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Gallo S, Locarno S. Gel Dosimetry. Gels 2023; 9:gels9040311. [PMID: 37102923 PMCID: PMC10138228 DOI: 10.3390/gels9040311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of radiation therapy (RT) is to cover tumor tissue homogeneously with a planned dose while minimizing the dose to the surrounding healthy tissue [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Gallo
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli", Università di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Locarno
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli", Università di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Maeyama T, Mochizuki A, Yoshida K, Fukunishi N, Ishikawa KL, Fukuda S. Radio-fluorogenic nanoclay gel dosimeters with reduced linear energy transfer dependence for carbon-ion beam radiotherapy. Med Phys 2023; 50:1073-1085. [PMID: 36335533 DOI: 10.1002/mp.16092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The precise assessment of the dose distribution of high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation remains a challenge, because the signal of most dosimeters will be saturated due to the high ionization density. Such measurements are particularly important for heavy-ion beam cancer therapy. On this basis, the present work examined the high LET effect associated with three-dimensional gel dosimetry based on radiation-induced chemical reactions. The purpose of this study was to create an ion beam radio-fluorogenic gel dosimeter with a reduced effect of LET. METHODS Nanoclay radio-fluorogenic gel (NC-RFG) dosimeters were prepared, typically containing 100 μM dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR123) and 2.0 wt% nanoclay together with catalytic additives promoting Fenton or Fenton-like reactions. The radiological properties of NC-RFG dosimeters having different compositions in response to a carbon-ion beam were investigated using a fluorescence gel scanner. RESULTS An NC-RFG dosimeter capable of generating a fluorescence intensity distribution reflecting the carbon-ion beam dose profile was obtained. It was clarified that the reduction of the unfavorable LET dependence results from an acceleration of the reactions between DHR123 and H2 O2 , which is a molecular radiolysis product. The effects of varying the preparation conditions on the radiological properties of these gels were also examined. The optimum H2 O2 catalyst was determined to include 1 mM Fe3+ ions, and the addition of 100 mM pyridine was also found to increase the sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS This technique allows the first-ever evaluation of the depth-dose profile of a carbon-ion beam at typical therapeutic levels of several Gy without LET effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Maeyama
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.,RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Anri Mochizuki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Fukunishi
- RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kenichi L Ishikawa
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Management, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Fukuda
- QST Hospital, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
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3
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Chemical Overview of Gel Dosimetry Systems: A Comprehensive Review. Gels 2022; 8:gels8100663. [PMID: 36286165 PMCID: PMC9601373 DOI: 10.3390/gels8100663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in radiotherapy technology during the last 25 years have significantly improved both dose conformation to tumors and the preservation of healthy tissues, achieving almost real-time feedback by means of high-precision treatments and theranostics. Owing to this, developing high-performance systems capable of coping with the challenging requirements of modern ionizing radiation is a key issue to overcome the limitations of traditional dosimeters. In this regard, a deep understanding of the physicochemical basis of gel dosimetry, as one of the most promising tools for the evaluation of 3D high-spatial-resolution dose distributions, represents the starting point for developing new and innovative systems. This review aims to contribute thorough descriptions of the chemical processes and interactions that condition gel dosimetry outputs, often phenomenologically addressed, and particularly formulations reported since 2017.
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Novel Gd 3+-doped silica-based optical fiber material for dosimetry in proton therapy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16376. [PMID: 31704964 PMCID: PMC6841944 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52608-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical fibers hold promise for accurate dosimetry in small field proton therapy due to their superior spatial resolution and the lack of significant Cerenkov contamination in proton beams. One known drawback for most scintillation detectors is signal quenching in areas of high linear energy transfer, as is the case in the Bragg peak region of a proton beam. In this study, we investigated the potential of innovative optical fiber bulk materials using the sol-gel technique for dosimetry in proton therapy. This type of glass is made of amorphous silica (SiO\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${}_{2}$$\end{document}2) and is doped with Gd\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${}^{3+}$$\end{document}3+ ions and possesses very interesting light emission properties with a luminescence band around 314 nm when exposed to protons. The fibers were manufactured at the University of Lille and tested at the TRIUMF Proton Therapy facility with 8.2–62.9 MeV protons and 2–6 nA of extracted beam current. Dose-rate dependence and quenching were measured and compared to other silica-based fibers also made by sol-gel techniques and doped with Ce\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${}^{3+}$$\end{document}3+ and Cu\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${}^{+}$$\end{document}+. The three fibers present strong luminescence in the UV (Gd) or visible (Cu,Ce) under irradiation, with the emission intensities related directly to the proton flux. In addition, the 0.5 mm diameter Gd\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${}^{3+}$$\end{document}3+-doped fiber shows superior resolution of the Bragg peak, indicating significantly reduced quenching in comparison to the Ce\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${}^{3+}$$\end{document}3+ and Cu\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${}^{+}$$\end{document}+ fibers with a Birks’ constant, k\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${}_{B}$$\end{document}B, of (0.0162 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\pm $$\end{document}± 0.0003) cm/MeV in comparison to (0.0333 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\pm $$\end{document}± 0.0006) cm/MeV and (0.0352 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\pm $$\end{document}± 0.0003) cm/MeV, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report of such an interesting k\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${}_{B}$$\end{document}B for a silica-based optical fiber material, showing clearly that this fiber presents lower quenching than common plastic scintillators. This result demonstrates the high potential of this inorganic fiber material for proton therapy dosimetry.
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Gagliardi FM, Franich RD, Geso M. Dose response and stability of water equivalent PRESAGE® dosimeters for synchrotron radiation therapy dosimetry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 63:235027. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aaf1f5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Hillbrand M, Landry G, Ebert S, Dedes G, Pappas E, Kalaitzakis G, Kurz C, Würl M, Englbrecht F, Dietrich O, Makris D, Pappas E, Parodi K. Gel dosimetry for three dimensional proton range measurements in anthropomorphic geometries. Z Med Phys 2018; 29:162-172. [PMID: 30249351 DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Proton beams used for radiotherapy have potential for superior sparing of normal tissue, although range uncertainties are among the main limiting factors in the accuracy of dose delivery. The aim of this study was to benchmark an N-vinylpyrrolidone based polymer gel to perform three-dimensional measurement of geometric proton beam characteristics and especially to test its suitability as a range probe in combination with an anthropomorphic phantom. For single proton pencil beams as well as for 3×3cm2 mono-energy layers depth dose profiles, lateral dose distribution at different depths and proton range were evaluated in simple cubic gel phantoms at different energies from 75 to 115MeV and different dose levels. In addition, a 90MeV mono-energetic beam was delivered to an anthropomorphic 3D printed head phantom, which was filled with gel. Subsequently, all phantoms underwent magnetic resonance imaging using an axial pixel size of 0.68-0.98mm and with slice thicknesses of 2 or 3mm to derive a 3-dimensional distribution of the T2 relaxation time, which correlates with radiation dose. Indices describing lateral dose distribution and proton range were compared against predictions from a treatment planning system (TPS, for cubic and head phantoms) and Monte Carlo simulations (MC, for the head phantom) after manual rigid co-registration with the T2 relaxation time datasets. For all pencil beams, the FWHM agreement with TPS was better than 1mm or 7%. For the mono-energetic layer, the agreement with TPS in this respect was even better than 0.3mm in each case. With respect to range, results from gel measurements differed no more than 0.9mm (1.6%) from values predicted by TPS. In case of the anthropomorphic phantom, deviations with respect to a nominal range of about 61mm as well as in FWHM were slightly higher, namely within 1.0mm and 1.1mm respectively. Average deviations between gel and TPS/MC were similar (-0.3mm±0.4mm/-0.2±0.5mm). In conclusion, polymer gel dosimetry was found to be a valuable tool to determine geometric proton beam properties three-dimensionally and with high spatial resolution in simple cubic as well as in a more complex anthropomorphic phantom. Post registration range errors of the order of 1mm could be achieved. The additional registration uncertainty (95%) was 1mm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guillaume Landry
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), Munich, Germany
| | - Sandy Ebert
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), Munich, Germany
| | - George Dedes
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), Munich, Germany
| | - Eleftherios Pappas
- Medical Physics Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | | | - Christopher Kurz
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Würl
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Englbrecht
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), Munich, Germany
| | - Olaf Dietrich
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dimitris Makris
- Medical Physics Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Pappas
- Radiology & Radiotherapy Sector, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
| | - Katia Parodi
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), Munich, Germany.
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Dekker KH, Hazarika R, Silveira MA, Jordan KJ. Fixed, object-specific intensity compensation for cone beam optical CT radiation dosimetry. Phys Med Biol 2018; 63:06NT02. [PMID: 29547397 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aab17f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Optical cone beam computed tomography (CT) scanning of radiochromic gel dosimeters, using a CCD camera and a low stray light convergent source, provides fast, truly 3D radiation dosimetry with high accuracy. However, a key limiting factor in radiochromic gel dosimetry at large (⩾10 cm diameter) volumes is the initial attenuation of the dosimeters. It is not unusual to observe a 5-10× difference in signal intensity through the dosimeter center versus through the surrounding medium in pre-irradiation images. Thus, all dosimetric information in a typical experiment is measured within the lower 10%-20% of the camera sensor's range, and re-use of gels is often not possible due to a lack of transmission. To counteract this, in this note we describe a simple method to create source compensators by printing on transparent films. This technique, which is easily implemented and inexpensive, is an optical analogue to the bowtie filter in x-ray CT. We present transmission images and solution phantom reconstructions to demonstrate that (1) placing compensators beyond the focal zone of the imaging lens prevents high spatial frequency features of the printed films from generating reconstruction artifacts, and (2) object-specific compensation considerably reduces the range of intensities measured in projection images. This will improve the measurable dose range in optical CT dosimetry, and will enable imaging of larger gel volumes (∼15 cm diameter). Additionally, it should enable re-use of dosimeters by printing a new compensator for a second experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurtis H Dekker
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Khezerloo D, Nedaie HA, Takavar A, Zirak A, Farhood B, Movahedinejhad H, Banaee N, Ahmadalidokht I, Knuap C. PRESAGE® as a solid 3-D radiation dosimeter: A review article. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Darne CD, Alsanea F, Robertson DG, Sahoo N, Beddar S. Performance characterization of a 3D liquid scintillation detector for discrete spot scanning proton beam systems. Phys Med Biol 2017; 62:5652-5667. [PMID: 28593931 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa780b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Existing systems for proton beam dosimetry are limited in their ability to provide a complete, accurate, and detailed account of volumetric dose distribution. In this work, we describe the design and development of a portable, fast, and reusable liquid scintillator-based three-dimensional (3D) optical detection system for use in proton therapy. Our long-term goal is to use this system clinically for beam characterization, dosimetry, and quality assurance studies of discrete spot scanning proton beam systems. The system used a 20 × 20 × 20 cm3 liquid scintillator volume. Three mutually orthogonal cameras surrounding this volume captured scintillation photons emitted in response to the proton beams. The cameras exhibited a mean spatial resolution of 0.21 mm over the complete detection volume and a temporal resolution of 11 ms. The system is shown to be capable of capturing all 94 beam energies delivered by a synchrotron and performing rapid beam range measurements with a mean accuracy of 0.073 ± 0.030 mm over all energies. The range measurement uncertainty for doses less than 1 cGy was found to be ±0.355 mm, indicating high precision for low dose detection. Finally, we demonstrated that using multiple cameras allowed for the precise locations of the delivered beams to be tracked in 3D. We conclude that this detector is capable of real-time and accurate tracking of dynamic spot beam deliveries in 3D. The high-resolution light profiles it generates will be useful for future 3D construction of dose maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmay D Darne
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
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Doran SJ, Pellicioli P, Adamovics J, Brauer-Krisch E. Enhanced method for determining the low-LET saturation dose of PRESAGE®. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/847/1/012028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Høye EM, Skyt PS, Balling P, Muren LP, Taasti VT, Swakoń J, Mierzwińska G, Rydygier M, Bassler N, Petersen JBB. Chemically tuned linear energy transfer dependent quenching in a deformable, radiochromic 3D dosimeter. Phys Med Biol 2017; 62:N73-N89. [PMID: 28134130 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa512a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Most solid-state detectors, including 3D dosimeters, show lower signal in the Bragg peak than expected, a process termed quenching. The purpose of this study was to investigate how variation in chemical composition of a recently developed radiochromic, silicone-based 3D dosimeter influences the observed quenching in proton beams. The dependency of dose response on linear energy transfer, as calculated through Monte Carlo simulations of the dosimeter, was investigated in 60 MeV proton beams. We found that the amount of quenching varied with the chemical composition: peak-to-plateau ratios (1 cm into the plateau) ranged from 2.2 to 3.4, compared to 4.3 using an ionization chamber. The dose response, and thereby the quenching, was predominantly influenced by the curing agent concentration, which determined the dosimeter's deformation properties. The dose response was found to be linear at all depths. All chemical compositions of the dosimeter showed dose-rate dependency; however this was not dependent on the linear energy transfer. Track-structure theory was used to explain the observed quenching effects. In conclusion, this study shows that the silicone-based dosimeter has potential for use in measuring 3D-dose-distributions from proton beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Marie Høye
- Department of Medical Physics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Dumas M, Rakowski JT. Sensitivity and variability of Presage dosimeter formulations in sheet form with application to SBRT and SRS QA. Med Phys 2015; 42:7138-43. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4936104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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