC Infect Dis 2012; 12:306. [PMID: 23153184 PMCID: PMC3519651 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We report the first multi-site rotavirus genotype analysis in Canada. Prior to this study, there was a dearth of rotavirus G and P genotyping data in Canada. Publically funded universal rotavirus vaccination in Canada started in 2011 and has been introduced by four provinces to date. Uptake of rotavirus vaccines in Canada prior to 2012 has been very limited. The aim of this study was to describe the genotypes of rotavirus strains circulating in Canada prior to widespread implementation of rotavirus vaccine by genotyping samples collected from selected paediatric hospitals. Secondly we identified rotavirus strains that differed genetically from those included in the vaccines and which could affect vaccine effectiveness. METHODS Stool specimens were collected by opportunity sampling of children with gastroenteritis who presented to emergency departments. Samples were genotyped for G (VP7) genotypes and P (VP4) genotypes by hemi-nested multiplex PCR methods. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out on Canadian G9 strains to investigate their relationship to G9 strains that have circulated in other regions of the world. RESULTS 348 samples were collected, of which 259 samples were rotavirus positive and genotyped. There were 34 rotavirus antigen immunoassay negative samples genotyped using PCR-based methods. Over the four rotavirus seasons, 174 samples were G1P[8], 45 were G3P[8], 22 were G2P[4], 13 were G9P[8], 3 were G4P[8] and 2 were G9P[4]. Sequence analysis showed that all Canadian G9 isolates are within lineage III. CONCLUSIONS Although a limited number of samples were obtained from a median of 4 centres during the 4 years of the study, it appears that currently approved rotavirus vaccines are well matched to the rotavirus genotypes identified at these hospitals. Further surveillance to monitor the emergence of rotavirus genotypes in Canada is warranted.
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László B, Kónya J, Dandár E, Deák J, Farkas Á, Gray J, Grósz G, Iturriza-Gomara M, Jakab F, Juhász Á, Kisfali P, Kovács J, Lengyel G, Martella V, Melegh B, Mészáros J, Molnár P, Nyúl Z, Papp H, Pátri L, Puskás E, Sántha I, Schneider F, Szomor K, Tóth A, Tóth E, Szűcs G, Bányai K. Surveillance of human rotaviruses in 2007-2011, Hungary: exploring the genetic relatedness between vaccine and field strains. J Clin Virol 2012; 55:140-6. [PMID: 22841750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The availability of rotavirus vaccines has resulted in an intensification of post vaccine strain surveillance efforts worldwide to gain information on the impact of vaccines on prevalence of circulating rotavirus strains. OBJECTIVES In this study, the distribution of human rotavirus G and P types in Hungary is reported. In addition, the VP4 and VP7 genes of G1P[8] strains were sequenced to monitor if vaccine-derived strains were introduced and/or some strains/lineages were selected against. STUDY DESIGN The study was conducted in 8 geographic areas of Hungary between 2007 and 2011. Rotavirus positive stool samples were collected from diarrheic patients mostly <5 years of age. Viral RNA was amplified by multiplex genotyping RT-PCR assay, targeting the medically most important G and P types. When needed, sequencing of the VP7 and VP4 genes was performed. RESULTS In total, 2380 strains were genotyped. During the 5-year surveillance we observed the dominating prevalence of genotype G1P[8] (44.87%) strains, followed by G4P[8] (23.4%), G2P[4] (14.75%) and G9P[8] (6.81%) genotypes. Uncommon strains were identified in a low percentage of samples (4.12%). Phylogenetic analysis of 318 G1P[8] strains identified 55 strains similar to the Rotarix strain (nt sequence identities; VP7, up to 97.9%; VP4, up to 98.5%) although their vaccine origin was unlikely. CONCLUSIONS Current vaccines would have protected against the majority of identified rotavirus genotypes. A better understanding of the potential long-term effect of vaccine use on epidemiology and evolutionary dynamics of co-circulating wild type strains requires continuous strain surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta László
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Angel J, Franco MA, Greenberg HB. Rotavirus immune responses and correlates of protection. Curr Opin Virol 2012; 2:419-25. [PMID: 22677178 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Selected topics in the field of rotavirus immunity are reviewed focusing on recent developments that may improve efficacy and safety of current and future vaccines. Rotaviruses (RVs) have developed multiple mechanisms to evade interferon (IFN)-mediated innate immunity. Compared to more developed regions of the world, protection induced by natural infection and vaccination is reduced in developing countries where, among other factors, high viral challenge loads are common and where infants are infected at an early age. Studies in developing countries indicate that rotavirus-specific serum IgA levels are not an optimal correlate of protection following vaccination, and better correlates need to be identified. Protection against rotavirus following vaccination is substantially heterotypic; nonetheless, a role for homotypic immunity in selection of circulating postvaccination strains needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana Angel
- Instituto de Genética Humana, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Ruggeri FM, Delogu R, Petouchoff T, Tcheremenskaia O, De Petris S, Fiore L. Molecular characterization of rotavirus strains from children with diarrhea in Italy, 2007-2009. J Med Virol 2011; 83:1657-68. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Grimwood K, Lambert SB, Milne RJ. Rotavirus infections and vaccines: burden of illness and potential impact of vaccination. Paediatr Drugs 2010; 12:235-56. [PMID: 20593908 DOI: 10.2165/11537200-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in children. By 5 years of age virtually every child worldwide will have experienced at least one rotavirus infection. This leads to an enormous disease burden, where every minute a child dies because of rotavirus infection and another four are hospitalized, at an annual societal cost in 2007 of $US2 billion. Most of the annual 527 000 deaths are in malnourished infants living in rural regions of low and middle income countries. In contrast, most measurable costs arise from medical expenses and lost parental wages in high income countries. Vaccines are the only public health prevention strategy likely to control rotavirus disease. They were developed to mimic the immunity following natural rotavirus infection that confers protection against severe gastroenteritis and consequently reduces the risk of primary healthcare utilization, hospitalization and death. The two currently licensed vaccines--one a single human strain rotavirus vaccine, the other a multiple strain human-bovine pentavalent reassortant rotavirus vaccine--are administered to infants in a two- or three-dose course, respectively, with the first dose given at 6-14 weeks of age. In various settings they are safe, immunogenic and efficacious against many different rotavirus genotypes. In high and middle income countries, rotavirus vaccines confer 85-100% protection against severe disease, while in low income regions of Africa and Asia, protection is less, at 46-77%. Despite this reduced efficacy in low income countries, the high burden of diarrheal disease in these regions means that proportionately more severe cases are prevented by vaccination than elsewhere. Post-licensure effectiveness studies show that rotavirus vaccines not only reduce rotavirus activity in infancy but they also decrease rates of rotavirus diarrhea in older and unimmunized children. A successful rotavirus vaccination program will rely upon sustained vaccine efficacy against diverse and evolving rotavirus strains and efficient vaccine delivery systems. The potential introduction of rotavirus vaccines into the world's poorest countries with the greatest rates of rotavirus-related mortality is expected to be very cost effective, while rotavirus vaccines should also be cost effective by international standards when incorporated into developed countries immunization schedules. Nonetheless, cost effectiveness in each country still depends largely on the local rotavirus mortality rate and the price of the vaccine in relation to the per capita gross domestic product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Grimwood
- Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Royal Children's Hospital, Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia.
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