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Lekešytė B, Mickevičiūtė E, Malakauskaitė P, Szewczyk A, Radzevičiūtė-Valčiukė E, Malyško-Ptašinskė V, Želvys A, German N, Ramanavičienė A, Kulbacka J, Novickij J, Novickij V. Application of Gold Nanoparticles for Improvement of Electroporation-Assisted Drug Delivery and Bleomycin Electrochemotherapy. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:1278. [PMID: 39458609 PMCID: PMC11510895 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16101278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2024] [Revised: 09/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/28/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a safe and efficient method of targeted drug delivery using pulsed electric fields (PEF), one that is based on the phenomenon of electroporation. However, the problems of electric field homogeneity within a tumor can cause a diminishing of the treatment efficacy, resulting only in partial response to the procedure. This work used gold nano-particles for electric field amplification, introducing the capability to improve available elec-trochemotherapy methods and solve problems associated with field non-homogeneity. Methods: We characterized the potential use of gold nanoparticles of 13 nm diameter (AuNPs: 13 nm) in combination with microsecond (0.6-1.5 kV/cm × 100 μs × 8 (1 Hz)) and nanosecond (6 kV/cm × 300-700 ns × 100 (1, 10, 100 kHz and 1 MHz)) electric field pulses. Finally, we tested the most prominent protocols (microsecond and nanosecond) in the context of bleomycin-based electrochemotherapy (4T1 mammary cancer cell line). Results: In the nano-pulse range, the synergistic effects (improved permeabilization and electrotransfer) were profound, with increased pulse burst frequency. Addi-tionally, AuNPs not only reduced the permeabilization thresholds but also affected pore resealing. It was shown that a saturated cytotoxic response with AuNPs can be triggered at significantly lower electric fields and that the AuNPs themselves are non-toxic for the cells either separately or in combination with bleomycin. Conclusions: The used electric fields are considered sub-threshold and/or not applicable for electrochemotherapy, however, when combined with AuNPs results in successful ECT, indicating the methodology's prospective applicability as an anticancer treatment method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Lekešytė
- Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; (B.L.); (E.M.); (P.M.); (A.S.); (E.R.-V.); (A.Ž.); (N.G.); (A.R.); (J.K.)
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 10105 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.M.-P.); (J.N.)
| | - Eglė Mickevičiūtė
- Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; (B.L.); (E.M.); (P.M.); (A.S.); (E.R.-V.); (A.Ž.); (N.G.); (A.R.); (J.K.)
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 10105 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.M.-P.); (J.N.)
| | - Paulina Malakauskaitė
- Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; (B.L.); (E.M.); (P.M.); (A.S.); (E.R.-V.); (A.Ž.); (N.G.); (A.R.); (J.K.)
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 10105 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.M.-P.); (J.N.)
| | - Anna Szewczyk
- Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; (B.L.); (E.M.); (P.M.); (A.S.); (E.R.-V.); (A.Ž.); (N.G.); (A.R.); (J.K.)
- Faculty of Pharmaceutics, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Eivina Radzevičiūtė-Valčiukė
- Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; (B.L.); (E.M.); (P.M.); (A.S.); (E.R.-V.); (A.Ž.); (N.G.); (A.R.); (J.K.)
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 10105 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.M.-P.); (J.N.)
| | - Veronika Malyško-Ptašinskė
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 10105 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.M.-P.); (J.N.)
| | - Augustinas Želvys
- Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; (B.L.); (E.M.); (P.M.); (A.S.); (E.R.-V.); (A.Ž.); (N.G.); (A.R.); (J.K.)
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 10105 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.M.-P.); (J.N.)
| | - Natalija German
- Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; (B.L.); (E.M.); (P.M.); (A.S.); (E.R.-V.); (A.Ž.); (N.G.); (A.R.); (J.K.)
| | - Almira Ramanavičienė
- Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; (B.L.); (E.M.); (P.M.); (A.S.); (E.R.-V.); (A.Ž.); (N.G.); (A.R.); (J.K.)
- NanoTechnas—Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Julita Kulbacka
- Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; (B.L.); (E.M.); (P.M.); (A.S.); (E.R.-V.); (A.Ž.); (N.G.); (A.R.); (J.K.)
- Faculty of Pharmaceutics, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jurij Novickij
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 10105 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.M.-P.); (J.N.)
| | - Vitalij Novickij
- Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; (B.L.); (E.M.); (P.M.); (A.S.); (E.R.-V.); (A.Ž.); (N.G.); (A.R.); (J.K.)
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 10105 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.M.-P.); (J.N.)
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Sieni E, Dettin M, Zamuner A, Conconi MT, Bazzolo B, Balducci C, Di Barba P, Forzan M, Lamberti P, Mognaschi ME. Finite Element Evaluation of the Electric Field Distribution in a Non-Homogeneous Environment. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1062. [PMID: 37760163 PMCID: PMC10525744 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10091062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Finite element analysis is used in this study to investigate the effect of media inhomogeneity on the electric field distribution in a sample composed of cells and their extracellular matrix. The sample is supposed to be subjected to very high pulsed electric field. Numerically computed electric field distribution and transmembrane potential at the cell membrane in electroporation conditions are considered in order to study cell behavior at different degrees of inhomogeneity. The different inhomogeneity grade is locally obtained using a representative model of fixed volume with cell-cell distance varying in the range of 1-283 um. The conductivity of the extracellular medium was varied between plain collagen and a gel-like myxoid matrix through combinations of the two, i.e., collagen and myxoid. An increase in the transmembrane potential was shown in the case of higher aggregate. The results obtained in this study show the effect of the presence of the cell aggregates and collagen on the transmembrane potential. In particular, by increasing the cell aggregation in the two cases, the transmembrane potential increased. Finally, the simulation results were compared to experimental data obtained by culturing HCC1954 cells in a hyaluronic acid-based scaffold. The experimental validation confirmed the behavior of the transmembrane potential in presence of the collagen: an increase in electroporation at a lower electric field intensity was found for the cells cultured in the scaffolds where there is the formation of collagen areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Sieni
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Via Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Italian Interuniversity Center ICEMB (Interaction between Electromagnetic Fields and Biosystems), DIET University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy; (P.L.); (M.E.M.)
| | - Monica Dettin
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padua, Italy; (M.D.); (C.B.); (M.F.)
| | - Annj Zamuner
- Department of Civil Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padua, Italy;
| | - Maria Teresa Conconi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (M.T.C.); (B.B.)
| | - Bianca Bazzolo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (M.T.C.); (B.B.)
| | - Cristian Balducci
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padua, Italy; (M.D.); (C.B.); (M.F.)
| | - Paolo Di Barba
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, Pavia University, Via Ferrata 5, 21100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Michele Forzan
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padua, Italy; (M.D.); (C.B.); (M.F.)
| | - Patrizia Lamberti
- Italian Interuniversity Center ICEMB (Interaction between Electromagnetic Fields and Biosystems), DIET University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy; (P.L.); (M.E.M.)
- Department of Information and Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Maria Evelina Mognaschi
- Italian Interuniversity Center ICEMB (Interaction between Electromagnetic Fields and Biosystems), DIET University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy; (P.L.); (M.E.M.)
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, Pavia University, Via Ferrata 5, 21100 Pavia, Italy;
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Radzevičiūtė-Valčiukė E, Gečaitė J, Želvys A, Zinkevičienė A, Žalnėravičius R, Malyško-Ptašinskė V, Nemeikaitė-Čenienė A, Kašėta V, German N, Novickij J, Ramanavičienė A, Kulbacka J, Novickij V. Improving NonViral Gene Delivery Using MHz Bursts of Nanosecond Pulses and Gold Nanoparticles for Electric Field Amplification. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1178. [PMID: 37111663 PMCID: PMC10146442 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene delivery by the pulsed electric field is a promising alternative technology for nonviral transfection; however, the application of short pulses (i.e., nanosecond) is extremely limited. In this work, we aimed to show the capability to improve gene delivery using MHz frequency bursts of nanosecond pulses and characterize the potential use of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs: 9, 13, 14, and 22 nm) in this context. We have used bursts of MHz pulses 3/5/7 kV/cm × 300 ns × 100 and compared the efficacy of the parametric protocols to conventional microsecond protocols (100 µs × 8, 1 Hz) separately and in combination with nanoparticles. Furthermore, the effects of pulses and AuNPs on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were analyzed. It was shown that gene delivery using microsecond protocols could be significantly improved with AuNPs; however, the efficacy is strongly dependent on the surface charge of AuNPs and their size. The capability of local field amplification using AuNPs was also confirmed by finite element method simulation. Finally, it was shown that AuNPs are not effective with nanosecond protocols. However, MHz protocols are still competitive in the context of gene delivery, resulting in low ROS generation, preserved viability, and easier procedure to trigger comparable efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eivina Radzevičiūtė-Valčiukė
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; (E.R.-V.); (J.G.); (A.Ž.); (A.Z.)
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 10223 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.M.-P.)
| | - Jovita Gečaitė
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; (E.R.-V.); (J.G.); (A.Ž.); (A.Z.)
| | - Augustinas Želvys
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; (E.R.-V.); (J.G.); (A.Ž.); (A.Z.)
| | - Auksė Zinkevičienė
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; (E.R.-V.); (J.G.); (A.Ž.); (A.Z.)
| | - Rokas Žalnėravičius
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Science and Technology, 02300 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | | | - Aušra Nemeikaitė-Čenienė
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; (E.R.-V.); (J.G.); (A.Ž.); (A.Z.)
| | - Vytautas Kašėta
- Department of Biomodels, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Natalija German
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; (E.R.-V.); (J.G.); (A.Ž.); (A.Z.)
| | - Jurij Novickij
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 10223 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.M.-P.)
| | - Almira Ramanavičienė
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; (E.R.-V.); (J.G.); (A.Ž.); (A.Z.)
| | - Julita Kulbacka
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; (E.R.-V.); (J.G.); (A.Ž.); (A.Z.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Vitalij Novickij
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; (E.R.-V.); (J.G.); (A.Ž.); (A.Z.)
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 10223 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.M.-P.)
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Hu Q, Joshi RP. Continuum analysis to assess field enhancements for tailoring electroporation driven by monopolar or bipolar pulsing based on nonuniformly distributed nanoparticles. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:022402. [PMID: 33736030 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.022402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports indicate that nanoparticle (NP) clusters near cell membranes could enhance local electric fields, leading to heightened electroporation. This aspect is quantitatively analyzed through numerical simulations whereby time dependent transmembrane potentials are first obtained on the basis of a distributed circuit mode, and the results then used to calculate pore distributions from continuum Smoluchowski theory. For completeness, both monopolar and bipolar nanosecond-range pulse responses are presented and discussed. Our results show strong increases in TMP with the presence of multiple NP clusters and demonstrate that enhanced poration could be possible even over sites far away from the poles at the short pulsing regime. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that nonuniform distributions would work to enable poration at regions far away from the poles. The NP clusters could thus act as distributed electrodes. Our results were roughly in line with recent experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Hu
- School of Engineering, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan 48197, USA
| | - R P Joshi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
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Miklavcic D, Novickij V, Kranjc M, Polajzer T, Haberl Meglic S, Batista Napotnik T, Romih R, Lisjak D. Contactless electroporation induced by high intensity pulsed electromagnetic fields via distributed nanoelectrodes. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 132:107440. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.107440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Lee PC, Peng CL, Shieh MJ. Combining the single-walled carbon nanotubes with low voltage electrical stimulation to improve accumulation of nanomedicines in tumor for effective cancer therapy. J Control Release 2016; 225:140-51. [PMID: 26812005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Effective delivery of biomolecules or functional nanoparticles into target sites has always been the primary objective for cancer therapy. We demonstrated that by combining single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with low-voltage (LV) electrical stimulation, biomolecule delivery can be effectively enhanced through reversible electroporation (EP). Clear pore formation in the cell membrane is observed due to LV (50V) pulse electrical stimulation amplified by SWNTs. The cell morphology remains intact and high cell viability is retained. This modality of SWNT + LV pulses can effectively transfer both small molecules and macromolecules into cells through reversible EP. The results of animal studies also suggest that treatment with LV pulses alone cannot increase vascular permeability in tumors unless after the injection of SWNTs. The nanoparticles can cross the permeable vasculature, which enhances their accumulation in the tumor tissue. Therefore, in cancer treatment, both SWNT + LV pulse treatment followed by the injection of LIPO-DOX® and SWNT/DOX + LV pulse treatment can increase tumor inhibition and delay tumor growth. This novel treatment modality applied in a human cancer xenograft model can provide a safe and effective therapy using various nanomedicines in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chi Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Liang Peng
- Isotope Application Division, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, P.O. Box 3-27, Longtan, Taoyuan 325, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Jium Shieh
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, #7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
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