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Sheng C, Ding Y, Qi Y, Hu M, Zhang J, Cui X, Zhang Y, Huo W. A denoising method based on deep learning for proton radiograph using energy resolved dose function. Phys Med Biol 2024; 69:025015. [PMID: 38096569 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad15c4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Objective.Proton radiograph has been broadly applied in proton radiotherapy which is affected by scattered protons which result in the lower spatial resolution of proton radiographs than that of x-ray images. Traditional image denoising method may lead to the change of water equivalent path length (WEPL) resulting in the lower WEPL measurement accuracy. In this study, we proposed a new denoising method of proton radiographs based on energy resolved dose function curves.Approach.Firstly, the corresponding relationship between the distortion of WEPL characteristic curve, and energy and proportion of scattered protons was established. Then, to improve the accuracy of proton radiographs, deep learning technique was used to remove scattered protons and correct deviated WEPL values. Experiments on a calibration phantom to prove the effectiveness and feasibility of this method were performed. In addition, an anthropomorphic head phantom was selected to demonstrate the clinical relevance of this technology and the denoising effect was analyzed.Main results.The curves of WEPL profiles of proton radiographs became smoother and deviated WEPL values were corrected. For the calibration phantom proton radiograph, the average absolute error of WEPL values decreased from 2.23 to 1.72, the mean percentage difference of all materials of relative stopping power decreased from 1.24 to 0.39, and the average relative WEPL corrected due to the denoising process was 1.06%. In addition, WEPL values correcting were also observed on the proton radiograph for anthropomorphic head phantom due to this denoising process.Significance.The experiments showed that this new method was effective for proton radiograph denoising and had greater advantages than end-to-end image denoising methods, laying the foundation for the implementation of precise proton radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Information Technology and Metrology of Zhejiang Province, College of Information Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Ding
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Information Technology and Metrology of Zhejiang Province, College of Information Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaping Qi
- Division of lonizing Radiation Metrology, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguang Zhang
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Zibo Wanjie Cancer Hospital, Zibo, 255000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangli Cui
- Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanli Huo
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Information Technology and Metrology of Zhejiang Province, College of Information Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
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Faddegon B, Ramos-Méndez J, Schuemann J, McNamara A, Shin J, Perl J, Paganetti H. The TOPAS tool for particle simulation, a Monte Carlo simulation tool for physics, biology and clinical research. Phys Med 2020; 72:114-121. [PMID: 32247964 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2020.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This paper covers recent developments and applications of the TOPAS TOol for PArticle Simulation and presents the approaches used to disseminate TOPAS. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fundamental understanding of radiotherapy and imaging is greatly facilitated through accurate and detailed simulation of the passage of ionizing radiation through apparatus and into a patient using Monte Carlo (MC). TOPAS brings Geant4, a reliable, experimentally validated MC tool mainly developed for high energy physics, within easy reach of medical physicists, radiobiologists and clinicians. Requiring no programming knowledge, TOPAS provides all of the flexibility of Geant4. RESULTS After 5 years of development followed by its initial release, TOPAS was subsequently expanded from its focus on proton therapy physics to incorporate radiobiology modeling. Next, in 2018, the developers expanded their user support and code maintenance as well as the scope of TOPAS towards supporting X-ray and electron therapy and medical imaging. Improvements have been achieved in user enhancement through software engineering and a graphical user interface, calculational efficiency, validation through experimental benchmarks and QA measurements, and either newly available or recently published applications. A large and rapidly increasing user base demonstrates success in our approach to dissemination of this uniquely accessible and flexible MC research tool. CONCLUSIONS The TOPAS developers continue to make strides in addressing the needs of the medical community in applications of ionizing radiation to medicine, creating the only fully integrated platform for four-dimensional simulation of all forms of radiotherapy and imaging with ionizing radiation, with a design that promotes inter-institutional collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Faddegon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - José Ramos-Méndez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jan Schuemann
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Aimee McNamara
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Jungwook Shin
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Joseph Perl
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, USA
| | - Harald Paganetti
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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Huo W, Zwart T, Cooley J, Huang K, Finley C, Jee KW, Sharp GC, Rosenthal S, Xu XG, Lu HM. A single detector energy-resolved proton radiography system: a proof of principle study by Monte Carlo simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 64:025016. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aaf96f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Schuemann J, McNamara AL, Ramos-Méndez J, Perl J, Held KD, Paganetti H, Incerti S, Faddegon B. TOPAS-nBio: An Extension to the TOPAS Simulation Toolkit for Cellular and Sub-cellular Radiobiology. Radiat Res 2019; 191:125-138. [PMID: 30609382 DOI: 10.1667/rr15226.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The TOPAS Monte Carlo (MC) system is used in radiation therapy and medical imaging research, having played a significant role in making Monte Carlo simulations widely available for proton therapy related research. While TOPAS provides detailed simulations of patient scale properties, the fundamental unit of the biological response to radiation is a cell. Thus, our goal was to develop TOPAS-nBio, an extension of TOPAS dedicated to advance understanding of radiobiological effects at the (sub-)cellular, (i.e., the cellular and sub-cellular) scale. TOPAS-nBio was designed as a set of open source classes that extends TOPAS to model radiobiological experiments. TOPAS-nBio is based on and extends Geant4-DNA, which extends the Geant4 toolkit, the basis of TOPAS, to include very low-energy interactions of particles down to vibrational energies, explicitly simulates every particle interaction (i.e., without using condensed histories) and propagates radiolysis products. To further facilitate the use of TOPAS-nBio, a graphical user interface was developed. TOPAS-nBio offers full track-structure Monte Carlo simulations, integration of chemical reactions within the first millisecond, an extensive catalogue of specialized cell geometries as well as sub-cellular structures such as DNA and mitochondria, and interfaces to mechanistic models of DNA repair kinetics. We compared TOPAS-nBio simulations to measured and published data of energy deposition patterns and chemical reaction rates (G values). Our simulations agreed well within the experimental uncertainties. Additionally, we expanded the chemical reactions and species provided in Geant4-DNA and developed a new method based on independent reaction times (IRT), including a total of 72 reactions classified into 6 types between neutral and charged species. Chemical stage simulations using IRT were a factor of 145 faster than with step-by-step tracking. Finally, we applied the geometric/chemical modeling to obtain initial yields of double-strand breaks (DSBs) in DNA fibers for proton irradiations of 3 and 50 MeV and compared the effect of including chemical reactions on the number and complexity of DSB induction. Over half of the DSBs were found to include chemical reactions with approximately 5% of DSBs caused only by chemical reactions. In conclusion, the TOPAS-nBio extension to the TOPAS MC application offers access to accurate and detailed multiscale simulations, from a macroscopic description of the radiation field to microscopic description of biological outcome for selected cells. TOPAS-nBio offers detailed physics and chemistry simulations of radiobiological experiments on cells simulating the initially induced damage and links to models of DNA repair kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schuemann
- a Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - A L McNamara
- a Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - J Ramos-Méndez
- b Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - J Perl
- c SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California
| | - K D Held
- a Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - H Paganetti
- a Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - S Incerti
- d CNRS, IN2P3, CENBG, UMR 5797, F-33170 Gradignan, France.,e University of Bordeaux, CENBG, UMR 5797, F-33170 Gradignan, France
| | - B Faddegon
- b Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Zhang Y, Kerr MD, Guan F, Hartman J, Jiang B, Sahoo N, Zhu XR, Gillin MT, Qian W, Zhang X. Dose calculation for spot scanning proton therapy with the application of a range shifter. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aa726a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Després P, Beaulieu L, El Naqa I, Seuntjens J. Special section: Selected papers from the Fifth International Workshop on Monte Carlo Techniques in Medical Physics. Phys Med Biol 2015; 60:4947-50. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/13/4947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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