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Moussa M, Pozzolini M, Ferrando S, Mannai A, Tassara E, Giovine M, Said K. Insight on thermal stress response of demosponge Chondrosia reniformis (Nardo, 1847). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169648. [PMID: 38159772 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Global warming has led to an increase in extreme weather and climate phenomena, including floods and heatwaves. Marine heatwaves have frightening consequences for coastal benthic communities around the world. Each species exhibits a natural range of thermal tolerance and responds to temperature variations through behavioral, physiological, biochemical, and molecular adjustments. Physiological stress leading to disease and mass mortality appears when tolerance thresholds are exceeded. Sessile species are therefore particularly affected by these phenomena. Among these sessile species, marine sponges are important members of coral reef ecosystems. To better understand the sponge thermal stress response, we tested the response of demosponge Chondrosia reniformis (Nardo, 1847) to three different temperatures (8 °C, 24 °C and 30 °C) during two exposure periods of time (4 and 14 h). Histological studies of whole parts of the sponge, biochemical analyses (Defense enzymes) and gene expression levels of some target genes were undertaken in this study. The exposure to cold temperature (8 °C) resulted in inhibition of antioxidant enzymes and less modification in the gene expression level of the heat shock proteins (HSPs). These latter were strongly upregulated after exposure to a temperature of 24 °C for 4 h. However, exposure to 30 °C at both periods of time resulted in indication of HSP, antioxidant enzymes, the gene involved in the apoptosis process (Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2), the gene involved in inflammation (TNF: Tumor Necrosis Factor), as well as the aquaporin gene, involved in H2O2 permeation. Moreover, the normal organization of the whole organism was disrupted by the extension and fusion of choanocyte chambers and alteration of the pinacoderm. Interestingly, exposure to sublethal temperatures may show that this sponge has an adaptation threshold temperature. These insights into the adaptation mechanisms of sponges contribute to better management and conservation of sponges and to the prediction of ecosystem trajectories with future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Moussa
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity, and Bioresources Valorization (LR11ES41), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia.
| | - Marina Pozzolini
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Sara Ferrando
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Asma Mannai
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity, and Bioresources Valorization (LR11ES41), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia.
| | - Eleonora Tassara
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Marco Giovine
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Khaled Said
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity, and Bioresources Valorization (LR11ES41), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia.
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Potential Biomedical Applications of Collagen Filaments derived from the Marine Demosponges Ircinia oros (Schmidt, 1864) and Sarcotragus foetidus (Schmidt, 1862). Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19100563. [PMID: 34677462 PMCID: PMC8540060 DOI: 10.3390/md19100563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagen filaments derived from the two marine demosponges Ircinia oros and Sarcotragus foetidus were for the first time isolated, biochemically characterised and tested for their potential use in regenerative medicine. SDS-PAGE of isolated filaments revealed a main collagen subunit band of 130 kDa in both of the samples under study. DSC analysis on 2D membranes produced with collagenous sponge filaments showed higher thermal stability than commercial mammalian-derived collagen membranes. Dynamic mechanical and thermal analysis attested that the membranes obtained from filaments of S. foetidus were more resistant and stable at the rising temperature, compared to the ones derived from filaments of I. oros. Moreover, the former has higher stability in saline and in collagenase solutions and evident antioxidant activity. Conversely, their water binding capacity results were lower than that of membranes obtained from I. oros. Adhesion and proliferation tests using L929 fibroblasts and HaCaT keratinocytes resulted in a remarkable biocompatibility of both developed membrane models, and gene expression analysis showed an evident up-regulation of ECM-related genes. Finally, membranes from I. oros significantly increased type I collagen gene expression and its release in the culture medium. The findings here reported strongly suggest the biotechnological potential of these collagenous structures of poriferan origin as scaffolds for wound healing.
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Greco G, Di Piazza S, Gallus L, Amaroli A, Pozzolini M, Ferrando S, Bertolino M, Scarfì S, Zotti M. First identification of a fatal fungal infection of the marine sponge Chondrosia reniformis by Aspergillus tubingensis. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 135:227-239. [PMID: 31535618 DOI: 10.3354/dao03397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sponges are considered promising sources of biomolecules for both pharmaceutical and cosmetic interests as well as for the production of biomaterials suitable for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Accordingly, the ability to grow sponges in captivity and in healthy conditions to increase their biomass is a required goal for the development of sponge aquaculture systems. To date, little information is available about the pathogenicity of fungi associated with sponges. In our study, we identified an infection in freshly collected specimens of Chondrosia reniformis (Porifera, Demospongiae) and determined that the fungus Aspergillus tubingensis was the pathogen responsible. This is the first description of a natural infection of C. reniformis by A. tubingensis. Despite raising an inflammatory response by means of an increase in tumour necrosis factor (TNF) mRNA, the infected C. reniformis specimens were not able to control the fungal infection, leading to rotting in 15 d. Characterization of this infection shows that a widely distributed fungus can represent a potential hazard to sponge aquaculture industries and how, especially in stressed or compromised marine environments, this fungus could represent a fatal opportunistic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Greco
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Italy
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Pozzolini M, Gallus L, Ghignone S, Ferrando S, Candiani S, Bozzo M, Bertolino M, Costa G, Bavestrello G, Scarfì S. Insights into the evolution of metazoan regenerative mechanisms: roles of TGF superfamily members in tissue regeneration of the marine sponge Chondrosia reniformis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.207894. [PMID: 31371401 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.207894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Tissue repair is an adaptive and widespread metazoan response. It is characterised by different cellular mechanisms and complex signalling networks that involve numerous growth factors and cytokines. In higher animals, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signalling plays a fundamental role in wound healing. In order to evaluate the involvement of TGF superfamily members in lower invertebrate tissue regeneration, sequences for putative TGF ligands and receptors were isolated from the transcriptome of the marine sponge Chondrosia reniformis We identified seven transcripts that coded for TGF superfamily ligands and three for TGF superfamily receptors. Phylogenetically, C. reniformis TGF ligands were not grouped into any TGF superfamily clades and thus presumably evolved independently, whereas the TGF receptors clustered in the Type I receptor group. We performed gene expression profiling of these transcripts in sponge regenerating tissue explants. Data showed that three ligands (TGF1, TGF3 and TGF6) were mainly expressed during early regeneration and seemed to be involved in stem cell maintenance, whereas two others (TGF4 and TGF5) were strongly upregulated during late regeneration and thus were considered pro-differentiating factors. The presence of a strong TGF inhibitor, SB431542, blocked the restoration of the exopinacoderm layer in the sponge explants, confirming the functional involvement of the TGF pathway in tissue regeneration in these early evolved animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pozzolini
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Gallus
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Stefano Ghignone
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection-Turin Unit (CNR), Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Sara Ferrando
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Simona Candiani
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Matteo Bozzo
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Bertolino
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Gabriele Costa
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bavestrello
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Sonia Scarfì
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
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Pozzolini M, Scarfì S, Gallus L, Ferrando S, Cerrano C, Giovine M. Silica-induced fibrosis: an ancient response from the early metazoans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 220:4007-4015. [PMID: 29093191 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.166405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to crystalline silica particles causes silicosis, an occupational disease leading to an overproduction of collagen in the lung. The first step of this pathology is characterized by the release of inflammatory mediators. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine directly involved in silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis. The marine demosponge Chondrosia reniformis is able to incorporate silica grains and partially dissolve the crystalline forms apparently without toxic effects. In the present work, C. reniformis tissue explants were treated with fine quartz dust and the expression level of fibrogenic genes was assayed by qPCR, demonstrating an overexpression of a fibrillar and a non-fibrillar collagen and of prolyl-4-hydroxylase enzyme. The deposition of new collagen could also be documented in quartz-treated sponge explants. Furthermore, TNF pro-inflammatory cytokine overexpression and involvement in silica-induced sponge collagen biosynthesis was demonstrated in quartz-treated explants as compared with controls by means of specific TNF inhibitors affecting the fibrogenic gene response. As no documentable detrimental effect was observed in treated explants, we conclude that the C. reniformis unique quartz engulfment and erosion is physiological and beneficial to the animal, leading to new collagen synthesis and strengthening of the body stiffness. Thus, we put forward the hypothesis that an ancient physiological behaviour from the lowest of the Metazoa, persisting through evolution via the same molecular mediators such as TNF, may have become the cause of disease in the specialized tissues of higher animals such as mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pozzolini
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DiSTAV), University of Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Sonia Scarfì
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DiSTAV), University of Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Gallus
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DiSTAV), University of Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Ferrando
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DiSTAV), University of Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Carlo Cerrano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences (DiSVA), Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Giovine
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DiSTAV), University of Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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Ehrlich H, Wysokowski M, Żółtowska-Aksamitowska S, Petrenko I, Jesionowski T. Collagens of Poriferan Origin. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E79. [PMID: 29510493 PMCID: PMC5867623 DOI: 10.3390/md16030079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis, structural diversity, and functionality of collagens of sponge origin are still paradigms and causes of scientific controversy. This review has the ambitious goal of providing thorough and comprehensive coverage of poriferan collagens as a multifaceted topic with intriguing hypotheses and numerous challenging open questions. The structural diversity, chemistry, and biochemistry of collagens in sponges are analyzed and discussed here. Special attention is paid to spongins, collagen IV-related proteins, fibrillar collagens from demosponges, and collagens from glass sponge skeletal structures. The review also focuses on prospects and trends in applications of sponge collagens for technology, materials science and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Ehrlich
- Institute of Experimental Physics, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger str. 23, 09599 Freiberg, Germany;
| | - Marcin Wysokowski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 61131 Poznan, Poland; (M.W.); (S.Ż.-A.); (T.J.)
| | - Sonia Żółtowska-Aksamitowska
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 61131 Poznan, Poland; (M.W.); (S.Ż.-A.); (T.J.)
| | - Iaroslav Petrenko
- Institute of Experimental Physics, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger str. 23, 09599 Freiberg, Germany;
| | - Teofil Jesionowski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 61131 Poznan, Poland; (M.W.); (S.Ż.-A.); (T.J.)
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