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Hurt C, Hultgren K, Anker A, Lemmon AR, Moriarty Lemmon E, Bracken-Grissom H. First worldwide molecular phylogeny of the morphologically and ecologically hyperdiversified snapping shrimp genus Alpheus (Malacostraca: Decapoda). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 158:107080. [PMID: 33482381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hyperdiverse animal groups raise intriguing questions regarding the factors that generate and maintain their diversity. The snapping shrimp genus Alpheus (with >300 described species) is a spectacularly diversified group of decapod crustaceans that serves as an exemplary system for addressing evolutionary questions regarding morphological adaptations, symbiosis, cryptic diversity and molecular divergence. A lack of information regarding evolutionary relationships among species has limited investigations into the mechanisms that drive the diversification of Alpheus. Previous phylogenetic studies of Alpheus have been restricted in scope, while molecular datasets used for phylogenetic reconstructions have been based solely on mitochondrial and a handful of nuclear markers. Here we use an anchored hybrid enrichment (AHE) approach to resolve phylogenetic relationships among species of Alpheus. The AHE method generated sequence data for 240 loci (>72,000 bp) for 65 terminal species that span the geographic, ecological and taxonomic diversity of Alpheus. Our resulting, well-supported phylogeny demonstrates a lack of monophyly for five out of seven morphologically defined species groups that have traditionally been used as a framework in Alpheus taxonomy. Our results also suggest that symbiotic associations with a variety of other animals have evolved independently in at least seven lineages in this genus. Our AHE phylogeny represents the most comprehensive phylogenetic treatment of Alpheus to date and will provide a useful evolutionary framework to further investigate questions, such as various modifications of the snapping claw and the role of habitat specialization and symbiosis in promoting speciation. Running head: PHYLOGENY OF THE SNAPPING SHRIMP GENUS ALPHEUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Hurt
- Department of Biology, Tennessee Tech University, Cookeville, TN 38505, United States.
| | - Kristin Hultgren
- Department of Biology, Seattle University, Seattle, WA 98122, United States.
| | - Arthur Anker
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Alan R Lemmon
- Department of Scientific Computing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4120, United States; Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4295, United States
| | - Emily Moriarty Lemmon
- Department of Scientific Computing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4120, United States; Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4295, United States
| | - Heather Bracken-Grissom
- Institute of Environment and Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University-Biscayne Bay Campus, North Miami, FL 33181, United States
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Guimarães PR. The Structure of Ecological Networks Across Levels of Organization. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012220-120819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interactions connect the units of ecological systems, forming networks. Individual-based networks characterize variation in niches among individuals within populations. These individual-based networks merge with each other, forming species-based networks and food webs that describe the architecture of ecological communities. Networks at broader spatiotemporal scales portray the structure of ecological interactions across landscapes and over macroevolutionary time. Here, I review the patterns observed in ecological networks across multiple levels of biological organization. A fundamental challenge is to understand the amount of interdependence as we move from individual-based networks to species-based networks and beyond. Despite the uneven distribution of studies, regularities in network structure emerge across scales due to the fundamental architectural patterns shared by complex networks and the interplay between traits and numerical effects. I illustrate the integration of these organizational scales by exploring the consequences of the emergence of highly connected species for network structures across scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo R. Guimarães
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
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de Camargo NF, de Oliveira HFM, Ribeiro JF, de Camargo AJA, Vieira EM. Availability of food resources and habitat structure shape the individual-resource network of a Neotropical marsupial. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:3946-3957. [PMID: 31015979 PMCID: PMC6468053 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial and temporal variation in networks has been reported in different studies. However, the many effects of habitat structure and food resource availability variation on network structures have remained poorly investigated, especially in individual-based networks. This approach can shed light on individual specialization of resource use and how habitat variations shape trophic interactions.To test hypotheses related to habitat variability on trophic interactions, we investigated seasonal and spatial variation in network structure of four populations of the marsupial Gracilinanus agilis in the highly seasonal tropical savannas of the Brazilian Cerrado.We evaluated such variation with network nestedness and modularity considering both cool-dry and warm-wet seasons, and related such variations with food resource availability and habitat structure (considered in the present study as environmental variation) in four sites of savanna woodland forest.Network analyses showed that modularity (but not nestedness) was consistently lower during the cool-dry season in all G. agilis populations. Our results indicated that nestedness is related to habitat structure, showing that this metric increases in sites with thick and spaced trees. On the other hand, modularity was positively related to diversity of arthropods and abundance of fruits.We propose that the relationship between nestedness and habitat structure is an outcome of individual variation in the vertical space and food resource use by G. agilis in sites with thick and spaced trees. Moreover, individual specialization in resource-rich and population-dense periods possibly increased the network modularity of G. agilis. Therefore, our study reveals that environment variability considering spatial and temporal components is important for shaping network structure of populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nícholas F. de Camargo
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Vertebrados, Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências BiológicasUniversidade de BrasíliaBrasíliaBrazil
| | | | - Juliana F. Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Vertebrados, Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências BiológicasUniversidade de BrasíliaBrasíliaBrazil
| | | | - Emerson M. Vieira
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Vertebrados, Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências BiológicasUniversidade de BrasíliaBrasíliaBrazil
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Hembry DH, Raimundo RLG, Newman EA, Atkinson L, Guo C, Guimarães PR, Gillespie RG. Does biological intimacy shape ecological network structure? A test using a brood pollination mutualism on continental and oceanic islands. J Anim Ecol 2018; 87:1160-1171. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David H. Hembry
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management University of California Berkeley California
| | - Rafael L. G. Raimundo
- Departamento de Ecologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Erica A. Newman
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment University of Arizona Tucson Arizona
| | - Lesje Atkinson
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management University of California Berkeley California
| | - Chang Guo
- Department of Integrative Biology University of California Berkeley California
| | - Paulo R. Guimarães
- Departamento de Ecologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Rosemary G. Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management University of California Berkeley California
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Luo SX, Yao G, Wang Z, Zhang D, Hembry DH. A Novel, Enigmatic Basal Leafflower Moth Lineage Pollinating a Derived Leafflower Host Illustrates the Dynamics of Host Shifts, Partner Replacement, and Apparent Coadaptation in Intimate Mutualisms. Am Nat 2017; 189:422-435. [PMID: 28350503 DOI: 10.1086/690623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Leafflower plant/leafflower moth brood pollination mutualisms are widespread in the Paleotropics. Leafflower moths pollinate leafflower plants, but their larvae consume a subset of the hosts' seeds. These interactions are highly phylogenetically constrained: six clades of leafflower plants are each associated with a unique clade of leafflower moths (Epicephala). Here, we report a previously unrecognized basal seventh pollinating Epicephala lineage-associated with the highly derived leafflower clade Glochidion-in Asia. Epicephala lanceolaria is a pollinator and seed predator of Glochidion lanceolarium. Phylogenetic inference indicates that the ancestor of E. lanceolaria most likely shifted onto the ancestor of G. lanceolarium and displaced the ancestral allospecific Epicephala pollinator in at least some host populations. The unusual and apparently coadapted aspects of the G. lanceolarium/E. lanceolaria reproductive cycles suggest that plant-pollinator coevolution may have played a role in this displacement and provide insights into the dynamics of host shifts and trait coevolution in this specialized mutualism.
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Hembry DH, Althoff DM. Diversification and coevolution in brood pollination mutualisms: Windows into the role of biotic interactions in generating biological diversity. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:1783-1792. [PMID: 27765775 PMCID: PMC6110533 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1600056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Brood pollination mutualisms-interactions in which specialized insects are both the pollinators (as adults) and seed predators (as larvae) of their host plants-have been influential study systems for coevolutionary biology. These mutualisms include those between figs and fig wasps, yuccas and yucca moths, leafflowers and leafflower moths, globeflowers and globeflower flies, Silene plants and Hadena and Perizoma moths, saxifrages and Greya moths, and senita cacti and senita moths. The high reciprocal diversity and species-specificity of some of these mutualisms have been cited as evidence that coevolution between plants and pollinators drives their mutual diversification. However, the mechanisms by which these mutualisms diversify have received less attention. In this paper, we review key hypotheses about how these mutualisms diversify and what role coevolution between plants and pollinators may play in this process. We find that most species-rich brood pollination mutualisms show significant phylogenetic congruence at high taxonomic scales, but there is limited evidence for the processes of both cospeciation and duplication, and there are no unambiguous examples known of strict-sense contemporaneous cospeciation. Allopatric speciation appears important across multiple systems, particularly in the insects. Host-shifts appear to be common, and widespread host-shifts by pollinators may displace other pollinator lineages. There is relatively little evidence for a "coevolution through cospeciation" model or that coevolution promotes speciation in these systems. Although we have made great progress in understanding the mechanisms by which brood pollination mutualisms diversify, many opportunities remain to use these intriguing symbioses to understand the role of biotic interactions in generating biological diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Hembry
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, P. O. Box 210088, Tucson, Arizona 85721 USA
| | - David M Althoff
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, New York, 13244 USA
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Augustyn WJ, Anderson B, Ellis AG. Experimental evidence for fundamental, and not realized, niche partitioning in a plant-herbivore community interaction network. J Anim Ecol 2016; 85:994-1003. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Willem J. Augustyn
- Department of Botany and Zoology; University of Stellenbosch; Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602 South Africa
| | - Bruce Anderson
- Department of Botany and Zoology; University of Stellenbosch; Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602 South Africa
| | - Allan G. Ellis
- Department of Botany and Zoology; University of Stellenbosch; Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602 South Africa
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Peralta
- Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas CONICET CC 507 5500 Mendoza Argentina
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Takimoto G, Suzuki K. Global stability of obligate mutualism in community modules with facultative mutualists. OIKOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaku Takimoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Univ. of Tokyo; 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku JP-113-8657 Tokyo Japan
| | - Kenta Suzuki
- Biodiversity Conservation Planning Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Inst. for Environmental Studies; 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba JP-305-8506 Ibaraki Japan
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Robinson KM, Hauzy C, Loeuille N, Albrectsen BR. Relative impacts of environmental variation and evolutionary history on the nestedness and modularity of tree-herbivore networks. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:2898-915. [PMID: 26306175 PMCID: PMC4541994 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nestedness and modularity are measures of ecological networks whose causative effects are little understood. We analyzed antagonistic plant–herbivore bipartite networks using common gardens in two contrasting environments comprised of aspen trees with differing evolutionary histories of defence against herbivores. These networks were tightly connected owing to a high level of specialization of arthropod herbivores that spend a large proportion of the life cycle on aspen. The gardens were separated by ten degrees of latitude with resultant differences in abiotic conditions. We evaluated network metrics and reported similar connectance between gardens but greater numbers of links per species in the northern common garden. Interaction matrices revealed clear nestedness, indicating subsetting of the bipartite interactions into specialist divisions, in both the environmental and evolutionary aspen groups, although nestedness values were only significant in the northern garden. Variation in plant vulnerability, measured as the frequency of herbivore specialization in the aspen population, was significantly partitioned by environment (common garden) but not by evolutionary origin of the aspens. Significant values of modularity were observed in all network matrices. Trait-matching indicated that growth traits, leaf morphology, and phenolic metabolites affected modular structure in both the garden and evolutionary groups, whereas extra-floral nectaries had little influence. Further examination of module configuration revealed that plant vulnerability explained considerable variance in web structure. The contrasting conditions between the two gardens resulted in bottom-up effects of the environment, which most strongly influenced the overall network architecture, however, the aspen groups with dissimilar evolutionary history also showed contrasting degrees of nestedness and modularity. Our research therefore shows that, while evolution does affect the structure of aspen–herbivore bipartite networks, the role of environmental variations is a dominant constraint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Robinson
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences 901 83, Umeå, Sweden ; Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Céline Hauzy
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, UMR7618, UPMC-CNRS 7 quai St Bernard, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Loeuille
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, UMR7618, UPMC-CNRS 7 quai St Bernard, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Benedicte R Albrectsen
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University 901 87, Umeå, Sweden ; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Comparing the conservatism of ecological interactions in plant–pollinator and plant–herbivore networks. POPUL ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-014-0473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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