1
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Ispolatov Y, Doebeli C, Doebeli M. On the evolutionary emergence of predation. J Theor Biol 2023; 572:111578. [PMID: 37437709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
In models for the evolution of predation from initially purely competitive species interactions, the propensity of predation is most often assumed to be a direct consequence of the relative morphological and physiological traits of interacting species. Here we explore a model in which predation ability is an independently evolving phenotypic feature, so that even when the relative morphological or physiological traits allow for predation, predation only occurs if the predation ability of individuals has independently evolved to high enough values. In addition to delineating the conditions for the evolutionary emergence of predation, the model reproduces stationary and non-stationary multilevel food webs with the top predators not necessarily having size superiority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav Ispolatov
- Departamento de Física, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Astrophysics and Space Science, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Victor Jara 3493, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Carlos Doebeli
- Imperial College London, Department of Mathematics,, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Doebeli
- Departments of Mathematics and Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, BC, Canada
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2
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Adaptive diversification and niche packing on rugged fitness landscapes. J Theor Biol 2023; 562:111421. [PMID: 36754345 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Explaining the emergence of diversity and the coexistence of competing types has long been one of the main goals of ecological theory. Rugged fitness landscapes have often been used to explain diversity through the presence of local peaks, or adaptive zones, in the fitness landscape acting as available niches for different species. Alternatively, niche-packing and theories based on limiting similarity describe frequency-dependent selection leading to the organic differentiation of a continuous phenotype space into multiple coexisting types. By combining rugged carrying capacity landscapes with frequency-dependent selection, here we investigate the effects of ruggedness on adaptive diversification and stably maintained diversity. We show that while increased ruggedness often leads to a decreased opportunity for adaptive diversification, it is the shape of the global carrying capacity function, not the local ruggedness, that determines the diversity of the ESS and the total diversity a system can stably maintain.
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3
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Slater GJ. Topographically distinct adaptive landscapes for teeth, skeletons, and size explain the adaptive radiation of Carnivora (Mammalia). Evolution 2022; 76:2049-2066. [PMID: 35880607 PMCID: PMC9546082 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Models of adaptive radiation were originally developed to explain the early, rapid appearance of distinct modes of life within diversifying clades. Phylogenetic tests of this hypothesis have yielded limited support for temporally declining rates of phenotypic evolution across diverse clades, but the concept of an adaptive landscape that links form to fitness, while also crucial to these models, has received more limited attention. Using methods that assess the temporal accumulation of morphological variation and estimate the topography of the underlying adaptive landscape, I found evidence of an early partitioning of mandibulo-dental morphological variation in Carnivora (Mammalia) that occurs on an adaptive landscape with multiple peaks, consistent with classic ideas about adaptive radiation. Although strong support for this mode of adaptive radiation is present in traits related to diet, its signal is not present in body mass data or for traits related to locomotor behavior and substrate use. These findings suggest that adaptive radiations may occur along some axes of ecomorphological variation without leaving a signal in others and that their dynamics are more complex than simple univariate tests might suggest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham J. Slater
- Department of the Geophysical SciencesUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinois60637
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4
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Wechsler D, Bascompte J. Cheating in mutualisms promotes diversity and complexity. Am Nat 2021; 199:393-405. [DOI: 10.1086/717865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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5
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Caetano R, Ispolatov Y, Doebeli M. Evolution of diversity in metabolic strategies. eLife 2021; 10:67764. [PMID: 34350825 PMCID: PMC8428844 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the origin and maintenance of biodiversity is a fundamental problem. Many theoretical approaches have been investigating ecological interactions, such as competition, as potential drivers of diversification. Classical consumer-resource models predict that the number of coexisting species should not exceed the number of distinct resources, a phenomenon known as the competitive exclusion principle. It has recently been argued that including physiological tradeoffs in consumer-resource models can lead to violations of this principle and to ecological coexistence of very high numbers of species. Here, we show that these results crucially depend on the functional form of the tradeoff. We investigate the evolutionary dynamics of resource use constrained by tradeoffs and show that if the tradeoffs are non-linear, the system either does not diversify or diversifies into a number of coexisting species that do not exceed the number of resources. In particular, very high diversity can only be observed for linear tradeoffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Caetano
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Yaroslav Ispolatov
- Departamento de Fisica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Michael Doebeli
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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6
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Rubin IN, Ispolatov I, Doebeli M. Evolution to alternative levels of stable diversity leaves areas of niche space unexplored. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008650. [PMID: 34319970 PMCID: PMC8351994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the oldest and most persistent questions in ecology and evolution is whether natural communities tend to evolve toward saturation and maximal diversity. Robert MacArthur’s classical theory of niche packing and the theory of adaptive radiations both imply that populations will diversify and fully partition any available niche space. However, the saturation of natural populations is still very much an open area of debate and investigation. Additionally, recent evolutionary theory suggests the existence of alternative evolutionary stable states (ESSs), which implies that some stable communities may not be fully saturated. Using models with classical Lotka-Volterra ecological dynamics and three formulations of evolutionary dynamics (a model using adaptive dynamics, an individual-based model, and a partial differential equation model), we show that following an adaptive radiation, communities can often get stuck in low diversity states when limited by mutations of small phenotypic effect. These low diversity metastable states can also be maintained by limited resources and finite population sizes. When small mutations and finite populations are considered together, it is clear that despite the presence of higher-diversity stable states, natural populations are likely not fully saturating their environment and leaving potential niche space unfilled. Additionally, within-species variation can further reduce community diversity from levels predicted by models that assume species-level homogeneity. Understanding if and when communities evolve to saturate their local environments is imperative to our understanding of natural populations. Using computer simulations of classical evolutionary models, we study whether adaptive radiations tend to lead toward saturated communities, in which no new species can invade or remain trapped in alternative, lower diversity stable states. We show that with asymmetric competition and small effect mutations, evolutionary Red Queen dynamics can trap communities in low diversity metastable states. Moreover, limited resources not only reduces community population sizes, but also reduces community diversity, denying the formation of saturated communities and stabilizing low diversity, non-stationary evolutionary dynamics. Our results are directly relevant to the longstanding questions important to both ecological empiricists and theoreticians on the species packing and saturation of natural environments. Also, by showing the ease evolution can trap communities in low diversity metastable states, we demonstrate the potential harm in relying solely on ESSs to answer questions of biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan N. Rubin
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Iaroslav Ispolatov
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Departamento de Física, Santiago, Chile
| | - Michael Doebeli
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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7
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Fritsch C, Billiard S, Champagnat N. Identifying conversion efficiency as a key mechanism underlying food webs adaptive evolution: a step forward, or backward? OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Boom-bust population dynamics increase diversity in evolving competitive communities. Commun Biol 2021; 4:502. [PMID: 33893395 PMCID: PMC8065032 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The processes and mechanisms underlying the origin and maintenance of biological diversity have long been of central importance in ecology and evolution. The competitive exclusion principle states that the number of coexisting species is limited by the number of resources, or by the species’ similarity in resource use. Natural systems such as the extreme diversity of unicellular life in the oceans provide counter examples. It is known that mathematical models incorporating population fluctuations can lead to violations of the exclusion principle. Here we use simple eco-evolutionary models to show that a certain type of population dynamics, boom-bust dynamics, can allow for the evolution of much larger amounts of diversity than would be expected with stable equilibrium dynamics. Boom-bust dynamics are characterized by long periods of almost exponential growth (boom) and a subsequent population crash due to competition (bust). When such ecological dynamics are incorporated into an evolutionary model that allows for adaptive diversification in continuous phenotype spaces, desynchronization of the boom-bust cycles of coexisting species can lead to the maintenance of high levels of diversity. Michael Doebeli et al. introduce a discrete-time competition model with multi-dimensional evolving phenotypes to explore the effect of boom-bust population dynamics on the evolution of diversity. Their models show that long periods of near-exponential growth, followed by a population crash due to competition, can lead to the origin and maintenance of high levels of diversity in competitive communities.
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9
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Henriques GJB, Ito K, Hauert C, Doebeli M. On the importance of evolving phenotype distributions on evolutionary diversification. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008733. [PMID: 33591967 PMCID: PMC7909671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary branching occurs when a population with a unimodal phenotype distribution diversifies into a multimodally distributed population consisting of two or more strains. Branching results from frequency-dependent selection, which is caused by interactions between individuals. For example, a population performing a social task may diversify into a cooperator strain and a defector strain. Branching can also occur in multi-dimensional phenotype spaces, such as when two tasks are performed simultaneously. In such cases, the strains may diverge in different directions: possible outcomes include division of labor (with each population performing one of the tasks) or the diversification into a strain that performs both tasks and another that performs neither. Here we show that the shape of the population's phenotypic distribution plays a role in determining the direction of branching. Furthermore, we show that the shape of the distribution is, in turn, contingent on the direction of approach to the evolutionary branching point. This results in a distribution-selection feedback that is not captured in analytical models of evolutionary branching, which assume monomorphic populations. Finally, we show that this feedback can influence long-term evolutionary dynamics and promote the evolution of division of labor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Koichi Ito
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christoph Hauert
- Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael Doebeli
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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10
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Holding ML, Sovic MG, Colston TJ, Gibbs HL. The scales of coevolution: comparative phylogeography and genetic demography of a locally adapted venomous predator and its prey. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Coevolutionary theory predicts that differences in the genetic demography of interacting species can influence patterns of local adaptation by affecting the potential of local populations to respond to selection. We conducted a comparative phylogeographical study of venomous rattlesnakes and their venom-resistant ground squirrel prey across California, and assessed how effective population size (Ne) estimates correspond with a previously documented pattern of rattlesnake local adaptation. Using RAD sequencing markers, we detected lineage relationships among both the rattlesnakes (Crotalus oreganus ssp.) and ground squirrels (Otospermophilus sp.) that are incongruent with previous phylogenetic hypotheses. Both rattlesnakes and squirrels share a deep divergence at the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta. At this broad phylogeographical scale, we found that the locally adapted rattlesnakes had higher Ne than squirrels. At the population scale, snakes also had larger Ne accompanied by larger values of several metrics of population genetic diversity. However, the specific magnitude of local adaptation of venom activity to ground squirrel venom resistance was not significantly correlated with local differences in Ne or other diversity statistics between predator and prey populations, suggesting that other factors in the geographic mosaic of coevolution contribute to the specific local-scale outcomes of this interaction. These results suggest an evolutionary mechanism that may explain some (but clearly not all) of rattlesnake local adaptation in this coevolutionary interaction – larger population sizes raise the adaptive potential of rattlesnakes compared to ground squirrels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Holding
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Michael G Sovic
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Timothy J Colston
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - H Lisle Gibbs
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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11
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Alekseeva E, Doebeli M, Ispolatov I. Evolutionary adaptation of high-diversity communities to changing environments. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:11941-11953. [PMID: 33209261 PMCID: PMC7663975 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We use adaptive dynamics models to study how changes in the abiotic environment affect patterns of evolutionary dynamics and diversity in evolving communities of organisms with complex phenotypes. The models are based on the logistic competition model, and environmental changes are implemented as a temporal change of the carrying capacity as a function of phenotype. In general, we observe that environmental changes cause a reduction in the number of species, in total population size, and in phenotypic diversity. The rate of environmental change is crucial for determining whether a community survives or undergoes extinction. Until some critical rate of environmental changes, species are able to follow evolutionarily the shifting phenotypic optimum of the carrying capacity, and many communities adapt to the changing conditions and converge to new stationary states. When environmental changes stop, such communities gradually restore their initial phenotypic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Doebeli
- University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
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12
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Ito HC, Sasaki A. Evolutionary branching in distorted trait spaces. J Theor Biol 2020; 489:110152. [PMID: 31926206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Biological communities are thought to have been evolving in trait spaces that are not only multi-dimensional, but also distorted in a sense that mutational covariance matrices among traits depend on the parental phenotypes of mutants. Such a distortion may affect diversifying evolution as well as directional evolution. In adaptive dynamics theory, diversifying evolution through ecological interaction is called evolutionary branching. This study analytically develops conditions for evolutionary branching in distorted trait spaces of arbitrary dimensions, by a local nonlinear coordinate transformation so that the mutational covariance matrix becomes locally constant in the neighborhood of a focal point. The developed evolutionary branching conditions can be affected by the distortion when mutational step sizes have significant magnitude difference among directions, i.e., the eigenvalues of the mutational covariance matrix have significant magnitude difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi C Ito
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan.
| | - Akira Sasaki
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan; Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
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13
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Abstract
Continual evolution describes the unceasing evolution of at least one trait involving at least one organism. The Red Queen Hypothesis is a specific case in which continual evolution results from coevolution of at least two species. While microevolutionary studies have described examples in which evolution does not cease, understanding which general conditions lead to continual evolution or to stasis remains a major challenge. In many cases, it is unclear which experimental features or model assumptions are necessary for the observed continual evolution to emerge, and whether the described behavior is robust to variations in the given setup. Here, we aim to find the minimal set of conditions under which continual evolution occurs. To this end, we present a theoretical framework that does not assume any specific functional form and, therefore, can be applied to a wide variety of systems. Our framework is also general enough to make predictions about both monomorphic and polymorphic populations. We show that the combination of a fast positive and a slow negative feedback between environment, population, and evolving traits causes continual evolution to emerge even from the evolution of a single evolving trait, provided that the ecological timescale is sufficiently faster than the timescales of mutation and the negative feedback. Our approach and results thus contribute to a deeper understanding of the evolutionary dynamics resulting from biotic interactions.
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14
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Yamamichi M, Lyberger K, Patel S. Antagonistic coevolution between multiple quantitative traits: Matching dynamics can arise from difference interactions. POPUL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/1438-390x.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Yamamichi
- Department of General Systems Studies University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Kelsey Lyberger
- Department of Evolution and Ecology University of California, Davis Davis California
| | - Swati Patel
- Department of Mathematics Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana
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15
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Ispolatov I, Alekseeva E, Doebeli M. Competition-driven evolution of organismal complexity. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007388. [PMID: 31581239 PMCID: PMC6793884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-uniform rates of morphological evolution and evolutionary increases in organismal complexity, captured in metaphors like “adaptive zones”, “punctuated equilibrium” and “blunderbuss patterns”, require more elaborate explanations than a simple gradual accumulation of mutations. Here we argue that non-uniform evolutionary increases in phenotypic complexity can be caused by a threshold-like response to growing ecological pressures resulting from evolutionary diversification at a given level of complexity. Acquisition of a new phenotypic feature allows an evolving species to escape this pressure but can typically be expected to carry significant physiological costs. Therefore, the ecological pressure should exceed a certain level to make such an acquisition evolutionarily successful. We present a detailed quantitative description of this process using a microevolutionary competition model as an example. The model exhibits sequential increases in phenotypic complexity driven by diversification at existing levels of complexity and a resulting increase in competitive pressure, which can push an evolving species over the barrier of physiological costs of new phenotypic features. We provide a theoretical proof-of-principle explanation for the empirically well-documented macroevolutionary pattern of punctuated changes in organismal complexity. According to such patterns, many phenotypic properties related to organismal complexity, such as body size, the development of new sensory or locomotive capabilities, etc., show long periods of relatively slow changes interrupted by intermittent bursts of rapid evolutionary changes. Building on earlier work, we argue that punctuated expansions in organismal complexity can be caused by a threshold-like response to growing ecological pressures in diversifying communities at an existing level of complexity. Acquisition of novel phenotypic features then allows a species to escape this pressure once the existing diversity reaches a certain threshold. Continuing our previous line of research on microevolutionary models for long-term evolution in high-dimensional phenotype spaces, we present a detailed quantitative description of this process based on a classic competition model. The resulting macro-evolutionary dynamics exhibit sequential increases in phenotypic complexity driven by the build-up of competitive pressures at an existing level of complexity, which allows the evolution of novel phenotypes despite substantial physiological costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iaroslav Ispolatov
- Departamento de Fisica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
| | - Evgeniia Alekseeva
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Michael Doebeli
- Department of Zoology and Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver B.C. Canada
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16
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Aristide L, Morlon H. Understanding the effect of competition during evolutionary radiations: an integrated model of phenotypic and species diversification. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:2006-2017. [PMID: 31507039 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Competition can drive macroevolutionary change, for example during adaptive radiations. However, we still lack a clear understanding of how it shapes diversification processes and patterns. To better understand the macroevolutionary consequences of competition, as well as the signal left on phylogenetic data, we developed a model linking trait evolution and species diversification in an ecological context. We find four main results: first, competition spurs trait diversity but not necessarily species richness; second, competition produces slowdowns in species diversification even in the absence of explicit ecological limits, but not in phenotypic diversification even in the presence of such limits; third, early burst patterns do not provide a reliable way of testing for adaptive radiations; and fourth, looking for phylogenetic signal in trait data and support for phenotypic models incorporating competition is a better alternative. Our results clarify the macroevolutionary consequences of competition and could help design more powerful tests of adaptive radiations in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Aristide
- École Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), CNRS, UMR 8197, INSERM U1024, 46 rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Morlon
- École Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), CNRS, UMR 8197, INSERM U1024, 46 rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
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17
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Park HJ, Pichugin Y, Huang W, Traulsen A. Population size changes and extinction risk of populations driven by mutant interactors. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:022305. [PMID: 30934279 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.022305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous random mutations are an important source of variation in populations. Many evolutionary models consider mutants with a fixed fitness, chosen from a fitness distribution without considering microscopic interactions among the residents and mutants. Here, we go beyond this and consider "mutant interactors," which lead to new interactions between the residents and invading mutants that can affect the population size and the extinction risk of populations. We model microscopic interactions between individuals by using a dynamic interaction matrix, the dimension of which increases with the emergence of a new mutant and decreases with extinction. The new interaction parameters of the mutant follow a probability distribution around the payoff entries of its ancestor. These new interactions can drive the population away from the previous equilibrium and lead to changes in the population size. Thus, the population size is an evolving property rather than an externally controlled variable. We calculate the average population size of our stochastic system over time and quantify the extinction risk of the population by the mean time to extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Park
- Department of Evolutionary Theory, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, 24306 Plön, Germany
| | - Yuriy Pichugin
- Department of Evolutionary Theory, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, 24306 Plön, Germany
| | - Weini Huang
- Complex Systems and Networks Research Group, School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom.,Group of Theoretical Biology, The State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Arne Traulsen
- Department of Evolutionary Theory, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, 24306 Plön, Germany
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18
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Good BH, Hallatschek O. Effective models and the search for quantitative principles in microbial evolution. Curr Opin Microbiol 2018; 45:203-212. [PMID: 30530175 PMCID: PMC6599682 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microbes evolve rapidly. Yet they do so in idiosyncratic ways, which depend on the specific mutations that are beneficial or deleterious in a given situation. At the same time, some population-level patterns of adaptation are strikingly similar across different microbial systems, suggesting that there may also be simple, quantitative principles that unite these diverse scenarios. We review the search for simple principles in microbial evolution, ranging from the biophysical level to emergent evolutionary dynamics. A key theme has been the use of effective models, which coarse-grain over molecular and cellular details to obtain a simpler description in terms of a few effective parameters. Collectively, these theoretical approaches provide a set of quantitative principles that facilitate understanding, prediction, and potentially control of evolutionary phenomena, though formidable challenges remain due to the ecological complexity of natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H Good
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, United States.
| | - Oskar Hallatschek
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, United States; Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, United States
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19
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Aristide L, Bastide P, Dos Reis SF, Pires Dos Santos TM, Lopes RT, Perez SI. Multiple factors behind early diversification of skull morphology in the continental radiation of New World monkeys. Evolution 2018; 72:2697-2711. [PMID: 30246282 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the origin of diversity is a fundamental problem in evolutionary biology. The null expectation for the evolutionary diversification is that all changes in biological diversity are the result of random processes. Adaptive radiations depart from this expectation as ecological factors and natural selection are supposed to play a central role in driving exceptional diversification. However, it is not well understood how large-scale continental radiations, given their characteristics, fit to these opposing theoretical models. Here, we used phylogenetic comparative methods and geometric morphometrics to study the evolutionary process of cranial diversification in the continental radiation of New World monkeys. Particularly, we tested several alternative evolutionary scenarios for morphological evolution in the clade. Results indicated that despite the platyrrhine radiation being old and geographically widespread, the formative patterns arising from the initial stages of diversification probably associated with an adaptive radiation can still be recognized today. We also show that no single explored factor (e.g., ecological or allometric) can be invoked as a complete explanation for the observed phenotypic diversity patterns in the clade and, moreover, that different cranial regions exhibit particular macroevolutionary patterns. Together, our results highlight the evident complexity behind large-scale evolutionary radiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Aristide
- División Antropología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,École Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), CNRS UMR 8197, INSERM U1024, 46 rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Paul Bastide
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 1030 BE-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sergio Furtado Dos Reis
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CEP 13.083-862 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thaís M Pires Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Instrumentação Nuclear, Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21949-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo T Lopes
- Laboratório de Instrumentação Nuclear, Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21949-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - S Ivan Perez
- División Antropología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Farahpour F, Saeedghalati M, Brauer VS, Hoffmann D. Trade-off shapes diversity in eco-evolutionary dynamics. eLife 2018; 7:36273. [PMID: 30117415 PMCID: PMC6126925 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce an Interaction- and Trade-off-based Eco-Evolutionary Model (ITEEM), in which species are competing in a well-mixed system, and their evolution in interaction trait space is subject to a life-history trade-off between replication rate and competitive ability. We demonstrate that the shape of the trade-off has a fundamental impact on eco-evolutionary dynamics, as it imposes four phases of diversity, including a sharp phase transition. Despite its minimalism, ITEEM produces a remarkable range of patterns of eco-evolutionary dynamics that are observed in experimental and natural systems. Most notably we find self-organization towards structured communities with high and sustained diversity, in which competing species form interaction cycles similar to rock-paper-scissors games.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnoush Farahpour
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biophysics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | | | - Daniel Hoffmann
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biophysics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Center for Computational Sciences and Simulation, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Center for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Center for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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21
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Doebeli M, Ispolatov Y, Simon B. Towards a mechanistic foundation of evolutionary theory. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28198700 PMCID: PMC5333952 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most evolutionary thinking is based on the notion of fitness and related ideas such as fitness landscapes and evolutionary optima. Nevertheless, it is often unclear what fitness actually is, and its meaning often depends on the context. Here we argue that fitness should not be a basal ingredient in verbal or mathematical descriptions of evolution. Instead, we propose that evolutionary birth-death processes, in which individuals give birth and die at ever-changing rates, should be the basis of evolutionary theory, because such processes capture the fundamental events that generate evolutionary dynamics. In evolutionary birth-death processes, fitness is at best a derived quantity, and owing to the potential complexity of such processes, there is no guarantee that there is a simple scalar, such as fitness, that would describe long-term evolutionary outcomes. We discuss how evolutionary birth-death processes can provide useful perspectives on a number of central issues in evolution. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23804.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Doebeli
- Department of Zoology and Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yaroslav Ispolatov
- Departamento de Fisica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Burt Simon
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Colorado, Denver, United States
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