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Ling YF, Bonebrake TC. Consistent heat tolerance under starvation across seasonal morphs in Mycalesis mineus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 271:111261. [PMID: 35728756 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Heat tolerance is a key trait for understanding insect responses to extreme heat events, but tolerance may be modulated by changes in food availability and seasonal variability in temperature. Differences in sensitivity and resistance across life stages are also important determinants of species responses. Using a full-factorial experimental design, we here investigated the effects of larval starvation, adult starvation, and seasonal morph (developmental temperature) on heat tolerance of a seasonally polyphenic butterfly, Mycalesis mineus, in both larval and adult stages. While starvation and rearing temperature profoundly influenced various life history traits in the insect, none of the treatments affected adult heat tolerance. There was also no evidence of reduced heat tolerance in larvae under starvation stress, though larval thermal tolerance was higher by ~1 °C at the higher developmental temperature. The lack of a starvation effect was unexpected given the general physiological cost of heat tolerance mechanisms. This might be attributed to the ability to tolerate heat being preserved under resource-based trade-offs due to its critical role in ensuring insect survival. Invariant heat tolerance in M. mineus shows that some insects may have thermal capacity to cope with extreme heat under short-term starvation and seasonality disruptions, though more prolonged changes may have greater consequences. The capacity to maintain key physiological function under multiple stressors will be crucial for species resilience in future novel environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuet Fung Ling
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Timothy C Bonebrake
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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2
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Halali S, van Bergen E, Breuker CJ, Brakefield PM, Brattström O. Seasonal environments drive convergent evolution of a faster pace-of-life in tropical butterflies. Ecol Lett 2020; 24:102-112. [PMID: 33099881 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
New ecological niches that may arise due to climate change can trigger diversification, but their colonisation often requires adaptations in a suite of life-history traits. We test this hypothesis in species-rich Mycalesina butterflies that have undergone parallel radiations in Africa, Asia, and Madagascar. First, our ancestral state reconstruction of habitat preference, using c. 85% of extant species, revealed that early forest-linked lineages began to invade seasonal savannahs during the late Miocene-Pliocene. Second, rearing replicate pairs of forest and savannah species from the African and Malagasy radiation in a common garden experiment, and utilising published data from the Asian radiation, demonstrated that savannah species consistently develop faster, have smaller bodies, higher fecundity with an earlier investment in reproduction, and reduced longevity, compared to forest species across all three radiations. We argue that time-constraints for reproduction favoured the evolution of a faster pace-of-life in savannah species that facilitated their persistence in seasonal habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Halali
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Erik van Bergen
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK.,Research Centre of Ecological Change, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki Institute of Life Science HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Casper J Breuker
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Paul M Brakefield
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Oskar Brattström
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK.,School of Health and Life Sciences, University of West Scotland, Paisley, PA1 2BE, Scotland
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Halali S, Brakefield PM, Collins SC, Brattström O. To mate, or not to mate: The evolution of reproductive diapause facilitates insect radiation into African savannahs in the Late Miocene. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:1230-1241. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Halali
- Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | | | | | - Oskar Brattström
- Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
- African Butterfly Research Institute (ABRI) Nairobi Kenya
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Developmental Bias and Evolution: A Regulatory Network Perspective. Genetics 2018; 209:949-966. [PMID: 30049818 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.300995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic variation is generated by the processes of development, with some variants arising more readily than others-a phenomenon known as "developmental bias." Developmental bias and natural selection have often been portrayed as alternative explanations, but this is a false dichotomy: developmental bias can evolve through natural selection, and bias and selection jointly influence phenotypic evolution. Here, we briefly review the evidence for developmental bias and illustrate how it is studied empirically. We describe recent theory on regulatory networks that explains why the influence of genetic and environmental perturbation on phenotypes is typically not uniform, and may even be biased toward adaptive phenotypic variation. We show how bias produced by developmental processes constitutes an evolving property able to impose direction on adaptive evolution and influence patterns of taxonomic and phenotypic diversity. Taking these considerations together, we argue that it is not sufficient to accommodate developmental bias into evolutionary theory merely as a constraint on evolutionary adaptation. The influence of natural selection in shaping developmental bias, and conversely, the influence of developmental bias in shaping subsequent opportunities for adaptation, requires mechanistic models of development to be expanded and incorporated into evolutionary theory. A regulatory network perspective on phenotypic evolution thus helps to integrate the generation of phenotypic variation with natural selection, leaving evolutionary biology better placed to explain how organisms adapt and diversify.
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Nowell RW, Elsworth B, Oostra V, Zwaan BJ, Wheat CW, Saastamoinen M, Saccheri IJ, van’t Hof AE, Wasik BR, Connahs H, Aslam ML, Kumar S, Challis RJ, Monteiro A, Brakefield PM, Blaxter M. A high-coverage draft genome of the mycalesine butterfly Bicyclus anynana. Gigascience 2017; 6:1-7. [PMID: 28486658 PMCID: PMC5493746 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/gix035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycalesine butterfly Bicyclus anynana, the "Squinting bush brown," is a model organism in the study of lepidopteran ecology, development, and evolution. Here, we present a draft genome sequence for B. anynana to serve as a genomics resource for current and future studies of this important model species. Seven libraries with insert sizes ranging from 350 bp to 20 kb were constructed using DNA from an inbred female and sequenced using both Illumina and PacBio technology; 128 Gb of raw Illumina data was filtered to 124 Gb and assembled to a final size of 475 Mb (∼×260 assembly coverage). Contigs were scaffolded using mate-pair, transcriptome, and PacBio data into 10 800 sequences with an N50 of 638 kb (longest scaffold 5 Mb). The genome is comprised of 26% repetitive elements and encodes a total of 22 642 predicted protein-coding genes. Recovery of a BUSCO set of core metazoan genes was almost complete (98%). Overall, these metrics compare well with other recently published lepidopteran genomes. We report a high-quality draft genome sequence for Bicyclus anynana. The genome assembly and annotated gene models are available at LepBase (http://ensembl.lepbase.org/index.html).
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuben W. Nowell
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Ben Elsworth
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Vicencio Oostra
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Bas J. Zwaan
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Marjo Saastamoinen
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilik J. Saccheri
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Arjen E. van’t Hof
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Bethany R. Wasik
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Heidi Connahs
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Muhammad L. Aslam
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Sujai Kumar
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Richard J. Challis
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Antónia Monteiro
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
- Yale-NUS College, Singapore 138609
| | | | - Mark Blaxter
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
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Bergen E, Barlow HS, Brattström O, Griffiths H, Kodandaramaiah U, Osborne CP, Brakefield PM. The stable isotope ecology of mycalesine butterflies: implications for plant–insect co‐evolution. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Bergen
- Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Downing Street Cambridge CB2 3EJ UK
| | - Henry S. Barlow
- Genting Tea Estate P.O. Box 10139 50704 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Oskar Brattström
- Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Downing Street Cambridge CB2 3EJ UK
| | - Howard Griffiths
- Department of Plant Sciences University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 3EA UK
| | - Ullasa Kodandaramaiah
- Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Downing Street Cambridge CB2 3EJ UK
- School of Biology Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram CET Campus Trivandrum 695016 India
| | - Colin P. Osborne
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN UK
| | - Paul M. Brakefield
- Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Downing Street Cambridge CB2 3EJ UK
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Aduse-Poku K, Brattström O, Kodandaramaiah U, Lees DC, Brakefield PM, Wahlberg N. Systematics and historical biogeography of the old world butterfly subtribe Mycalesina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:167. [PMID: 26289424 PMCID: PMC4545879 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0449-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Butterflies of the subtribe Mycalesina have radiated successfully in almost all habitat types in Africa, Madagascar, the Indian subcontinent, Indo-China and Australasia. Studies aimed at understanding the reasons behind the evolutionary success of this spectacular Old World butterfly radiation have been hampered by the lack of a stable phylogeny for the group. Here, we have reconstructed a robust phylogenetic framework for the subtribe using 10 genes from 195 exemplar taxa. RESULTS We recovered seven well supported clades within the subtribe corresponding to the five traditional genera (Lohora, Heteropsis, Hallelesis, Bicyclus, Mycalesis), one as recently revised (Mydosama) and one newly revised genus (Culapa). The phylogenetic relationships of these mycalesine genera have been robustly established for the first time. Within the proposed phylogenetic framework, we estimated the crown age of the subtribe to be 40 Million years ago (Mya) and inferred its ultimate origin to be in Asia. Our results reveal both vicariance and dispersal as factors responsible for the current widespread distribution of the group in the Old World tropics. We inferred that the African continent has been colonized at least twice by Asian mycalesines within the last 26 and 23 Mya. In one possible scenario, an Asian ancestor gave rise to Heteropsis on continental Africa, which later dispersed into Madagascar and most likely back colonised Asia. The second colonization of Africa by Asian ancestors resulted in Hallelesis and Bicyclus on continental Africa, the descendants of which did not colonise other regions but rather diversified only in continental Africa. The genera Lohora and Mydosama are derivatives of ancestors from continental Asia. CONCLUSION Our proposed time-calibrated phylogeny now provides a solid framework within which we can implement mechanistic studies aimed at unravelling the ecological and evolutionary processes that culminated in the spectacular radiation of mycalesines in the Old World tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwaku Aduse-Poku
- Department of Zoology, Radiating Butterflies Group, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK.
| | - Oskar Brattström
- Department of Zoology, Radiating Butterflies Group, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK.
| | - Ullasa Kodandaramaiah
- Department of Zoology, Radiating Butterflies Group, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK. .,School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM), CET campus, Sreekaryam, Thiruvananthapuram Kerala, 695016, India.
| | - David C Lees
- Department of Zoology, Radiating Butterflies Group, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK.
| | - Paul M Brakefield
- Department of Zoology, Radiating Butterflies Group, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK.
| | - Niklas Wahlberg
- Department of Biology, NSG, Laboratory of Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, 20014, Finland.
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Kodandaramaiah U, Lindenfors P, Tullberg BS. Deflective and intimidating eyespots: a comparative study of eyespot size and position in Junonia butterflies. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:4518-24. [PMID: 24340191 PMCID: PMC3856750 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eyespots are conspicuous circular features found on the wings of several lepidopteran insects. Two prominent hypotheses have been put forth explaining their function in an antipredatory role. The deflection hypothesis posits that eyespots enhance survival in direct physical encounters with predators by deflecting attacks away from vital parts of the body, whereas the intimidation hypothesis posits that eyespots are advantageous by scaring away a potential predator before an attack. In the light of these two hypotheses, we investigated the evolution of eyespot size and its interaction with position and number within a phylogenetic context in a group of butterflies belonging to the genus Junonia. We found that larger eyespots tend to be found individually, rather than in serial dispositions. Larger size and conspicuousness make intimidating eyespots more effective, and thus, we suggest that our results support an intimidation function in some species of Junonia with solitary eyespots. Our results also show that smaller eyespots in Junonia are located closer to the wing margin, thus supporting predictions of the deflection hypothesis. The interplay between size, position, and arrangement of eyespots in relation to antipredation and possibly sexual selection, promises to be an interesting field of research in the future. Similarly, further comparative work on the evolution of absolute eyespot size in natural populations of other butterfly groups is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ullasa Kodandaramaiah
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram, 695 016, India ; Department of Zoology, University of Stockholm SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
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VANE-WRIGHT RI, TENNENT WJOHN. Colour and size variation inJunonia villida(Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae): subspecies or phenotypic plasticity? SYST BIODIVERS 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2011.640497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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de Jong MA, Wahlberg N, van Eijk M, Brakefield PM, Zwaan BJ. Mitochondrial DNA signature for range-wide populations of Bicyclus anynana suggests a rapid expansion from recent refugia. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21385. [PMID: 21731725 PMCID: PMC3120877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the genetic diversity, population structure and demographic history of the afrotropical butterfly Bicyclus anynana using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Samples from six wild populations covering most of the species range from Uganda to South Africa were compared for the cytochrome c oxidase subunit gene (COI). Molecular diversity indices show overall high mtDNA diversity for the populations, but low nucleotide divergence between haplotypes. Our results indicate relatively little geographic population structure among the southern populations, especially given the extensive distributional range and an expectation of limited gene flow between populations. We implemented neutrality tests to assess signatures of recent historical demographic events. Tajima's D test and Fu's F(S) test both suggested recent population growth for the populations. The results were only significant for the southernmost populations when applying Tajima's D, but Fu's F(S) indicated significant deviations from neutrality for all populations except the one closest to the equator. Based on our own findings and those from pollen and vegetation studies, we hypothesize that the species range of B. anynana was reduced to equatorial refugia during the last glacial period, and that the species expanded southwards during the past 10.000 years. These results provide crucial background information for studies of phenotypic and molecular adaptation in wild populations of B. anynana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike A de Jong
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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