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Rodrigues T, Dib L, Bréthaut É, Matter MM, Matter-Sadzinski L, Matter JM. Increased neuron density in the midbrain of a foveate bird, pigeon, results from profound change in tissue morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2023; 502:77-98. [PMID: 37400051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
The increase of brain neuron number in relation with brain size is currently considered to be the major evolutionary path to high cognitive power in amniotes. However, how changes in neuron density did contribute to the evolution of the information-processing capacity of the brain remains unanswered. High neuron densities are seen as the main reason why the fovea located at the visual center of the retina is responsible for sharp vision in birds and primates. The emergence of foveal vision is considered as a breakthrough innovation in visual system evolution. We found that neuron densities in the largest visual center of the midbrain - i.e., the optic tectum - are two to four times higher in modern birds with one or two foveae compared to birds deprived of this specialty. Interspecies comparisons enabled us to identify elements of a hitherto unknown developmental process set up by foveate birds for increasing neuron density in the upper layers of their optic tectum. The late progenitor cells that generate these neurons proliferate in a ventricular zone that can expand only radially. In this particular context, the number of cells in ontogenetic columns increases, thereby setting the conditions for higher cell densities in the upper layers once neurons did migrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Rodrigues
- Department of Molecular Biology & Department of Biochemistry, Sciences III, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211, Geneva, 4, Switzerland
| | - Linda Dib
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Le Génopode, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Michel M Matter
- HEPIA, HES-SO, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lidia Matter-Sadzinski
- Department of Molecular Biology & Department of Biochemistry, Sciences III, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211, Geneva, 4, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Matter
- Department of Molecular Biology & Department of Biochemistry, Sciences III, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211, Geneva, 4, Switzerland.
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Wagner H, Pappe I, Nalbach HO. Optocollic responses in adult barn owls (Tyto furcata). J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2021; 208:239-251. [PMID: 34812911 PMCID: PMC8934767 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-021-01524-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Barn owls, like primates, have frontally oriented eyes, which allow for a large binocular overlap. While owls have similar binocular vision and visual-search strategies as primates, it is less clear whether reflexive visual behavior also resembles that of primates or is more similar to that of closer related, but lateral-eyed bird species. Test cases are visual responses driven by wide-field movement: the optokinetic, optocollic, and optomotor responses, mediated by eye, head and body movements, respectively. Adult primates have a so-called symmetric horizontal response: they show the same following behavior, if the stimulus, presented to one eye only, moves in the nasal-to-temporal direction or in the temporal-to-nasal direction. By contrast, lateral-eyed birds have an asymmetric response, responding better to temporal-to-nasal movement than to nasal-to-temporal movement. We show here that the horizontal optocollic response of adult barn owls is less asymmetric than that in the chicken for all velocities tested. Moreover, the response is symmetric for low velocities (< 20 deg/s), and similar to that of primates. The response becomes moderately asymmetric for middle-range velocities (20–40 deg/s). A definitive statement for the complex situation for higher velocities (> 40 deg/s) is not possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Wagner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biologische Kybernetik, Max-Planck-Ring 11, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
- Institut für Biologie II, RWTH Aachen, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Ina Pappe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biologische Kybernetik, Max-Planck-Ring 11, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Universitätsklinik für Anaesthesiologie, Waldhörnlestrasse 22, 72072, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ortwin Nalbach
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biologische Kybernetik, Max-Planck-Ring 11, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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Caves EM, de Busserolles F, Kelley LA. Sex differences in behavioural and anatomical estimates of visual acuity in the green swordtail Xiphophorus helleri. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:273770. [PMID: 34787303 PMCID: PMC8729911 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Among fishes in the family Poeciliidae, signals such as colour patterns, ornaments and courtship displays play important roles in mate choice and male–male competition. Despite this, visual capabilities in poeciliids are understudied, in particular, visual acuity, the ability to resolve detail. We used three methods to quantify visual acuity in male and female green swordtails (Xiphophorus helleri), a species in which body size and the length of the male's extended caudal fin (‘sword’) serve as assessment signals during mate choice and agonistic encounters. Topographic distribution of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) was similar in all individuals and was characterized by areas of high cell densities located centro-temporally and nasally, as well as a weak horizontal streak. Based on the peak density of RGCs in the centro-temporal area, anatomical acuity was estimated to be approximately 3 cycles per degree (cpd) in both sexes. However, a behavioural optomotor assay found significantly lower mean acuity in males (0.8 cpd) than females (3.0 cpd), which was not explained by differences in eye size between males and females. An additional behavioural assay, in which we trained individuals to discriminate striped gratings from grey stimuli of the same mean luminance, also showed lower acuity in males (1–2 cpd) than females (2–3 cpd). Thus, although retinal anatomy predicts identical acuity in males and females, two behavioural assays found higher acuity in females than males, a sexual dimorphism that is rare outside of invertebrates. Overall, our results have implications for understanding how poeciliids perceive visual signals during mate choice and agonistic encounters. Summary: Anatomical and behavioural quantification of visual acuity (spatial resolving power) in green swordtails indicates that acuity was anatomically identical in both sexes, but behaviourally higher in females, with implications for signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M Caves
- University of Exeter, Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Penryn, UK.,University of California Santa Barbara, Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | | | - Laura A Kelley
- University of Exeter, Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Penryn, UK
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Stuart-Fox D, Ospina-Rozo L, Ng L, Franklin AM. The Paradox of Iridescent Signals. Trends Ecol Evol 2020; 36:187-195. [PMID: 33168152 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Signals reliably convey information to a receiver. To be reliable, differences between individuals in signal properties must be consistent and easily perceived and evaluated by receivers. Iridescent objects are often striking and vivid, but their appearance can change dramatically with viewing geometry and illumination. The changeable nature of iridescent surfaces creates a paradox: how can they be reliable signals? We contend that iridescent color patches can be reliable signals only if accompanied by specific adaptations to enhance reliability, such as structures and behaviors that limit perceived hue shift or enhance and control directionality. We highlight the challenges of studying iridescence and key considerations for the evaluation of its adaptive significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi Stuart-Fox
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Laura Ospina-Rozo
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Leslie Ng
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Amanda M Franklin
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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Luro AB, Fernández-Juricic E, Baumhardt P, Hauber ME. Visual acuity and egg spatial chromatic contrast predict egg rejection behavior of American robins. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb229609. [PMID: 32895322 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.229609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Color and spatial vision is critical for recognition and discrimination tasks affecting fitness, including finding food and mates, and recognizing offspring. For example, as a counter defense to avoid the cost of raising the unrelated offspring of obligate interspecific avian brood parasites, many host species routinely view, recognize and remove the foreign egg(s) from their nests. Recent research has shown that host species visually attend to both chromatic and spatial pattern features of eggs; yet how hosts simultaneously integrate these features together when recognizing eggs remains an open question. Here, we tested egg rejection responses of American robins (Turdus migratorius) using a range of 3D-printed model eggs covered with blue and yellow checkered patterns differing in relative square sizes. We predicted that robins would reject a model egg if they could visually resolve the blue and yellow squares as separate features, or accept it if the squares blended together and appeared similar in color to the natural blue-green color of robin eggs as perceived by the avian visual system. As predicted, the probability of robins rejecting a model egg increased with greater sizes of its blue and yellow squares. Our results suggest that chromatic visual acuity and viewing distance have the potential to limit the ability of a bird to recognize a foreign egg in its nest, thus providing a limitation to host egg recognition that obligate interspecific avian brood parasites may exploit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec B Luro
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Esteban Fernández-Juricic
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Patrice Baumhardt
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mark E Hauber
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
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Caves EM, Troscianko J, Kelley LA. A customizable, low‐cost optomotor apparatus: A powerful tool for behaviourally measuring visual capability. Methods Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M. Caves
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn UK
| | - Jolyon Troscianko
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn UK
| | - Laura A. Kelley
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn UK
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