1
|
Moreno-Ibáñez MÁ, Saladié P, Ramírez-Pedraza I, Díez-Canseco C, Fernández-Marchena JL, Soriano E, Carbonell E, Tornero C. Death in the high mountains: Evidence of interpersonal violence during Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age at Roc de les Orenetes (Eastern Pyrenees, Spain). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 184:e24909. [PMID: 38415956 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test a hypothesis on interpersonal violence events during the transition between Chalcolithic and Bronze Age in the Eastern Pyrenees, to contextualize it in Western Europe during that period, and to assess if these marks can be differentiated from secondary funerary treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Metric and non-metric methods were used to estimate the age-at-death and sex of the skeletal remains. Perimortem injuries were observed and analyzed with stereomicroscopy and confocal microscopy. RESULTS Among the minimum of 51 individuals documented, at least six people showed evidence of perimortem trauma. All age groups and both sexes are represented in the skeletal sample, but those with violent injuries are predominantly males. Twenty-six bones had 49 injuries, 48 of which involved sharp force trauma on postcranial elements, and one example of blunt force trauma on a cranium. The wounds were mostly located on the upper extremities and ribs, anterior and posterior. Several antemortem lesions were also documented in the assemblage. DISCUSSION The perimortem lesions, together with direct dating, suggest that more than one episode of interpersonal violence took place between the Late Chalcolithic and the Early Bronze Age in northeastern Spain. The features of the sharp force trauma indicate that different weapons were used, including sharp metal objects and lithic projectiles. The Roc de les Orenetes assemblage represents a scenario of recurrent lethal confrontation in a high mountain geographic context, representing the evidence of inferred interpersonal violence located at the highest altitude settings in the Pyrenees, at 1836 meters above sea level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Moreno-Ibáñez
- Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES-CERCA), Zona Educacional 4, Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3), Tarragona, Spain
- Departament d'Història i Història de l'Art, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Palmira Saladié
- Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES-CERCA), Zona Educacional 4, Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3), Tarragona, Spain
- Departament d'Història i Història de l'Art, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Departamento de Paleobiología, Unit associated to CSIC, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iván Ramírez-Pedraza
- Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES-CERCA), Zona Educacional 4, Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3), Tarragona, Spain
- Departament d'Història i Història de l'Art, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Celia Díez-Canseco
- Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES-CERCA), Zona Educacional 4, Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3), Tarragona, Spain
- Departament d'Història i Història de l'Art, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Fernández-Marchena
- Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES-CERCA), Zona Educacional 4, Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3), Tarragona, Spain
- Departament d'Història i Història de l'Art, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Prehistòria, Arqueologia i Història Antigua, Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | - Eni Soriano
- Departament of Prehistory, Facultat de Filosofia i Lletres, Edifici B, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Eudald Carbonell
- Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES-CERCA), Zona Educacional 4, Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3), Tarragona, Spain
- Departament d'Història i Història de l'Art, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Carlos Tornero
- Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES-CERCA), Zona Educacional 4, Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3), Tarragona, Spain
- Departament of Prehistory, Facultat de Filosofia i Lletres, Edifici B, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
de Grandpré É, Suurd Ralph C, Hiller E. Thwarted belongingness and empathy's relation with organizational culture change. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1287769. [PMID: 38638514 PMCID: PMC11024451 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1287769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction In response to several high-profile cases of senior leaders in the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) being accused of various forms of sexual and professional misconduct, the organization has committed to culture change. Drawing on the group engagement model and empirical evidence, we propose that CAF members' experience of thwarted belongingness reduces their capacity to show empathy, which in turn affects their support for culture change. Method Participants were 139 Naval and Officer Cadets from the Royal Military College of Canada who were predominantly male (61%), between 18 and 21 years old (80%), and not members of a visible minority group (68%). Data was collected via an online self-report survey assessing thwarted belongingness, empathy, and attitudes toward culture change. Results Whether participants experienced thwarted belongingness was not directly related to their level of support for culture change. Individuals' thwarted belongingness was indirectly and negatively associated with support for culture change, through its impact on empathy. Discussion Taken together, the results demonstrate that cadets' experience of belongingness contributed to their level of empathy, which together predicted their support for culture change initiatives. Efforts to change the culture of the CAF may need to consider improving members' levels of belongingness and, by extension, their levels of empathy. Implications for inclusion efforts are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cindy Suurd Ralph
- Department of Military Psychology and Leadership, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Scoglio AAJ, Molnar BE, Lincoln AK, Griffith J, Park C, Kraus SW. Sexual and physical revictimization in U.S. military veterans. J Trauma Stress 2022; 35:1129-1141. [PMID: 35233826 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined revictimization, defined as sexual or physical assault in adulthood that followed a history of childhood maltreatment. We aimed to identify factors associated with revictimization over time in a group of U.S. military veterans deployed following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks (9/11). As revictimization is associated with multiple negative mental health outcomes in the literature, identifying risk and protective factors can aid in the prevention of revictimization and associated poor health outcomes among veterans. In this sample, the proportion of adult revictimization was 2.7% for men, 95% CI [2.0, 3.6] and 22.9% for women, 95% CI [20.5, 25.8]. Using multilevel logistic models, we found that women, β = 2.2, p < .001; Navy veterans, β = 1.5, p < .001; and participants who reported posttraumatic stress symptoms, β = 0.2, p = .028, were at significantly higher risk of revictimization across time compared to nonrevictimized counterparts. Social support while in the military was protective, β = -0.1, p < .001, against revictimization. In addition, childhood abuse experiences combined with characteristics such as female gender were related to an increased risk of revictimization during and following military service. The findings highlight opportunities for intervention and areas of strength within this population; social connection garnered during military service may serve as a protective factor against revictimization. Future research is needed to examine the role of social support in possibly lowering veterans' risk of revictimization over time, particularly for post-9/11 veterans struggling with transitioning from military to civilian life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arielle A J Scoglio
- Institute for Health Equity and Social Justice Research, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Beth E Molnar
- Institute for Health Equity and Social Justice Research, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alisa K Lincoln
- Institute for Health Equity and Social Justice Research, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John Griffith
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Crystal Park
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Shane W Kraus
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| |
Collapse
|