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Mothersill C, Seymour C, Cocchetto A, Williams D. Factors Influencing Effects of Low-dose Radiation Exposure. HEALTH PHYSICS 2024; 126:296-308. [PMID: 38526248 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT It is now well accepted that the mechanisms induced by low-dose exposures to ionizing radiation (LDR) are different from those occurring after high-dose exposures. However, the downstream effects of these mechanisms are unclear as are the quantitative relationships between exposure, effect, harm, and risk. In this paper, we will discuss the mechanisms known to be important with an overall emphasis on how so-called "non-targeted effects" (NTE) communicate and coordinate responses to LDR. Targeted deposition of ionizing radiation energy in cells causing DNA damage is still regarded as the dominant trigger leading to all downstream events whether targeted or non-targeted. We regard this as an over-simplification dating back to formal target theory. It ignores that last 100 y of biological research into stress responses and signaling mechanisms in organisms exposed to toxic substances, including ionizing radiation. We will provide evidence for situations where energy deposition in cellular targets alone cannot be plausible as a mechanism for LDR effects. An example is where the energy deposition takes place in an organism not receiving the radiation dose. We will also discuss how effects after LDR depend more on dose rate and radiation quality rather than actual dose, which appears rather irrelevant. Finally, we will use recent evidence from studies of cataract and melanoma induction to suggest that after LDR, post-translational effects, such as protein misfolding or defects in energy metabolism or mitochondrial function, may dominate the etiology and progression of the disease. A focus on such novel pathways may open the way to successful prophylaxis and development of new biomarkers for better risk assessment after low dose exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmel Mothersill
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St., Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4L8
| | - Colin Seymour
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St., Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4L8
| | - Alan Cocchetto
- The National CFIDS Foundation, 285 Beach Ave., Hull, MA 02045
| | - David Williams
- Cambridge University, The Old Schools, Trinity Lane, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
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2
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Mould RR, Mackenzie AM, Kalampouka I, Nunn AVW, Thomas EL, Bell JD, Botchway SW. Ultra weak photon emission-a brief review. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1348915. [PMID: 38420619 PMCID: PMC10899412 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1348915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Cells emit light at ultra-low intensities: photons which are produced as by-products of cellular metabolism, distinct from other light emission processes such as delayed luminescence, bioluminescence, and chemiluminescence. The phenomenon is known by a large range of names, including, but not limited to, biophotons, biological autoluminescence, metabolic photon emission and ultraweak photon emission (UPE), the latter of which shall be used for the purposes of this review. It is worth noting that the photons when produced are neither 'weak' nor specifically biological in characteristics. Research of UPE has a long yet tattered past, historically hamstrung by a lack of technology sensitive enough to detect it. Today, as technology progresses rapidly, it is becoming easier to detect and image these photons, as well as to describe their function. In this brief review we will examine the history of UPE research, their proposed mechanism, possible biological role, the detection of the phenomenon, and the potential medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys R Mould
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair M Mackenzie
- OCTOPUS, Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Ifigeneia Kalampouka
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair V W Nunn
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
- The Guy Foundation, Beaminster, United Kingdom
| | - E Louise Thomas
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jimmy D Bell
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stanley W Botchway
- OCTOPUS, Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Didcot, United Kingdom
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3
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Matarèse BFE, Rusin A, Seymour C, Mothersill C. Quantum Biology and the Potential Role of Entanglement and Tunneling in Non-Targeted Effects of Ionizing Radiation: A Review and Proposed Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16464. [PMID: 38003655 PMCID: PMC10671017 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that cells, tissues, and organisms exposed to low doses of ionizing radiation can induce effects in non-irradiated neighbors (non-targeted effects or NTE), but the mechanisms remain unclear. This is especially true of the initial steps leading to the release of signaling molecules contained in exosomes. Voltage-gated ion channels, photon emissions, and calcium fluxes are all involved but the precise sequence of events is not yet known. We identified what may be a quantum entanglement type of effect and this prompted us to consider whether aspects of quantum biology such as tunneling and entanglement may underlie the initial events leading to NTE. We review the field where it may be relevant to ionizing radiation processes. These include NTE, low-dose hyper-radiosensitivity, hormesis, and the adaptive response. Finally, we present a possible quantum biological-based model for NTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno F. E. Matarèse
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK;
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Andrej Rusin
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (A.R.); (C.S.)
| | - Colin Seymour
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (A.R.); (C.S.)
| | - Carmel Mothersill
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (A.R.); (C.S.)
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Tang H, Cai L, He X, Niu Z, Huang H, Hu W, Bian H, Huang H. Radiation-induced bystander effect and its clinical implications. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1124412. [PMID: 37091174 PMCID: PMC10113613 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1124412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For many years, targeted DNA damage caused by radiation has been considered the main cause of various biological effects. Based on this paradigm, any small amount of radiation is harmful to the organism. Epidemiological studies of Japanese atomic bomb survivors have proposed the linear-non-threshold model as the dominant standard in the field of radiation protection. However, there is increasing evidence that the linear-non-threshold model is not fully applicable to the biological effects caused by low dose radiation, and theories related to low dose radiation require further investigation. In addition to the cell damage caused by direct exposure, non-targeted effects, which are sometimes referred to as bystander effects, abscopal effects, genetic instability, etc., are another kind of significant effect related to low dose radiation. An understanding of this phenomenon is crucial for both basic biomedical research and clinical application. This article reviews recent studies on the bystander effect and summarizes the key findings in the field. Additionally, it offers a cross-sectional comparison of bystander effects caused by various radiation sources in different cell types, as well as an in-depth analysis of studies on the potential biological mechanisms of bystander effects. This review aims to present valuable information and provide new insights on the bystander effect to enlighten both radiobiologists and clinical radiologists searching for new ways to improve clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Luwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiangyang He
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zihe Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haitong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wentao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Huang, ; Huahui Bian, ; Wentao Hu,
| | - Huahui Bian
- Nuclear and Radiation Incident Medical Emergency Office, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Huang, ; Huahui Bian, ; Wentao Hu,
| | - Hao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Huang, ; Huahui Bian, ; Wentao Hu,
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5
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Cocchetto A, Seymour C, Mothersill C. A Proposed New Model to Explain the Role of Low Dose Non-DNA Targeted Radiation Exposure in Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076022. [PMID: 37046994 PMCID: PMC10094351 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome (CFIDS) is considered to be a multidimensional illness whose etiology is unknown. However, reports from Chernobyl, as well as those from the United States, have revealed an association between radiation exposure and the development of CFIDS. As such, we present an expanded model using a systems biology approach to explain the etiology of CFIDS as it relates to this cohort of patients. This paper proposes an integrated model with ionizing radiation as a suggested trigger for CFIDS mediated through UVA induction and biophoton generation inside the body resulting from radiation-induced bystander effects (RIBE). Evidence in support of this approach has been organized into a systems view linking CFIDS illness markers with the initiating events, in this case, low-dose radiation exposure. This results in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as important immunologic and other downstream effects. Furthermore, the model implicates melanoma and subsequent hematopoietic dysregulation in this underlying process. Through the identification of this association with melanoma, clinical medicine, including dermatology, hematology, and oncology, can now begin to apply its expansive knowledge base to provide new treatment options for an illness that has had few effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Cocchetto
- National CFIDS Foundation Inc., Hull, MA 02045-1602, USA
| | - Colin Seymour
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Carmel Mothersill
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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Apilan AG, Mothersill C. Targeted and Non-Targeted Mechanisms for Killing Hypoxic Tumour Cells-Are There New Avenues for Treatment? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168651. [PMID: 34445354 PMCID: PMC8395506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: A major issue in radiotherapy is the relative resistance of hypoxic cells to radiation. Historic approaches to this problem include the use of oxygen mimetic compounds to sensitize tumour cells, which were unsuccessful. This review looks at modern approaches aimed at increasing the efficacy of targeting and radiosensitizing hypoxic tumour microenvironments relative to normal tissues and asks the question of whether non-targeted effects in radiobiology may provide a new “target”. Novel techniques involve the integration of recent technological advancements such as nanotechnology, cell manipulation, and medical imaging. Particularly, the major areas of research discussed in this review include tumour hypoxia imaging through PET imaging to guide carbogen breathing, gold nanoparticles, macrophage-mediated drug delivery systems used for hypoxia-activate prodrugs, and autophagy inhibitors. Furthermore, this review outlines several features of these methods, including the mechanisms of action to induce radiosensitization, the increased accuracy in targeting hypoxic tumour microenvironments relative to normal tissue, preclinical/clinical trials, and future considerations. Conclusions: This review suggests that the four novel tumour hypoxia therapeutics demonstrate compelling evidence that these techniques can serve as powerful tools to increase targeting efficacy and radiosensitizing hypoxic tumour microenvironments relative to normal tissue. Each technique uses a different way to manipulate the therapeutic ratio, which we have labelled “oxygenate, target, use, and digest”. In addition, by focusing on emerging non-targeted and out-of-field effects, new umbrella targets are identified, which instead of sensitizing hypoxic cells, seek to reduce the radiosensitivity of normal tissues.
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7
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Rusin A, Li M, Cocchetto A, Seymour C, Mothersill C. Radiation exposure and mitochondrial insufficiency in chronic fatigue and immune dysfunction syndrome. Med Hypotheses 2021; 154:110647. [PMID: 34358921 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome (CFIDS) is a heterogeneous disease that may be promoted by various environmental stressors, including viral infection, toxin uptake, and ionizing radiation exposure. Previous studies have identified mitochondrial dysfunction in CFIDS patients, including modulation of mitochondrial respiratory chain activity, deletions in the mitochondrial genome, and upregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This paper focuses on radiation effects and hypothesizes that CFIDS is primarily caused by stressor-induced mitochondrial metabolic insufficiency, which results in decreased energy production and anabolic metabolites required for normal cellular metabolism. Furthermore, tissues neighbouring or distant from directly perturbed tissues compensate for this dysfunction, which causes symptoms associated with CFIDS. This hypothesis is justified by reviewing the links between radiation exposure and CFIDS, cancer, immune dysfunction, and induction of oxidative stress. Moreover, the relevance of mitochondria in cellular responses to radiation and metabolism are discussed and putative mitochondrial biomarkers for CFIDS are introduced. Implications for diagnosis are then described, including a potential urine assay and PCR test for mitochondrial genome mutations. Finally, future research needs are offered with an emphasis on where rapid progress may be made to assist the afflicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Rusin
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada.
| | - Megan Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Alan Cocchetto
- National CFIDS Foundation Inc., 103 Aletha Road, Needham, MA USA
| | - Colin Seymour
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
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8
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Matarèse BFE, Lad J, Seymour C, Schofield PN, Mothersill C. Bio-acoustic signaling; exploring the potential of sound as a mediator of low-dose radiation and stress responses in the environment. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 98:1083-1097. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1834162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno F. E. Matarèse
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jigar Lad
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Colin Seymour
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Paul N. Schofield
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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9
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Abstract
When people discuss the risks associated with low doses of ionizing radiation, central to the discussion is the definition of a low dose and the nature of harm. Standard answers such as "doses below 0.1 Gy are low" or "cancer is the most sensitive measure of harm" obscure the complexity within these seemingly simple questions. This paper will discuss some of the complex issues involved in determining risks to human and nonhuman species from low-dose exposures. Central to this discussion will be the role of communicable responses to all stressors (often referred to as bystander responses), which include recently discovered epigenetic and nontargeted mechanisms. There is a growing consensus that low-dose exposure to radiation is but one of many stressors to impact populations. Many of these stressors trigger responses that are generic and not unique to radiation. The lack of a unique radiation signature makes absolute definition of radiation risk difficult. This paper examines a possible new way of defining low dose based on the systemic response to the radiation. Many factors will influence this systemic response and, because it is inherently variable, it is difficult to predict and so makes low-dose responses very uncertain. Rather than seeking to reduce uncertainty, it might be valuable to accept the variability in outcomes, which arise from the complexity and multifactorial nature of responses to stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrej Rusin
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Colin Seymour
- Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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10
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Oxidized Cell-Free DNA Is a Factor of Stress Signaling in Radiation-Induced Bystander Effects in Different Types of Human Cells. Int J Genomics 2019; 2019:9467029. [PMID: 31531341 PMCID: PMC6721096 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9467029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In pathology or under damaging conditions, the properties of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) change. An example of such change is GC enrichment, which drastically alters the biological properties of cfDNA. GC-rich cfDNA is a factor of stress signaling, whereas genomic cfDNA is biologically inactive. GC-rich cfDNA stimulates TLR9-MyD88-NF-κB signaling cascade, leading to an increase in proinflammatory cytokine levels in the organism. In addition, GC-rich DNA is prone to oxidation and oxidized cfDNA can stimulate secondary oxidative stress. This article is a review of works dedicated to the investigation of a low-dose ionizing radiation effect, a bystander effect, and the role of cfDNA in both of these processes.
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Mothersill C, Le M, Rusin A, Seymour C. BIOPHOTONS IN RADIOBIOLOGY: INHIBITORS, COMMUNICATORS AND REACTORS. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2019; 183:136-141. [PMID: 30624751 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncy271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-induced bystander effects refer to the production of signals from irradiated cells which induce responses in unirradiated, or bystander, cells. There has been a recent resurgence of interest in low-energy photon biology. This is due to concerns about health effects, increased use of biophoton imaging techniques, and the fact that biophotons can act as a bystander signal. This review discusses the history of light signaling in biology and potential mechanisms involved in the generation and transduction of signaling mechanisms. The role of photons in signaling in the animal and plant kingdoms is also reviewed. Finally, the potential to harness these mechanisms in radiation protection or therapy is discussed with emphasis on promising future directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmel Mothersill
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Michelle Le
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Andrej Rusin
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Colin Seymour
- Medical Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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12
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Rusin A, Seymour C, Mothersill C. Chronic fatigue and immune deficiency syndrome (CFIDS), cellular metabolism, and ionizing radiation: a review of contemporary scientific literature and suggested directions for future research. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 94:212-228. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1422871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Rusin
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Colin Seymour
- Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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13
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Mothersill C, Smith R, Wang J, Rusin A, Fernandez-Palomo C, Fazzari J, Seymour C. Biological Entanglement-Like Effect After Communication of Fish Prior to X-Ray Exposure. Dose Response 2018; 16:1559325817750067. [PMID: 29479295 PMCID: PMC5818098 DOI: 10.1177/1559325817750067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon by which irradiated organisms including cells in vitro communicate with unirradiated neighbors is well established in biology as the radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE). Generally, the purpose of this communication is thought to be protective and adaptive, reflecting a highly conserved evolutionary mechanism enabling rapid adjustment to stressors in the environment. Stressors known to induce the effect were recently shown to include chemicals and even pathological agents. The mechanism is unknown but our group has evidence that physical signals such as biophotons acting on cellular photoreceptors may be implicated. This raises the question of whether quantum biological processes may occur as have been demonstrated in plant photosynthesis. To test this hypothesis, we decided to see whether any form of entanglement was operational in the system. Fish from 2 completely separate locations were allowed to meet for 2 hours either before or after which fish from 1 location only (group A fish) were irradiated. The results confirm RIBE signal production in both skin and gill of fish, meeting both before and after irradiation of group A fish. The proteomic analysis revealed that direct irradiation resulted in pro-tumorigenic proteomic responses in rainbow trout. However, communication from these irradiated fish, both before and after they had been exposed to a 0.5 Gy X-ray dose, resulted in largely beneficial proteomic responses in completely nonirradiated trout. The results suggest that some form of anticipation of a stressor may occur leading to a preconditioning effect or temporally displaced awareness after the fish become entangled.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jiaxi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Facility, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Krzywon A, Widel M, Fujarewicz K, Skonieczna M, Rzeszowska-Wolny J. Modulation by neighboring cells of the responses and fate of melanoma cells irradiated with UVA. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 178:505-511. [PMID: 29241122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UVA radiation, which accounts for about 95% of the solar spectrum, contributes to and may be the etiological factor of skin cancers of which malignant melanoma is the most aggressive. UVA causes oxidative stress in various types of cells in the skin, keratinocyte, melanocytes, and fibroblasts, which is responsible for its cytotoxic effect. Here we used a transwell system to explore how the responses of melanoma cells to a low dose of UVA (20kJ/m2, ~10% of the minimal erythema dose) are influenced by neighboring co-cultured melanoma cells or fibroblasts. This dose had a low toxicity for melanoma cells, but after irradiation, co-culture with non-irradiated melanoma cells caused a strong decline in their viability and an increased frequency of apoptosis, whereas co-culture with fibroblast exerted a protective effect on irradiated melanoma cells. At the same time, the presence of non-irradiated cells, especially fibroblasts, decreased the level of UVA-induced reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Interleukins efficiently produced by fibroblasts seem to be main players in these effects. Our studies reveal that coexistence of fibroblasts with melanoma cells may strongly modulate the direct action and may change bystander effects exerted by UVA light. Similar modulation of the effect of UVA on melanoma cells in vivo by bystander-like signaling from neighboring cells would have consequences for the development of malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Krzywon
- Biosystems Group, Institute of Automatic Control, Faculty of Automatics, Electronics and Informatics, Silesian University of Technology, 16 Akademicka Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Maria Widel
- Biosystems Group, Institute of Automatic Control, Faculty of Automatics, Electronics and Informatics, Silesian University of Technology, 16 Akademicka Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Fujarewicz
- Biosystems Group, Institute of Automatic Control, Faculty of Automatics, Electronics and Informatics, Silesian University of Technology, 16 Akademicka Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Magdalena Skonieczna
- Biosystems Group, Institute of Automatic Control, Faculty of Automatics, Electronics and Informatics, Silesian University of Technology, 16 Akademicka Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Joanna Rzeszowska-Wolny
- Biosystems Group, Institute of Automatic Control, Faculty of Automatics, Electronics and Informatics, Silesian University of Technology, 16 Akademicka Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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15
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Mothersill C, Rusin A, Fernandez-Palomo C, Seymour C. History of bystander effects research 1905-present; what is in a name? Int J Radiat Biol 2017; 94:696-707. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1398436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrej Rusin
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - Colin Seymour
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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16
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Le M, Fernandez-Palomo C, McNeill FE, Seymour CB, Rainbow AJ, Mothersill CE. Exosomes are released by bystander cells exposed to radiation-induced biophoton signals: Reconciling the mechanisms mediating the bystander effect. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173685. [PMID: 28278290 PMCID: PMC5344502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of our study was to explore a possible molecular mechanism by which ultraviolet (UV) biophotons could elicit bystander responses in reporter cells and resolve the problem of seemingly mutually exclusive mechanisms of a physical UV signal & a soluble factor-mediated bystander signal. METHODS The human colon carcinoma cell line, HCT116 p53 +/+, was directly irradiated with 0.5 Gy tritium beta particles to induce ultraviolet biophoton emission. Bystander cells were not directly irradiated but were exposed to the emitted UV biophotons. Medium was subsequently harvested from UV-exposed bystander cells. The exosomes extracted from this medium were incubated with reporter cell populations. These reporter cells were then assayed for clonogenic survival and mitochondrial membrane potential with and without prior treatment of the exosomes with RNase. RESULTS Clonogenic cell survival was significantly reduced in reporter cells incubated with exosomes extracted from cells exposed to secondarily-emitted UV. These exosomes also induced significant mitochondrial membrane depolarization in receiving reporter cells. Conversely, exosomes extracted from non-UV-exposed cells did not produce bystander effects in reporter cells. The treatment of exosomes with RNase prior to their incubation with reporter cells effectively abolished bystander effects in reporter cells and this suggests a role for RNA in mediating the bystander response elicited by UV biophotons and their produced exosomes. CONCLUSION This study supports a role for exosomes released from UV biophoton-exposed bystander cells in eliciting bystander responses and also indicates a reconciliation between the UV-mediated bystander effect and the bystander effect which has been suggested in the literature to be mediated by soluble factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Le
- Radiation Sciences Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Fiona E. McNeill
- Radiation Sciences Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colin B. Seymour
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew J. Rainbow
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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