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Abstract
A multiwavelength study of galaxies is important to understand their formation and evolution. Only in the recent past, thanks to the Atacama Large (Sub) Millimeter Array (ALMA), were we able to study the far-infrared (IR) properties of galaxies at high redshifts. In this article, we summarize recent research highlights and their significance to our understanding of early galaxy evolution from the ALPINE survey, a large program with ALMA to observe the dust continuum and 158μm C+ emission of normal star-forming galaxies at z= 4–6. Combined with ancillary data at UV through near-IR wavelengths, ALPINE provides the currently largest multiwavelength sample of post-reionization galaxies and has advanced our understanding of (i) the demographics of C+ emission; (ii) the relation of star formation and C+ emission; (iii) the gas content; (iv) outflows and enrichment of the intergalactic medium; and (v) the kinematics, emergence of disks, and merger rates in galaxies at z>4. ALPINE builds the basis for more detailed measurements with the next generation of telescopes, and places itself as an important post-reionization baseline sample to allow a continuous study of galaxies over 13 billion years of cosmic time.
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Whitaker KE, Williams CC, Mowla L, Spilker JS, Toft S, Narayanan D, Pope A, Magdis GE, van Dokkum PG, Akhshik M, Bezanson R, Brammer GB, Leja J, Man A, Nelson EJ, Richard J, Pacifici C, Sharon K, Valentino F. Quenching of star formation from a lack of inflowing gas to galaxies. Nature 2021; 597:485-488. [PMID: 34552255 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03806-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Star formation in half of massive galaxies was quenched by the time the Universe was 3 billion years old1. Very low amounts of molecular gas seem to be responsible for this, at least in some cases2-7, although morphological gas stabilization, shock heating or activity associated with accretion onto a central supermassive black hole are invoked in other cases8-11. Recent studies of quenching by gas depletion have been based on upper limits that are insufficiently sensitive to determine this robustly2-7, or stacked emission with its problems of averaging8,9. Here we report 1.3 mm observations of dust emission from 6 strongly lensed galaxies where star formation has been quenched, with magnifications of up to a factor of 30. Four of the six galaxies are undetected in dust emission, with an estimated upper limit on the dust mass of 0.0001 times the stellar mass, and by proxy (assuming a Milky Way molecular gas-to-dust ratio) 0.01 times the stellar mass in molecular gas. This is two orders of magnitude less molecular gas per unit stellar mass than seen in star forming galaxies at similar redshifts12-14. It remains difficult to extrapolate from these small samples, but these observations establish that gas depletion is responsible for a cessation of star formation in some fraction of high-redshift galaxies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Whitaker
- Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA. .,Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | - Lamiya Mowla
- Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justin S Spilker
- Department of Astronomy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Sune Toft
- Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Copenhagen, Denmark.,Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Desika Narayanan
- Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Astronomy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alexandra Pope
- Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Georgios E Magdis
- Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Copenhagen, Denmark.,Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,DTU-Space, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Mohammad Akhshik
- Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Rachel Bezanson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and PITT PACC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gabriel B Brammer
- Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Copenhagen, Denmark.,Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joel Leja
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.,Institute for Computational and Data Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.,Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Allison Man
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Erica J Nelson
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Johan Richard
- Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon UMR5574, Saint-Genis-Laval, France
| | | | - Keren Sharon
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Francesco Valentino
- Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Copenhagen, Denmark.,Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Hodge JA, da Cunha E. High-redshift star formation in the Atacama large millimetre/submillimetre array era. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:200556. [PMID: 33489252 PMCID: PMC7813222 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Atacama Large Millimetre/submillimetre Array (ALMA) is currently in the process of transforming our view of star-forming galaxies in the distant ( z ≳ 1 ) universe. Before ALMA, most of what we knew about dust-obscured star formation in distant galaxies was limited to the brightest submillimetre sources-the so-called submillimetre galaxies (SMGs)-and even the information on those sources was sparse, with resolved (i.e. sub-galactic) observations of the obscured star formation and gas reservoirs typically restricted to the most extreme and/or strongly lensed sources. Starting with the beginning of early science operations in 2011, the last 9 years of ALMA observations have ushered in a new era for studies of high-redshift star formation. With its long baselines, ALMA has allowed observations of distant dust-obscured star formation with angular resolutions comparable to-or even far surpassing-the best current optical telescopes. With its bandwidth and frequency coverage, it has provided an unprecedented look at the associated molecular and atomic gas in these distant galaxies through targeted follow-up and serendipitous detections/blind line scans. Finally, with its leap in sensitivity compared to previous (sub-)millimetre arrays, it has enabled the detection of these powerful dust/gas tracers much further down the luminosity function through both statistical studies of colour/mass-selected galaxy populations and dedicated deep fields. We review the main advances ALMA has helped bring about in our understanding of the dust and gas properties of high-redshift ( z ≳ 1 ) star-forming galaxies during these first 9 years of its science operations, and we highlight the interesting questions that may be answered by ALMA in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Hodge
- Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - E. da Cunha
- International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2611, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for All Sky Astrophysics in 3 Dimensions (ASTRO 3D)
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