1
|
De Deene Y. Radiation Dosimetry by Use of Radiosensitive Hydrogels and Polymers: Mechanisms, State-of-the-Art and Perspective from 3D to 4D. Gels 2022; 8:599. [PMID: 36135311 PMCID: PMC9498652 DOI: 10.3390/gels8090599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gel dosimetry was developed in the 1990s in response to a growing need for methods to validate the radiation dose distribution delivered to cancer patients receiving high-precision radiotherapy. Three different classes of gel dosimeters were developed and extensively studied. The first class of gel dosimeters is the Fricke gel dosimeters, which consist of a hydrogel with dissolved ferrous ions that oxidize upon exposure to ionizing radiation. The oxidation results in a change in the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation, which makes it possible to read out Fricke gel dosimeters by use of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The radiation-induced oxidation in Fricke gel dosimeters can also be visualized by adding an indicator such as xylenol orange. The second class of gel dosimeters is the radiochromic gel dosimeters, which also exhibit a color change upon irradiation but do not use a metal ion. These radiochromic gel dosimeters do not demonstrate a significant radiation-induced change in NMR properties. The third class is the polymer gel dosimeters, which contain vinyl monomers that polymerize upon irradiation. Polymer gel dosimeters are predominantly read out by quantitative MRI or X-ray CT. The accuracy of the dosimeters depends on both the physico-chemical properties of the gel dosimeters and on the readout technique. Many different gel formulations have been proposed and discussed in the scientific literature in the last three decades, and scanning methods have been optimized to achieve an acceptable accuracy for clinical dosimetry. More recently, with the introduction of the MR-Linac, which combines an MRI-scanner and a clinical linear accelerator in one, it was shown possible to acquire dose maps during radiation, but new challenges arise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yves De Deene
- Liverpool & Macarthur Cancer Therapy Centres, Liverpool, NSW 1871, Australia; or
- Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alyani Nezhad Z, Geraily G. A review study on application of gel dosimeters in low energy radiation dosimetry. Appl Radiat Isot 2021; 179:110015. [PMID: 34753087 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2021.110015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The accuracy of dose delivered to tumors and surrounding normal tissues is vital in either radiotherapy using low energy photons and radiological techniques as well as radiotherapy with mega voltage energies. This systematic review focuses on applications of gel dosimetry in low energy radiation contexts applied either through radiotherapy or interventional radiology. METHODS Literature was reviewed based on electronic databases: Google Scholar, Scopus, Embase, PubMed, Science Direct, Research Gate and IOP science. The search was conducted on relevant terms in the title and keywords. 82 articles related to our criteria has been extracted and included in the study. RESULTS The findings demonstrated that almost all types of gel dosimeters had an acceptable accuracy and high resolution in low energy radiation contexts with their own limitations and advantages. CONCLUSION Gel dosimeters compete well with other conventional dosimeters in terms of tissue equivalence and energy dependence; however, choosing the best gel dosimeter for use in low energy radiation dosimetry depends on their different limitation and advantages. There are some general features about each gel group which can help to select the suitable gel related to our work. For example, methacrylic acid based gel dosimeters show higher sensitivity compared to other types of gel dosimeters but have more toxicity and are dose rate dependent in the range of dose rates applied in low energy contexts. In addition, Fricke gel dosimeters exhibit less sensitivity while they are independent of dose rate and energy applied in low energy situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Alyani Nezhad
- Medical Physics and Medical Engineering Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazale Geraily
- Medical Physics and Medical Engineering Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Investigation of isotropic radiation of low energy X-ray intra-operative radiotherapy by MAGAT gel dosimeter. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
4
|
Clinical radiotherapy application of N-vinylpyrrolidone-containing 3D polymer gel dosimeters with remote external MR-reading. Phys Med 2020; 69:134-146. [PMID: 31901838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2019.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Advanced 3D dosimetry is required for verifications of complex dose distributions in modern radiotherapy. Two 3D polymer gel dosimeters, coupled with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (3 T MRI) readout and data processing with polyGeVero® software, were tested for the verification of calculated 3D dose distributions by a treatment planning system (TPS) and ArcCHECK®-3DVH®, related to eradication of a lung tumour. METHODS N-vinylpyrrolidone-containing 3D polymer gel dosimeters were used: VIC (containing ascorbic acid and copper sulfate pentahydrate) and VIC-T (containing tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride). Three remote centers were involved in the dosimeters preparation and irradiation (Poland), and MRI (Austria). Cross beam calibration of the dosimeters and verification of a 3D dose distribution calculated with an Eclipse External Beam TPS and ArcCHECK®-3DVH® were performed. The 3D-to-3D comparisons of the VIC and VIC-T with TPS and ArcCHECK®-3DVH® along with ArcCHECK®-3DVH® versus TPS dose matrixes were performed with the aid of the polyGeVero® by analyzing dose profiles, isodoses lines, gamma index, gamma angle, dose difference, and related histograms. RESULTS The measured MR-relaxation rate (R2 = 1/T2) for the dosimeters relates to the dose, as follows: R2 = 0.0928 ± 0.0008 [Gy-1 s-1] × D [Gy] + 2.985 ± 0.012 [s-1] (VIC) and 0.1839 ± 0.0044 [Gy-1 s-1] × D [Gy] + 2.519 ± 0.053 [s-1] (VIC-T). The 3D-to-3D comparisons revealed a good agreement between the measured and calculated 3D dose distributions. CONCLUSIONS VIC and VIC-T with 3T MRI readout and polyGeVero® showed potential for verifications of calculated irradiation plans. The results obtained suggest the implementation of the irradiation plan for eradication of the lung tumour.
Collapse
|
5
|
Watanabe Y, Warmington L, Gopishankar N. Three-dimensional radiation dosimetry using polymer gel and solid radiochromic polymer: From basics to clinical applications. World J Radiol 2017; 9:112-125. [PMID: 28396725 PMCID: PMC5368627 DOI: 10.4329/wjr.v9.i3.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate dose measurement tools are needed to evaluate the radiation dose delivered to patients by using modern and sophisticated radiation therapy techniques. However, the adequate tools which enable us to directly measure the dose distributions in three-dimensional (3D) space are not commonly available. One such 3D dose measurement device is the polymer-based dosimeter, which changes the material property in response to radiation. These are available in the gel form as polymer gel dosimeter (PGD) and ferrous gel dosimeter (FGD) and in the solid form as solid plastic dosimeter (SPD). Those are made of a continuous uniform medium which polymerizes upon irradiation. Hence, the intrinsic spatial resolution of those dosimeters is very high, and it is only limited by the method by which one converts the dose information recorded by the medium to the absorbed dose. The current standard methods of the dose quantification are magnetic resonance imaging, optical computed tomography, and X-ray computed tomography. In particular, magnetic resonance imaging is well established as a method for obtaining clinically relevant dosimetric data by PGD and FGD. Despite the likely possibility of doing 3D dosimetry by PGD, FGD or SPD, the tools are still lacking wider usages for clinical applications. In this review article, we summarize the current status of PGD, FGD, and SPD and discuss the issue faced by these for wider acceptance in radiation oncology clinic and propose some directions for future development.
Collapse
|
6
|
Pak F, Farajollahi A, Movafaghi A, Naseri A. Influencing Factors on Reproducibility and Stability of MRI NIPAM Polymer Gel Dosimeter. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2014; 3:163-8. [PMID: 24455479 DOI: 10.5681/bi.2013.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION At present, the polymer gel dosimeter is considered to be the best possible dosimeter for measuring 3-dimesional radiation dose distribution in radiotherapy. These gels are normally toxic; therefore, manufacturing, handling and discarding them require special attention. In order to find less toxic recipe, N-isopropyle acrylamide polymer gel (NIPAM) was introduced. In this study, the reproducibility and stability of NIPAM polymer gel dose response together with some influencing factors related to MR imaging were studied. METHODS The NIPAM gel was prepared according to a method, described by senden et al in 2006. The gels were irradiated approximately 2 h after manufacturing and MR images of the gel were made 24 h after irradiation. The effects of different batches, post-irradiation time and the MRI room temperature on reproducibility and stability of polymer gel dose response were explored by analyzing the NMR response (R2) of the gel. RESULTS : In a fixed temperature, the response of the gel was found to be stable 24 h after irradiation. The results showed that the dose response of the NIPAM polymer gel is highly reproducible in the same and different batches of chemical. No inhomogeneity was observed for magnetic fields in the specified position of measurements and 5°C fluctuation was recorded for MRI room temperature. CONCLUSION Fluctuation in MRI room temperature necessitates that stringent attention to be paid to controlling the gel temperature at the time of imaging. The new formulation of polymer gel ensures stability of the gels' spatial resolution and makes it a suitable dosimeter for distant or remote measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Pak
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Farajollahi
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran ; Department of Radiotherapy, Emam Reza Teaching Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Movafaghi
- Department of Radiotherapy, Emam Reza Teaching Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Naseri
- Department of Radiotherapy, Emam Reza Teaching Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kawamura H, Shinoda K, Miyamoto K, Sakae T, Monma M, Matsumura A. [Investigation of polymer gel dosimetry for small circular irradiated fields]. Nihon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai Zasshi 2013; 69:933-943. [PMID: 24064697 DOI: 10.6009/jjrt.2013_jsrt_69.9.933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Polymer gels can be used as tissue equivalent dosimeters, and polymer gel dosimetry can be employed without perturbation of the radiation field. In this study, polymer gel dosimetry was used for small circular irradiation fields 10-30 mm in diameter using a radiation planning system. The irradiated gels were compared with planned data for a 50% dose width of 6 Gy dose maximum, and for the dose difference between gels and planned data over an 80% dose maximum area. The present study investigated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) conditions based on an optimal dose-R2 calibration curve. The average difference between the full width half maximum of the 50% dose width between gels and planned data was 11%. The average dose difference over 80% of the dose was 5.6%. Optimal dose-R2 calibration curves were acquired using images with echo times of 30 and 60 ms. For cases of larger thicknesses and an increasing number of averages, the coefficients of variance of the curves were smaller than under other conditions. Compared to other traditional dosimetric tools, polymer gels have the advantage of providing three-dimensional dosimetric data. An arbitrary profile from the gel's data can be compared with the profile of the planned data. In the future, new gel dosimeters will be needed that demonstrate improved dose evaluation under 1 Gy and stability in high dose areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiraku Kawamura
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gear JI, Charles-Edwards E, Partridge M, Flux GD. Monte Carlo verification of polymer gel dosimetry applied to radionuclide therapy: a phantom study. Phys Med Biol 2011; 56:7273-86. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/56/22/017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
9
|
Nasr AT, Schreiner LJ, McAuley KB. Mathematical Modeling of the Response of Polymer Gel Dosimeters to HDR and LDR Brachytherapy Radiation. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.201100057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
10
|
Chain JNM, Nasr AT, Schreiner LJ, McAuley KB. Mathematical Modeling of Depth-Dose Response of Polymer-Gel Dosimeters. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.201100032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
11
|
Petrokokkinos L, Zourari K, Pantelis E, Moutsatsos A, Karaiskos P, Sakelliou L, Seimenis I, Georgiou E, Papagiannis P. Dosimetric accuracy of a deterministic radiation transport based I192r brachytherapy treatment planning system. Part II: Monte Carlo and experimental verification of a multiple source dwell position plan employing a shielded applicator. Med Phys 2011; 38:1981-92. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3567507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
|
12
|
Massillon-JL G, Minniti R, Mitch M, Soares C, Hearn R. High-resolution 3D dose distribution measured for two low-energy x-ray brachytherapy seeds: 125I and 103Pd. RADIAT MEAS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
13
|
Moutsatsos A, Petrokokkinos L, Karaiskos P, Papagiannis P, Georgiou E, Dardoufas K, Sandilos P, Torrens M, Pantelis E, Kantemiris I, Sakelliou L, Seimenis I. Gamma Knife output factor measurements using VIP polymer gel dosimetry. Med Phys 2009; 36:4277-87. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3183500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
|
14
|
Petrokokkinos L, Moutsatsos A, Karaiskos P, Kouridou V, Pantelis E, Papagiannis P, Seimenis I. On the use of VIP gel dosimetry in HDR brachytherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/164/1/012051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
15
|
Koeva VI, Olding T, Jirasek A, Schreiner LJ, McAuley KB. Preliminary investigation of the NMR, optical and x-ray CT dose–response of polymer gel dosimeters incorporating cosolvents to improve dose sensitivity. Phys Med Biol 2009; 54:2779-90. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/54/9/013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
16
|
Thomadsen BR, Williamson JF, Rivard MJ, Meigooni AS. Anniversary Paper: Past and current issues, and trends in brachytherapy physics. Med Phys 2008; 35:4708-23. [DOI: 10.1118/1.2981826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
|
17
|
Karlsson A, Gustavsson H, Månsson S, McAuley KB, Bäck SAJ. Dose integration characteristics in normoxic polymer gel dosimetry investigated using sequential beam irradiation. Phys Med Biol 2007; 52:4697-706. [PMID: 17634658 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/52/15/021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Dose integration properties were investigated for normoxic polymer gels based on methacrylic acid (nMAG) and acrylamide/N, N'-methylenebisacrylamide (nPAG). The effect of sequential irradiation was studied for different fractionation schemes and varying amounts of methacrylic acid for the nMAG gels. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used for read out of the absorbed dose response. The investigated gels exhibited a dependence on the fractionation scheme. The response when the total dose was divided into fractions of 0.5 Gy was compared with the response when the total dose was delivered in a single fraction. The slope of the R2 versus the absorbed dose response decreased when the absorbed dose per fraction was increased. Also, for higher amounts of methacrylic acid in the nMAG system the difference in the response increased. For gels containing 2, 4, 6 and 8% methacrylic acid, the R2 versus the absorbed dose response increased by 35, 37, 63 and 93%, respectively. Furthermore, the effect of the fractionation was larger when a higher total absorbed dose was given. The effect was less pronounced for the investigated nPAG, containing 3% acrylamide and 3% N, N'-methylenebisacrylamide, than for the nMAG systems. Consequently, this study indicates that the nPAG system has preferable beam integration characteristics compared with the nMAG system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Karlsson
- Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Karlsson A, Gustavsson H, Månsson S, Bäck SÅJ. Sequential beam integration characteristics of a methacrylic acid based normoxic polymer gel dosimeter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/56/1/018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
19
|
|