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Xu M, Pethybridge HR, Li Y. Trophic niche partitioning of five sympatric shark species in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean revealed by multi-tissue fatty acid analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113828. [PMID: 35817163 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid (FA) analysis of consumer tissues has recently shown utility in drawing further inferences about trophic niche dynamics of marine predators such as sharks. In this study, we examined liver, plasma, and muscle FAs in five coexisting pelagic sharks (blue (Prionace glauca), silky (Carcharhinus falciformis), bigeye thresher (Alopias superciliosus), pelagic thresher (Alopias pelagicus), and smooth hammerhead (Sphyrna zygaena)) inhabiting the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean. Results showed complex inter- and intra-individual and tissue variation among the five shark species. Based on multivariate analysis of the muscle FAs, P. glauca and C. falciformis have the largest FA niche widths, indicating diverse feeding habits or habitat isolation, whereas A. pelagicus and S. zygaena occupied a narrower niche width, reflecting increased trophic specialization. High percentages of muscle FA niche overlap indicated strong resource competition between S.zygaena and C. falciformis and a degree of dietary isolation by P. glauca. Interpretations of feeding ecology differed based on the analysis of plasma FAs, which could be attributed to higher dietary FA turnover rates. The liver was deemed unsuitable to examine FA niche metrics based on high and unexplained intra-specific variance in liver FAs as well as the unique lipid metabolism in chondrichthyans. Overall, our multi-tissue approach revealed the magnitude of potential competitive interactions among coexisting tropical shark species. It also expanded our understanding of inter-tissue variability and best practices when using FA analysis to estimate trophic niche metrics of sharks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Heidi R Pethybridge
- Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Yunkai Li
- College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Exploitation of Oceanic Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; National Engineering Research Centre for Oceanic Fisheries, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Oceanic Fisheries Exploration, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China.
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Meyer L, Chambers S, Gervais C, Pethybridge H, Beckmann C, Bruce B, Huveneers C. The use of muscle lipids and fatty acids to assess shark diet and condition. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 98:566-571. [PMID: 33111319 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Following a lack of detected change in white shark Carcharodon carcharias L. 1758 diet and nutritional condition attributed to the interaction with the cage-diving industry, Lusseau and Derous (Tourism Management, 2019, 75, 547-549) cautioned the use of muscle lipids and fatty acids in this context, advocating for other biomarkers. This study provides additional evidence from peer-reviewed literature to contend the usefulness of elasmobranch muscle fatty acid profiles to detail diet and habitat use. It also presents findings from a controlled experiment on captive Port Jackson sharks Heterodontus portusjacksoni (Meyer 1793) whereby long-term (daily for 33 days) 3 min exhaustive chase exercise changed muscle lipid class profiles, supporting its use to infer nutritional condition after activities such as interactions with wildlife tourism operators. Conversely, the unaltered muscle fatty acid and lipid content suggests their use in trophic ecology is not confounded by activities such as interacting with tourism operators, remaining useful biomarkers to investigate diet and habitat use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Meyer
- Southern Shark Ecology Group, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
- Georgia Aquarium, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sherrie Chambers
- Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution of Fishes Lab, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Connor Gervais
- Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution of Fishes Lab, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Barry Bruce
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Charlie Huveneers
- Southern Shark Ecology Group, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
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Meyer L, Pethybridge H, Nichols PD, Beckmann C, Huveneers C. Abiotic and biotic drivers of fatty acid tracers in ecology: A global analysis of chondrichthyan profiles. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Meyer
- Southern Shark Ecology Group College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Bedford Park South Australia Australia
| | | | | | | | - Charlie Huveneers
- Southern Shark Ecology Group College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Bedford Park South Australia Australia
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Hammerschlag N, Skubel RA, Sulikowski J, Irschick DJ, Gallagher AJ. A Comparison of Reproductive and Energetic States in a Marine Apex Predator (the Tiger Shark, Galeocerdo cuvier). Physiol Biochem Zool 2018; 91:933-942. [DOI: 10.1086/698496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Gallagher AJ, Skubel RA, Pethybridge HR, Hammerschlag N. Energy metabolism in mobile, wild-sampled sharks inferred by plasma lipids. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 5:cox002. [PMID: 28852506 PMCID: PMC5570055 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cox002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating how predators metabolize energy is increasingly useful for conservation physiology, as it can provide information on their current nutritional condition. However, obtaining metabolic information from mobile marine predators is inherently challenging owing to their relative rarity, cryptic nature and often wide-ranging underwater movements. Here, we investigate aspects of energy metabolism in four free-ranging shark species (n = 281; blacktip, bull, nurse, and tiger) by measuring three metabolic parameters [plasma triglycerides (TAG), free fatty acids (FFA) and cholesterol (CHOL)] via non-lethal biopsy sampling. Plasma TAG, FFA and total CHOL concentrations (in millimoles per litre) varied inter-specifically and with season, year, and shark length varied within a species. The TAG were highest in the plasma of less active species (nurse and tiger sharks), whereas FFA were highest among species with relatively high energetic demands (blacktip and bull sharks), and CHOL concentrations were highest in bull sharks. Although temporal patterns in all metabolites were varied among species, there appeared to be peaks in the spring and summer, with ratios of TAG/CHOL (a proxy for condition) in all species displaying a notable peak in summer. These results provide baseline information of energy metabolism in large sharks and are an important step in understanding how the metabolic parameters can be assessed through non-lethal sampling in the future. In particular, this study emphasizes the importance of accounting for intra-specific and temporal variability in sampling designs seeking to monitor the nutritional condition and metabolic responses of shark populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin J. Gallagher
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Beneath the Waves, Inc., Miami, FL, USA
| | - Rachel A. Skubel
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Leonard and Jayne Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | | | - Neil Hammerschlag
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Leonard and Jayne Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
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Arai T, Amalina R, Bachok Z. Growth effect on liver fatty acid composition of damselfishes genus Abudefduf collected in coral reef habitats of the Malaysian South China Sea. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:71. [PMID: 25713763 PMCID: PMC4329124 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-0862-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Beckmann CL, Mitchell JG, Seuront L, Stone DAJ, Huveneers C. From egg to hatchling: preferential retention of fatty acid biomarkers in young-of-the-year Port Jackson sharks Heterodontus portusjacksoni. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2014; 85:944-952. [PMID: 25040833 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The muscle and liver fatty acid composition of young-of-the-year (YOY) Port Jackson sharks Heterodontus portusjacksoni were investigated to determine the effects of a known dietary lipid source v. maternal input as demonstrated by egg yolk fatty acid profiles. Ten Heterodontus portusjacksoni egg yolks were collected in situ and compared with four hatched H. portusjacksoni fed a known diet in a controlled feeding experiment of 185 days. This study demonstrated that fatty acids are probably conservatively transferred from egg yolks to YOY H. portusjacksoni, while diet did not have a large effect on the fatty acid composition of the liver or muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Beckmann
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
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Beckmann CL, Mitchell JG, Stone DAJ, Huveneers C. Inter-tissue differences in fatty acid incorporation as a result of dietary oil manipulation in Port Jackson sharks (Heterodontus portusjacksoni). Lipids 2014; 49:577-90. [PMID: 24719244 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3887-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid profile analysis is a tool for dietary investigation that may complement traditional stomach contents analysis. While recent studies have shown that the liver of sharks fed different diets have differing fatty acid profiles, the degree to which diet is reflected in shark blood serum and muscle tissue is still poorly understood. An 18-week controlled feeding experiment was undertaken using captive Port Jackson sharks (Heterodontus portusjacksoni). Sharks were fed exclusive diets of artificial pellets treated with fish or poultry oil and sampled every 6 weeks. The fatty acid profiles from liver, blood serum, and muscle were affected differently, with the period from which significant differences were observed varying by tissue and diet type. The total fatty acid profiles of fish oil and poultry oil fed sharks were significantly different from week 12 onwards in the liver and blood serum, but significant differences were only observed by week 18 in the muscle tissue of sharks fed different diets. The drivers of dissimilarity which aligned with dietary input were 14:0, 18:2n-6, 20:5n-3, 18:1n-9 and 22:6n-3 in the liver and blood serum. Dietary fatty acids accumulated more consistently in the liver than in the blood plasma or muscle, likely due to its role as the central organ for fat processing and storage. Blood serum and muscle fatty acid profiles were influenced by diet, but fluctuated over-time. The low level of correlation between diet and muscle FA profiles is likely a result of low levels of fat (<1%) in the muscle and the domination of structural, cell-membrane phospholipids in shark muscle tissues. Our findings describe inter-tissue differences in the incorporation of fatty acids from the diet to consumer, which should be taken into account when interpreting dietary patterns from fatty acid profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal L Beckmann
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia,
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Couturier LIE, Rohner CA, Richardson AJ, Marshall AD, Jaine FRA, Bennett MB, Townsend KA, Weeks SJ, Nichols PD. Stable isotope and signature fatty acid analyses suggest reef manta rays feed on demersal zooplankton. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77152. [PMID: 24167562 PMCID: PMC3805558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing the trophic role and interaction of an animal is key to understanding its general ecology and dynamics. Conventional techniques used to elucidate diet, such as stomach content analysis, are not suitable for large threatened marine species. Non-lethal sampling combined with biochemical methods provides a practical alternative for investigating the feeding ecology of these species. Stable isotope and signature fatty acid analyses of muscle tissue were used for the first time to examine assimilated diet of the reef manta ray Manta alfredi, and were compared with different zooplankton functional groups (i.e. near-surface zooplankton collected during manta ray feeding events and non-feeding periods, epipelagic zooplankton, demersal zooplankton and several different zooplankton taxa). Stable isotope δ15N values confirmed that the reef manta ray is a secondary consumer. This species had relatively high levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) indicating a flagellate-based food source in the diet, which likely reflects feeding on DHA-rich near-surface and epipelagic zooplankton. However, high levels of ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and slightly enriched δ13C values in reef manta ray tissue suggest that they do not feed solely on pelagic zooplankton, but rather obtain part of their diet from another origin. The closest match was with demersal zooplankton, suggesting it is an important component of the reef manta ray diet. The ability to feed on demersal zooplankton is likely linked to the horizontal and vertical movement patterns of this giant planktivore. These new insights into the habitat use and feeding ecology of the reef manta ray will assist in the effective evaluation of its conservation needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie I E Couturier
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia ; Climate Adaptation Flagship, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Dutton Park, Queensland, Australia
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