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Lamichhane A. Absorption in narrow and wide gap materials. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21507. [PMID: 37964851 PMCID: PMC10641224 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The absorption spectrum of a material reveals the absorbed light frequencies, characteristic peaks, and the line width of absorption bands. This information is critical for understanding the energy levels involved in the absorption process as well as the material's electronic structure. In this study, an equation connecting the absorption line width with the static dielectric function is derived for narrow and wide gap materials. It is then compared with the Penn model. It has been found that the constant in the Penn model has a value that is restricted to the range of 0.5 to 1. Application of this equation to various narrow and wide gap materials is then discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneer Lamichhane
- Western Colorado University, Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Hurst Hall 110, Gunnison, 81231, CO, United States of America
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Jones RO. The chemical bond in solids-revisited. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:343001. [PMID: 35636399 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac7494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This article complements an earlier topical review of the chemical bond (Jones 2018J. Phys.: Condens. Matter30153001), starting in the mid-19th century and seen from the perspective of a condensed matter physicist. The discussion of applications focused on the structure and properties of phase change materials. We review here additional aspects of chemistry, particularly some that have raised interest recently in this context. Concepts such as 'electron-rich', 'electron-deficient (excess orbital)', 'hypervalent', 'three-centre', and 'metavalent' bonds, and 'multicentre hyperbonding' are now found in the condensed matter literature. They are surveyed here, as well as the bond in metals and the 'Peierls' distortion. What are these concepts, are they related, and are they sometimes new labels for established, but unfamiliar ideas? 'Half bonds' and 'fractional valencies' play a central role in this discussion. It is remarkable that they were introduced 100 years ago, but ignored or forgotten, and have needed to be rediscovered more than once.
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Affiliation(s)
- R O Jones
- Peter-Grünberg-Institut PGI-1 and JARA/HPC, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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Jones RO. Bonding in phase change materials: concepts and misconceptions. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:153001. [PMID: 29480162 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aab22e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bonding concepts originating in chemistry are surveyed from a condensed matter perspective, beginning around 1850 with 'valence' and the word 'bond' itself. The analysis of chemical data in the 19th century resulted in astonishing progress in understanding the connectivity and stereochemistry of molecules, almost without input from physicists until the development of quantum mechanics in 1925 and afterwards. The valence bond method popularized by Pauling and the molecular orbital methods of Hund, Mulliken, Bloch, and Hückel play major roles in the subsequent development, as does the central part played by the kinetic energy in covalent bonding (Ruedenberg and others). 'Metallic' (free electron) and related approaches, including pseudopotential and density functional theories, have been remarkably successful in understanding structures and bonding in molecules and solids. We discuss these concepts in the context of phase change materials, which involve the rapid and reversible transition between amorphous and crystalline states, and note the confusion that some have caused, in particular 'resonance' and 'resonant bonding'.
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Affiliation(s)
- R O Jones
- Peter-Grünberg-Institut PGI-1 and JARA/HPC, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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Cui YT, Li GL, Oji H, Son JY. Investigation of group IVA elements combined with HAXPES and first-principles calculations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/502/1/012007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- J. H. Davies
- a Cavendish Laboratory , Madingley Road, Cambridge , CB3 OHE, England
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Chen LJ, Falicov LM. Pseudopotential calculation of the stacking fault energy in silicon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/14786437408213549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. J. Chen
- a Department of Physics , University of California, and Inorganic Materials Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory , Berkeley , California , U.S.A
| | - L. M. Falicov
- b Department of Physics , University of California , Berkeley , California , 94720 , U.S.A
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García-Moliner F, Heine V, Rubio J. A new formalism for electron states at surfaces II. application to surface states. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3719/2/10/313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Inkson JC. Many-body effect at metal-semiconductor junctions. II. The self energy and band structure distortion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3719/6/8/004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Hill R, Richardson D. The variation of energy gap with composition in ZnS-Te alloys. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3719/6/5/009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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McNeil MB, Pearson WB, Bennett LH, Watson RE. Stabilization and chemical bonding in Zintl phases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3719/6/1/012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Flores F, Louis E, Rubio J. Critique of the abrupt potential model in the theory of surface states. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3719/5/24/009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Herbert DC. Electron-phonon interaction and inter-valley scattering in semiconductors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3719/6/18/008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Flores F, Rubio J. On the calculation of surface states for (111) faces of diamond lattices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3719/6/13/003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Brust D. The effective mass and q dependent dielectric function of simple semiconductors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3719/4/13/009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Calandra C, Bortolani V, Bertoni CM, Tosatti E. Dielectric matrix and covalent charge distribution of silicon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3719/5/22/002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Louis E, Yndurain F. The crystal ionicity of the zincblende and rocksalt compounds as a function of the valence band gap. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3719/7/16/003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Elices M, Flores F, Louis E, Rubio J. Pseudopotential calculation of the surface band structure of Si(111) faces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3719/7/17/012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Holden AJ, Inkson JC. An investigation of collective modes in a model layer compound. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3719/10/1/010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Soma T. The electronic theory of III-V and II-VI tetrahedral compounds. I. Crystal energy and bulk modulus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3719/11/13/014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Littlewood PB. The infrared effective charge in IV-VI compounds. II. A three dimensional calculation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3719/12/21/012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Littlewood PB. The crystal structure of IV-VI compounds. I. Classification and description. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3719/13/26/009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Littlewood PB. The crystal structure of IV-VI compounds. II. A microscopic model for cubic/rhombohedral materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3719/13/26/010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Inkson JC. Deep impurities in semiconductors. I. Evanescent states and complex band structure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3719/13/3/012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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MacKinnon A, Kramer B. On the interpretation of the Compton profiles of diamond-structure semiconductors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3719/13/1/008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Payne MC, Levi AFJ, Phillips WA, Inkson JC, Adkins CJ. Phonon structure of amorphous germanium by inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3719/17/10/006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Taut M. Model calculation of the dielectric constant including local-field corrections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3719/18/13/015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Soma T, Kagaya HM. On the tetragonal β-Sn-type structure as the high-pressure phase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1088/0305-4608/17/1/001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Levine ZH, Allan DC. Quasiparticle calculation of the dielectric response of silicon and germanium. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1991; 43:4187-4207. [PMID: 9997769 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.43.4187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Shanker J, Dixit S. Dielectric Constants and Their Pressure and Temperature Derivatives for Ionic Crystals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/pssa.2211230102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Jank W, Hafner J. Structural and electronic properties of the liquid polyvalent elements: The group-IV elements Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1990; 41:1497-1515. [PMID: 9993866 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.41.1497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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