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Akdeniz B, Wood JA, Lammertink RGH. Diffusiophoresis in Polymer and Nanoparticle Gradients. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:5874-5887. [PMID: 38837230 PMCID: PMC11194826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c00985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Diffusiophoresis is the movement of the colloidal particles in response to a concentration gradient and can be observed for both electrolyte (e.g., salt) and nonelectrolyte (e.g., glucose) solutes. Here, we investigated the diffusiophoretic behavior of polystyrene (PS-carboxylate surface) microparticles in nonadsorbing charged and uncharged solute gradients [sodium polystyrenesulfonate (NaPSS), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and nanoscale colloidal silica (SiO2)] using a dead-end channel setup. We compared the diffusiophoretic motion in these gradient types with each other and to the case of using a monovalent salt gradient. In each of the nonadsorbing gradient systems (NaPSS, PEG, and SiO2 nanoparticles), the PS particles migrated toward the lower solute concentration. The exclusion distance values (from the initial position) of particles were recorded within the dead-end channel, and it was found that an increase in solute concentration increases exclusion from the main channel. In the polyelectrolyte case, the motion of PS microparticles was reduced by the addition of a background salt due to reduced electrostatic interaction, whereas it remained constant when using the neutral polymer. Particle diffusiophoresis in gradients of polyelectrolytes (charged macromolecules) is quite similar to the behavior when using a PEG gradient (uncharged macromolecule) in the presence of a background electrolyte. Moreover, we observed PS microparticles under different concentrations and molecular weights of PEG gradients. By combining the simulations, we estimated the exclusion length, which was previously proposed to be the order of the polymer radius. Furthermore, the movement of PS microparticles was analyzed in the gradient of silica nanoparticles. The exclusion distance was higher in silica nanoparticle gradients compared to similar-size PEG gradients because silica nanoparticles are charged. The diffusiophoretic transport of the PS microparticles could be simulated by considering the interaction between the PS microparticles and silica nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Akdeniz
- Soft Matter, Fluidics and Interfaces,
MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffery A. Wood
- Soft Matter, Fluidics and Interfaces,
MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Rob G. H. Lammertink
- Soft Matter, Fluidics and Interfaces,
MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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2
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Kočišová E, Kuižová A, Procházka M. Analytical applications of droplet deposition Raman spectroscopy. Analyst 2024; 149:3276-3287. [PMID: 38770583 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00336e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The droplet deposition methods in Raman spectroscopy have received considerable attention in the field of analytical sensing focusing on effective pre-concentration of the studied analyte (coffee-ring effect or small spots). This review covers different analytical applications of drop-coating deposition Raman scattering (DCDRS) and droplet deposition surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy. Two main advantages of droplet deposition Raman techniques are considered: the drying-induced segregation of the components from the mixtures (such as body fluids) and the sensitivity of detection of various analytically important molecules. Some recent advanced applications, including clinical cancer diagnosis, are discussed and summarized. Finally, the potential and further perspectives of the droplet deposition Raman methods for analytical studies are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kočišová
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Physics, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Alžbeta Kuižová
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Physics, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Marek Procházka
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Physics, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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3
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Wang H, Liu S, Li H, Li M, Wu X, Zhang S, Ye L, Hu X, Chen Y. Green Printing for Scalable Organic Photovoltaic Modules by Controlling the Gradient Marangoni Flow. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2313098. [PMID: 38340310 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Despite the rapid development in the performances of organic solar cells (OSCs), high-performance OSC modules based on green printing are still limited. The severe Coffee-ring effect (CRE) is considered to be the primary reason for the nonuniform distribution of active layer films. To solve this key printing problem, the cosolvent strategy is presented to deposit the active layer films. The guest solvent Mesitylene with a higher boiling point and a lower surface tension is incorporated into the host solvent o-XY to optimize the rheological properties, such as surface tension and viscosity of the active layer solutions. And the synergistic effect of inward Marangoni flow generation and solution thickening caused by the cosolvent strategy can effectively restrain CRE, resulting in highly homogeneous large-area active layer films. In addition, the optimized crystallization and phase separation of active layer films effectively accelerate the charge transport and exciton dissociation of devices. Consequently, based on PM6:BTP-eC9 system, the device prepared with the co-solvent strategy shows the a power conversion efficiency of 17.80%. Moreover, as the effective area scales to 1 and 16.94 cm2, the recorded performances are altered to 16.71% and 14.58%. This study provides a universal pathway for the development of green-printed high-efficiency organic photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Wang
- School of Physics and Materials Science/Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC)/Film Energy Chemistry for Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory (FEC), Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Haojie Li
- School of Physics and Materials Science/Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC)/Film Energy Chemistry for Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory (FEC), Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Mingfei Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xueting Wu
- School of Physics and Materials Science/Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC)/Film Energy Chemistry for Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory (FEC), Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Shaohua Zhang
- School of Physics and Materials Science/Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC)/Film Energy Chemistry for Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory (FEC), Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Long Ye
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xiaotian Hu
- School of Physics and Materials Science/Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC)/Film Energy Chemistry for Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory (FEC), Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, 226010, China
| | - Yiwang Chen
- School of Physics and Materials Science/Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC)/Film Energy Chemistry for Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory (FEC), Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang, 330022, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, 226010, China
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4
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Qian Q, Furner CT, Li CY. Crystallization of Poly(l-lactic acid) on Water Surfaces via Controlled Solvent Evaporation and Langmuir-Blodgett Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:6285-6294. [PMID: 38478723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Solvent evaporation is one of the most fundamental processes in soft matter. Structures formed via solvent evaporation are often complex yet tunable via the competition between solute diffusion and solvent evaporation time scales. This work concerns the polymer evaporative crystallization on the water surface (ECWS). The dynamic and two-dimensional (2D) nature of the water surface offers a unique way to control the crystallization pathway of polymeric materials. Using poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) as the model polymer, we demonstrate that both one-dimensional (1D) crystalline filaments and two-dimensional (2D) lamellae are formed via ECWS, in stark contrast to the 2D Langmuir-Blodgett monolayer systems as well as polymer solution crystallization. Results show that this filament-lamella biphasic structure is tunable via chemical structures such as molecular weight and processing conditions such as temperature and evaporation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Qian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Carl T Furner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Christopher Y Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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5
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Abe K, Atkinson PS, Cheung CS, Liang H, Goehring L, Inasawa S. Dynamics of drying colloidal suspensions, measured by optical coherence tomography. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:2381-2393. [PMID: 38376422 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01560b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Colloidal suspensions are the basis of a wide variety of coatings, prepared as liquids and then dried into solid films. The processes at play during film formation, however, are difficult to observe directly. Here, we demonstrate that optical coherence tomography (OCT) can provide fast, non-contact, precise profiling of the dynamics within a drying suspension. Using a scanning Michelson interferometer with a broadband laser source, OCT creates cross-sectional images of the optical stratigraphy of a sample. With this method, we observed the drying of colloidal silica in Hele-Shaw cells with 10 μm transverse and 1.8 μm depth resolution, over a 1 cm scan line and a 15 s sampling period. The resulting images were calibrated to show how the concentration of colloidal particles varied with position and drying time. This gives access to important transport properties, for example, of how collective diffusion depends on particle concentration. Looking at early-time behaviours, we also show how a drying front initially develops, and how the induction time before the appearance of a solid film depends on the balance of diffusion and evaporation-driven motion. Pairing these results with optical microscopy and particle tracking techniques, we find that film formation can be significantly delayed by any density-driven circulation occurring near the drying front.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Abe
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-Cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tan-cha, Onna, Kunigami, Okinawa, 904-0497, Japan
| | - Patrick Saul Atkinson
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
| | - Chi Shing Cheung
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
| | - Haida Liang
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
| | - Lucas Goehring
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
| | - Susumu Inasawa
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-Cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
- Department of Applied Physics and Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan.
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6
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Gibouin F, Nalatamby D, Lidon P, Medina-Gonzalez Y. Molecular Rotors for In Situ Viscosity Mapping during Evaporation of Confined Fluid Mixtures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:8066-8076. [PMID: 38316660 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Numerous formulation processes of materials involve a drying step, during which evaporation of a solvent from a multicomponent liquid mixture, often confined in a thin film or in a droplet, leads to concentration and assembly of nonvolatile compounds. While the basic phenomena ruling evaporation dynamics are known, precise modeling of practical situations is hindered by the lack of tools for local and time-resolved mapping of concentration fields in such confined systems. In this article, the use of fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy and of fluorescent molecular rotors is introduced as a versatile, in situ, and quantitative method to map viscosity and concentration fields in confined, evaporating liquids. More precisely, the cases of drying of a suspended liquid film and of a sessile droplet of mixtures of fructose and water are investigated. Measured viscosity and concentration fields allow characterization of drying dynamics, in agreement with simple modeling of the evaporation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Gibouin
- Laboratoire du Futur, (LOF)─Solvay─CNRS─Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5258, Bordeaux, Pessac 33600, France
| | - Dharshana Nalatamby
- Laboratoire du Futur, (LOF)─Solvay─CNRS─Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5258, Bordeaux, Pessac 33600, France
| | - Pierre Lidon
- Laboratoire du Futur, (LOF)─Solvay─CNRS─Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5258, Bordeaux, Pessac 33600, France
| | - Yaocihuatl Medina-Gonzalez
- Laboratoire du Futur, (LOF)─Solvay─CNRS─Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5258, Bordeaux, Pessac 33600, France
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7
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Das A, Kumar H, Hariharan S, Thampi SP, Chandiran AK, Basavaraj MG. Conducting Gold Nanoparticle Films via Sessile Drop Evaporation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:2510-2518. [PMID: 38284381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The deposit patterns obtained from the evaporation of drops containing insoluble solute particles are vital for several technologies, including inkjet printing and optical and electronic device manufacturing. In this work, we consider the evaporation of an aqueous reaction mixture typically used for gold nanoparticle (AuNP) synthesis. The patterns obtained from the evaporation-driven assembly of in situ generated AuNPs are studied using optical microscopy and SEM analyses. The evaporation of drops withdrawn at different reaction times is found to significantly influence the distribution of AuNPs in the dried patterns. The evolution of the deposit patterns is also explored by drying multiple drops on the solid substrate, wherein a drop of a fresh reaction mixture is introduced over the deposit pattern left by the evaporation of the drop dispensed at an earlier time. Using quantitative image analysis, we show that the interparticle separation between the AuNPs in the dried patterns left on the solid substrate decreases when the number of drops is increased. We find optimal conditions to achieve solid-supported AuNP films, wherein the particles are in close physical contact, leading to a conducting deposit. The current through the AuNP deposit is found to increase with increase in the number of drops due to evaporation-driven self-assembly of AuNPs into branch-like structures with reduced interparticle separation. In addition, we also show that it is possible to produce conducting AuNP deposits by drying multiple drops withdrawn from the same reaction mixture. The evaporation-driven assembly of the in situ grown nanoparticles from a reaction mixture presented in this work can be further exploited in optical and electronic device fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abinash Das
- Polymer Engineering and Colloid Science Lab (PECS Lab), Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Hemant Kumar
- Polymer Engineering and Colloid Science Lab (PECS Lab), Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Sankar Hariharan
- Polymer Engineering and Colloid Science Lab (PECS Lab), Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Sumesh P Thampi
- Polymer Engineering and Colloid Science Lab (PECS Lab), Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Aravind Kumar Chandiran
- Solar Energy Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Adyar, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Madivala G Basavaraj
- Polymer Engineering and Colloid Science Lab (PECS Lab), Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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8
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Emerse M, Lama H, Basavaraj MG, Singh R, Satapathy DK. Morphologies of electric-field-driven cracks in dried dispersions of ellipsoids. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:024604. [PMID: 38491700 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.024604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
We report an experimental and theoretical study of the morphology of desiccation cracks formed in deposits of hematite ellipsoids dried in an externally applied alternating current (ac) electric field. A series of transitions in the crack morphology is observed by modulating the frequency and the strength of the applied field. We also found a clear transition in the morphology of cracks as a function of the aspect ratio of the ellipsoid. We show that these transitions in the crack morphology can be explained by a linear stability analysis of the equation describing the effective dynamics of an ellipsoid placed in an externally applied ac electric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Emerse
- Department of Physics, IIT Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Hisay Lama
- Department of Physics, IIT Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Madivala G Basavaraj
- PECS Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai 600036, India
- Center for Soft and Biological Matter, IIT Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Rajesh Singh
- Department of Physics, IIT Madras, Chennai 600036, India
- Center for Soft and Biological Matter, IIT Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Dillip K Satapathy
- Department of Physics, IIT Madras, Chennai 600036, India
- Center for Soft and Biological Matter, IIT Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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9
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Pingulkar H, Maréchal S, Salmon JB. Directional drying of a colloidal dispersion: quantitative description with water potential measurements using water clusters in a poly(dimethylsiloxane) microfluidic chip. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:1079-1088. [PMID: 38214172 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01512b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
We have developed a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microfluidic chip to study the directional drying of a colloidal dispersion confined in a channel. Our measurements on a dispersion of silica nanoparticles once again revealed the phenomenology commonly observed for such systems: the formation of a porous solid with linear growth in the channel at short times, slowing down at longer times as the evaporation rate decreases. The growth of the solid is also accompanied by mechanical stresses that are released by the delamination of the solid from the channel walls and the formation of cracks. In addition to these observations, we report original measurements using hydrophilic filler in the PDMS formulation used (Sylgard-184). When the PDMS matrix is in contact with water, water molecules pool around these hydrophilic sites, resulting in the formation of microscopic water clusters whose size depends on the water potential ψ. In our work, we have used these water clusters to estimate the water potential profile in the channel as the porous solid grows. Using a transport model that also takes into account solid delamination in the channel, we then linked these water potential measurements to the hydraulic permeability of the porous solid. These measurements finally enabled us to show that the slowdown in the evaporation rate is due to the invasion of the porous solid by air/water nanomenisci at a critical capillary pressure ψcap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrishikesh Pingulkar
- CNRS, Solvay, LOF, UMR 5258, Université de Bordeaux, 178 av. Schweitzer, Pessac, 33600, France.
| | - Sonia Maréchal
- CNRS, Solvay, LOF, UMR 5258, Université de Bordeaux, 178 av. Schweitzer, Pessac, 33600, France.
| | - Jean-Baptiste Salmon
- CNRS, Solvay, LOF, UMR 5258, Université de Bordeaux, 178 av. Schweitzer, Pessac, 33600, France.
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10
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Zhang J, Wang C, Zhao H. Dynamic surfaces of latex films and their antifouling applications. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 654:1281-1292. [PMID: 37907007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.10.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Latex polymer particles have been widely used in industry and everyday life. For decades the fabrication of "smart" latex film from latex particles has been a great challenge due to the difficulty in the synthesis of the functional latex particles by traditional emulsion polymerization using small molecular surfactants. In this manuscript, a simple and environmentally-friendly approach to the fabrication of "smart" latex films with dynamic surfaces is reported. Latex particles with poly(n-butyl methacrylate) (PnBMA) in the cores and zwitterionic poly-3-[dimethyl-[2-(2-methylprop-2-enoyloxy) ethyl]azaniumyl]propane-1-sulfonate (PDMAPS) in the shells are synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) mediated surfactant-free emulsion polymerization. The kinetics for the emulsion polymerization is studied, and the latex particles are analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Latex films are prepared by casting aqueous solutions of the latex particles at temperatures above the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PnBMA. On the dried latex film, the hydrophobic PnBMA blocks occupy the top surface; after water treatment, the hydrophilic PDMAPS blocks migrate to the surface. A change in the surface hydrophilicity results in a change in the water contact angle of the latex film. A mechanism for the formation of the dynamic surface structure is proposed in this research. Antifouling applications of the latex films are investigated. Experimental results indicate that the water-treated latex film is able to efficiently inhibit protein adsorption and resist bacterial adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, PR China
| | - Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, PR China
| | - Hanying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, PR China.
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11
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Liu B, Grest GS, Cheng S. Inducing stratification of colloidal mixtures with a mixed binary solvent. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:9195-9205. [PMID: 37997155 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01192e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations are used to demonstrate that a binary solvent can be used to stratify colloidal mixtures when the suspension is rapidly dried. The solvent consists of two components, one more volatile than the other. When evaporated at high rates, the more volatile component becomes depleted near the evaporation front and develops a negative concentration gradient from the bulk of the mixture to the liquid-vapor interface while the less volatile solvent is enriched in the same region and exhibit a positive concentration gradient. Such gradients can be used to drive a binary mixture of colloidal particles to stratify if one is preferentially attracted to the more volatile solvent and the other to the less volatile solvent. During solvent evaporation, the fraction of colloidal particles preferentially attracted to the less volatile solvent is enhanced at the evaporation front, whereas the colloidal particles having stronger attractions with the more volatile solvent are driven away from the interfacial region. As a result, the colloidal particles show a stratified distribution after drying, even if the two colloids have the same size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghan Liu
- Department of Physics, Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
| | - Gary S Grest
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - Shengfeng Cheng
- Department of Physics, Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
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12
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Othman AM, Poulos AS, Torres O, Routh AF. Scalloped pattern deposition during the spreading and drying of polymer droplets. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:8483-8492. [PMID: 37814797 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00968h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Droplets containing polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) dissolved in ethanol display a distinctive scalloped pattern at the rim while spreading and drying on a high-energy surface. Two distinct spreading regimes are observed, leading to the formation of a thin film with a uniform height that extends from the original droplet. An experimental study indicates polymer accumulation at the edge containing trace water, resulting in a surface tension gradient across the droplet, enhancing the droplet's spreading. This fast-spreading film develops a ridge at the contact line and becomes unstable. The influence of evaporation within the droplet shows no significant effect on the wavelength of the instability. Instead, the magnitude of the surface tension gradient and the surface energy of the substrate emerge as the dominant factors influencing the instability. This observation is validated by saturating the environment surrounding the droplet with ethanol vapour to reduce evaporation or employing solvents with low vapour pressure. Additionally, PVP in ethanol droplets deposited on hydrophobic substrates demonstrate a stable and pinned contact line, contrasting the behaviour observed on high-energy surfaces. By identifying the critical overlap concentration of the polymer, the transitional threshold between the scalloped instability and ringlike morphology is determined. The scalloped instability can be suppressed by removing residual water from the solution, eliminating the surface tension gradient, indicating that Marangoni forces are the underlying cause of the observed instability. The long-wave evolution equation, assuming a constant Marangoni shear flow, accurately predicts the most unstable wavelength, demonstrating good agreement with experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Othman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Dr, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK.
| | - Andreas S Poulos
- Unilever R&D Port Sunlight, Quarry Road East, Wirral, CH63 3JW, UK
| | - Ophelie Torres
- Unilever R&D Port Sunlight, Quarry Road East, Wirral, CH63 3JW, UK
| | - Alexander F Routh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Dr, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK.
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13
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Yu X, Wang X, He W. Leveraging Microgels Prepared from Poly(ethylene glycol) Bisepoxide and Polyetheramine for Versatile Surface Structuring of Agarose Hydrogels. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:4430-4438. [PMID: 37788183 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a macromer-type bisepoxide, poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether, polymerizing readily with a trifunctional polyetheramine Jeffamine T-403 in water to facilitate the development of a series of microgels abbreviated as PMG. Simply by varying the concentration of the as-prepared thermoresponsive intermediate prepolymer from 1 to 2 and 4%, hydrodynamic sizes of the resulting P1MG, P2MG, and P4MG are easily tuned in the submicrometer to micrometer range shown by the dynamic light scattering results. Besides size difference, these microgels also deform differently, where the drying-induced deformation effect is most severe for P1MG and least prominent for P4MG. Simple evaporative deposition of PMG into multilayer packing provides versatile and green options for microgel-mediated surface structuring of agarose hydrogels. Specifically, deformabile P1MG- and P2MG-derived coatings render agarose gel microwrinkle textures by buckling against swelling-induced surface instability. Conversely, stiffer P4MG microgels lead to a patchy patterned hierarchical coating on agarose, similar to the cracking effect in drying colloidal films. The straightforward microgel-on-macrogel strategy allows integration of both wrinkle and patchy patterns to generate Janus-type agarose gels, just by rationally arranging the coating sequence. Diversifying topographic features attainable through microgel-based coatings on hydrogels could potentially make the sustainable and biocompatible material of agarose a more compelling choice for bioapplications. Brief demonstrations of the broad applicability of P1MG toward wrinkling of proteinaceous and synthetic hydrogels further highlight promising prospects of the PMG microgel-on-macrogel functionalization strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024 Liaoning, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024 Liaoning, China
| | - Xinnan Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024 Liaoning, China
| | - Wei He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024 Liaoning, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024 Liaoning, China
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14
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Othman AM, Poulos AS, Torres O, Routh AF. Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation Induced by Vapor Transfer in Evaporative Binary Sessile Droplets. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:13242-13257. [PMID: 37677134 PMCID: PMC10515642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Drying of binary sessile droplets consisting of ethanol and octamethyltrisiloxane on a high-energy surface is investigated. During the process of evaporation, the droplets undergo liquid-liquid phase separation, resulting in the appearance of microdroplets at the liquid-air interface, which subsequently violently burst. This phase separation is attributed to water vapor transfer into the droplet, which modifies the solubility and leads to the formation of a ternary mixture. The newly formed ternary mixture may undergo nucleation and growth or spinodal decomposition, depending on the droplet composition path. By control of the relative humidity of air, phase separation can be mitigated or even eliminated. The droplets also display high mobility and complex wetting behavior due to phase separation, with two contracting and two spreading stages. The mass loss experiments reveal that the droplets undergo three distinct drying stages with an enhanced evaporation rate observed during the phase separation stage. A modified diffusion-limited model was employed to predict the evaporation rate, accounting for the physiochemical changes during evaporation and proved to be consistent with experimental observations. The findings of this work enhance our understanding of a coupled fundamental process involving the evaporation of multicomponent mixtures, wetting, and phase separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Othman
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Dr, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.
| | | | - Ophelie Torres
- Unilever
R & D Port Sunlight, Quarry Road East, Wirral CH63 3JW, U.K.
| | - Alexander. F. Routh
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Dr, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.
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15
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Kim JH, Lee KM, Kim JW, Kweon SH, Moon HS, Yim T, Kwak SK, Lee SY. Regulating electrostatic phenomena by cationic polymer binder for scalable high-areal-capacity Li battery electrodes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5721. [PMID: 37714895 PMCID: PMC10504278 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41513-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the enormous interest in high-areal-capacity Li battery electrodes, their structural instability and nonuniform charge transfer have plagued practical application. Herein, we present a cationic semi-interpenetrating polymer network (c-IPN) binder strategy, with a focus on the regulation of electrostatic phenomena in electrodes. Compared to conventional neutral linear binders, the c-IPN suppresses solvent-drying-induced crack evolution of electrodes and improves the dispersion state of electrode components owing to its surface charge-driven electrostatic repulsion and mechanical toughness. The c-IPN immobilizes anions of liquid electrolytes inside the electrodes via electrostatic attraction, thereby facilitating Li+ conduction and forming stable cathode-electrolyte interphases. Consequently, the c-IPN enables high-areal-capacity (up to 20 mAh cm-2) cathodes with decent cyclability (capacity retention after 100 cycles = 82%) using commercial slurry-cast electrode fabrication, while fully utilizing the theoretical specific capacity of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2. Further, coupling of the c-IPN cathodes with Li-metal anodes yields double-stacked pouch-type cells with high energy content at 25 °C (376 Wh kgcell-1/1043 Wh Lcell-1, estimated including packaging substances), demonstrating practical viability of the c-IPN binder for scalable high-areal-capacity electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hui Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Min Lee
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hyeon Kweon
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Seok Moon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeeun Yim
- Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Kyu Kwak
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Young Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Saintyves B, Pic R, Mahadevan L, Bischofberger I. Evaporation-Driven Cellular Patterns in Confined Hyperelastic Hydrogels. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:118202. [PMID: 37774285 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.118202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
When a hyperelastic hydrogel confined between two parallel glass plates begins to dry from a lateral boundary, the volume lost by evaporation is accommodated by an inward displacement of the air-hydrogel interface that induces an elastic deformation of the hydrogel. Once a critical front displacement is reached, we observe intermittent fracture events initiated by a geometric instability resulting in localized bursts at the interface. These bursts relax the stresses and irreversibly form air cavities that lead to cellular networks. We show that the spatial extent of the strain field prior to a burst, influenced by the air-hydrogel interfacial tension and the confinement of the gel, determines the characteristic size of the cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baudouin Saintyves
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- James Franck Institute and Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Romain Pic
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - L Mahadevan
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Department of Physics, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Irmgard Bischofberger
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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17
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Zeng Y, Nie Z, Kai D, Chen J, Shao Y, Kong W, Yuan Z, Ho HP, Zhang F. Quasi-phase extraction-based surface plasmon resonance imaging method for coffee ring effect monitoring and biosensing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5735-5743. [PMID: 37453938 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04854-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Wavelength interrogation surface plasmon resonance imaging (WSPRi) sensing has unique advantages in high-throughput imaging detection. The refractive index resolution (RIR) of WSPRi is limited to the order of 10-6 RIU. This paper demonstrates a novel WSPRi sensing system with a wavelength scanning device of an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) and a low-cost speckle-free SPR excitation source of a halogen lamp. We developed a sensitive quasi-phase extraction method for data processing. The new technique achieved an RIR of 8.84×10-7 RIU, which is the first WSPRi system that has an RIR in the order of 10-7 RIU. Moreover, we performed a real-time recording of the formation of the coffee ring effect during brine evaporation and enhanced the biosensor performance of SPR for the first time. We believe the higher RIR and accuracy of the system will benefit more potential applications toward exploring the biomolecules' behaviors in biological and biochemistry studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjun Zeng
- School of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Zhaogang Nie
- School of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangdong, 510006, China
- School of Physical Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China
| | - Dongyun Kai
- School of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Jiajie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Yonghong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Weifu Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Zhengqiang Yuan
- School of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Ho-Pui Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Fangteng Zhang
- School of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangdong, 510006, China.
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18
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Kumar S, Basavaraj MG, Satapathy DK. Effect of Colloidal Surface Charge on Desiccation Cracks. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023. [PMID: 37449959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
We report the effect of polarity and surface charge density on the nucleation and growth kinetics of desiccation cracks in deposits of colloids formed by drying. We show that the average spacing between desiccation cracks and crack opening are higher for the deposit of positively charged colloids than that of negatively charged colloids. The temporal evolution of crack growth is found to be faster for positively charged particle deposits. The distinct crack patterns and their kinetics are understood by considering the spatial arrangement of particles in the deposit, which is strongly influenced by the substrate-particle and particle-particle interactions. Interestingly, the crack spacing, the crack opening, and the rate at which the crack widens are found to increase upon decreasing the surface charge of the colloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Kumar
- Soft Materials Laboratory, Department of Physics, IIT Madras, Chennai 600036, India
- Polymer Engineering and Colloid Science Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai 600036, India
- Center for Soft and Biological Matter, IIT Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Madivala G Basavaraj
- Polymer Engineering and Colloid Science Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai 600036, India
- Center for Soft and Biological Matter, IIT Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Dillip K Satapathy
- Soft Materials Laboratory, Department of Physics, IIT Madras, Chennai 600036, India
- Center for Soft and Biological Matter, IIT Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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19
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Ranquet O, Duce C, Bramanti E, Dietemann P, Bonaduce I, Willenbacher N. A holistic view on the role of egg yolk in Old Masters' oil paints. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1534. [PMID: 36977659 PMCID: PMC10050151 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36859-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Old Masters like Botticelli used paints containing mixtures of oils and proteins, but "how" and "why" this was done is still not understood. Here, egg yolk is used in combination with two pigments to evaluate how different repartition of proteinaceous binder can be used to control the flow behavior as well as drying kinetics and chemistry of oil paints. Stiff paints enabling pronounced impasto can be achieved, but paint stiffening due to undesired uptake of humidity from the environment can also be suppressed, depending on proteinaceous binder distribution and colloidal paint microstructure. Brushability at high pigment loading is improved via reduction of high shear viscosity and wrinkling can be suppressed adjusting a high yield stress. Egg acts as antioxidant, slowing down the onset of curing, and promoting the formation of cross-linked networks less prone to oxidative degradation compared to oil alone, which might improve the preservation of invaluable artworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélie Ranquet
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Via G. Giusti, 9, 50121, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Celia Duce
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Emilia Bramanti
- Institute of Chemistry of Organo Metallic Compounds, CNR Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Patrick Dietemann
- Doerner Institut, Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlungen, Barer Straße 29, 80799, Munich, Germany.
| | - Ilaria Bonaduce
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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20
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Pingulkar H, Salmon JB. Confined directional drying of a colloidal dispersion: kinetic modeling. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2176-2185. [PMID: 36880450 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00058c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We derive a model to describe the dynamics of confined directional drying of a colloidal dispersion. In such experiments, a dispersion of rigid colloids is confined in a capillary tube or a Hele-Shaw cell. Solvent evaporation from the open end accumulates the particles at the tip up to the formation of a porous packing that invades the cell at a rate . Our model based on a classical description of fluid mechanics and capillary phenomena, predicts different regimes for the growth of the consolidated packing, l versus t. At early times, the evaporation rate is constant and the growth is linear, l ∝ t. At longer times, the evaporation rate decreases and the consolidated packing grows as . This slowdown is either related to the recession of the drying interface within the packing thus adding a resistance to evaporation (capillary-limited regime), or to the Kelvin effect which decreases the partial pressure of water at the drying interface (flow-limited regime). We illustrate these results with numerical relations describing hard spheres, showing that these regimes are a priori experimentally observable. Beyond this description of the confined directional drying of colloidal dispersions, our results also highlight the importance of relative humidity control in such experiments.
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21
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Xu J, Wang Z, Chu HCW. Unidirectional drying of a suspension of diffusiophoretic colloids under gravity. RSC Adv 2023; 13:9247-9259. [PMID: 36950706 PMCID: PMC10026375 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00115f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent experiments (K. Inoue and S. Inasawa, RSC Adv., 2020, 10, 15763-15768) and simulations (J.-B. Salmon and F. Doumenc, Phys. Rev. Fluids, 2020, 5, 024201) demonstrated the significant impact of gravity on unidirectional drying of a colloidal suspension. However, under gravity, the role of colloid transport induced by an electrolyte concentration gradient, a mechanism known as diffusiophoresis, is unexplored to date. In this work, we employ direct numerical simulations and develop a macrotransport theory to analyze the advective-diffusive transport of an electrolyte-colloid suspension in a unidirectional drying cell under the influence of gravity and diffusiophoresis. We report three key findings. First, drying a suspension of solute-attracted diffusiophoretic colloids causes the strongest phase separation and generates the thinnest colloidal layer compared to non-diffusiophoretic or solute-repelled colloids. Second, when colloids are strongly solute-repelled, diffusiophoresis prevents the formation of colloid concentration gradient and hence gravity has a negligible effect on colloidal layer formation. Third, our macrotransport theory predicts new scalings for the growth of the colloidal layer. The scalings match with direct numerical simulations and indicate that the colloidal layer produced by solute-repelled diffusiophoretic colloids could be an order of magnitude thicker compared to non-diffusiophoretic or solute-attracted colloids. Our results enable tailoring the separation of colloid-electrolyte suspensions by tuning the interactions between the solvent, electrolyte, and colloids under Earth's or microgravity, which is central to ground-based and in-space applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjie Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Zhikui Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Henry C W Chu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
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22
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Faidherbe A, Wilmet M, Teisseire J, Lequeux F, Talini L. Drying Liquid Coatings with an Evaporation Mask: Theory and Experiments. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:3018-3028. [PMID: 36780365 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We report a study of the spatially varying thickness of dried films of polymer solutions resulting from a nonuniform evaporation flux. The controlled heterogeneity of the evaporation flux is imposed by placing a solid mask above the evaporating film spread on a solid substrate. At the end of drying, a depression has formed under the mask, together with overthicknesses extending from the edge of the mask and over distances that may be larger than its size. By considering the flows induced in a vertically homogeneous film, we obtain analytical solutions for the thickness profiles during drying using a linear approximation in the limits of either gravity or capillarity-driven flows. We demonstrate that gravity can play a role in the deformations of the films, even if their initial thicknesses are 1 order of magnitude smaller than the capillary length. In addition, we examine two possible reference states for the linear approximation, i.e., far from the mask in the film of decreasing thickness and increasing viscosity, or under the mask where no evaporation occurs. We further compare these results with experimental ones obtained by drying thin films of polymer solutions under a mask. Both the extent and amplitude of the thickness heterogeneities of the dry film are quantitatively predicted by the linear analysis for a reference state under the mask. Our results therefore provide new insight on the patterns resulting from evaporation masks and can be generalized to minimize thickness heterogeneities in any situation in which the evaporation flux is nonuniform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apolline Faidherbe
- CNRS, Surface du Verre et Interfaces, Saint-Gobain, 93300 Aubervilliers, France
| | | | | | - François Lequeux
- CNRS Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université 75005 Paris, France
| | - Laurence Talini
- CNRS, Surface du Verre et Interfaces, Saint-Gobain, 93300 Aubervilliers, France
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23
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Tô KÎ, Nagel SR. Rifts in rafts. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:905-912. [PMID: 36625396 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01451c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A particle raft floating on an expanding liquid substrate provides a macroscopic analog for studying material failure. The time scales in this system allow both particle-relaxation dynamics and rift formation to be resolved. In our experiments, a raft, an aggregate of particles, is stretched uniaxially by the expansion of the air-liquid interface on which it floats. Its failure morphology changes continuously with pulling velocity. This can be understood as a competition between two velocity scales: the speed of re-aggregation, in which particles relax towards a low-energy configuration determined by viscous and capillary forces, and the difference of velocity between neighboring particles caused by the expanding liquid surface area. This competition selects the cluster length, i.e., the distance between adjacent rifts. A model based on this competition is consistent with the experimental failure patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khá-Î Tô
- The Department of Physics, and the James Franck and Enrico Fermi Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Sidney R Nagel
- The Department of Physics, and the James Franck and Enrico Fermi Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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24
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Song T, Wu X, Xu J, Ye H, Shi W. Two-Level Optical Birefringence Created by Evaporation-Induced Polymer Crystallization in Sessile Droplets. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Song
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education; Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaoxue Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education; Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Advanced Materials Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haimu Ye
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Weichao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education; Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300071, China
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25
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In-situ and quantitative imaging of evaporation-induced stratification in binary suspensions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 630:666-675. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.10.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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26
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Stratified and gradient films by evaporation-induced stratification of bimodal latexes. Potential of confocal and scanning electron microscopy for compositional depth profiling. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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27
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Ye L, Li S, Huang X. Effect of Nanoparticle Addition on Evaporation of Jet Fuel Liquid Films and Nanoparticle Deposition Patterns during Evaporation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:15973-15983. [PMID: 36521023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Jet fuel-based nanofluid fuel has been proposed for improving the energy density and utilization efficiency of jet fuel that is widely applied in aircraft powered by aviation turbine engines. To recognize the evaporation behavior of the formed liquid film as a jet fuel-based nanofluid sprayed onto the engine wall or blades, this paper presents the evaporation and deposition characteristics of the jet fuel-based nanofluid liquid film adhering on the hydrophilic substrate. The changes in contact line, contact angle, volume, and deposition pattern during liquid film evaporation under different substrate temperatures, different nanoparticle concentrations, and different kinds of nanoparticle additions were investigated. The effect of nano-Al addition on the evaporation kinetics and deposition pattern of the nano-Al/jet fuel (nAl/JF) nanofluid fuel liquid film was explored. Repeated pinning and de-pinning of contact lines during evaporation occurred, resulting in the formation of concentric multi-ring deposition patterns. The addition of nano-Al increased the evaporation rate and shortened the evaporation lifetime, demonstrating a promotion effect on jet fuel liquid film evaporation. The existence of an energy barrier shows that the movement of three-phase contact lines on the hydrophilic solid surface presented not a continuous sliding behavior but a "stick-slip" behavior, and there were multiple jumps in contact lines and contact angles. Finally, a comparison was made with the deposition pattern of jet fuel liquid films with different graphite and Fe nanoparticle additions during evaporation. The mechanism of deposition phenomena was deeply revealed by the analysis of capillary flow and Marangoni recirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhui Ye
- Institute of Energy, Department of Physics, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou310018, China
| | - Shengji Li
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou310018, China
| | - Xuefeng Huang
- Institute of Energy, Department of Physics, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou310018, China
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28
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Niu Z, Gao H, Doi M, Zhou J, Xu Y. Interplay of Consolidation Fronts and Cracks in Drying Colloidal Coatings and Its Application in Controlling Crack Pattern Formation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:13880-13887. [PMID: 36377413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cracks are frequently observed in drying colloidal coatings. Although a rich collection of crack patterns has been reported, the systematic study on how cracks grow into the final morphology during the drying process remains elusive. In this work, we use directional drying channels with wedge-shaped edges of different angles to study the interplay of advancing consolidation fronts and propagating cracks. We found that although the shape of the advancing consolidation fronts is altered by the drying edge, the growth direction of the following cracks remains perpendicular to the consolidation fronts during the whole drying process, resulting in cracks with a large curvature. We rationalize the evolution of consolidation fronts with the distribution of capillary pressure revealed by a Laplace model. Further, the growth direction of cracks can be explained by the fracture mechanics mechanism that the main orientation of internal tensile stresses developed during the consolidation determines the crack growth direction. Utilizing this understanding, wavy crack patterns are generated in rectangular drying channels with an alternating temperature field, demonstrating a feasible method of designing and controlling drying-induced crack patterns for micro-/nano-fabrication applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia Niu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing100191, China
- Center of Soft Matter Physics and Its Applications, Beihang University, Beijing100191, China
| | - Han Gao
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing100191, China
| | - Masao Doi
- Center of Soft Matter Physics and Its Applications, Beihang University, Beijing100191, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang325000, China
| | - Jiajia Zhou
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Ye Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing100191, China
- Center of Soft Matter Physics and Its Applications, Beihang University, Beijing100191, China
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29
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Kundu M, Howard MP. Dynamic density functional theory for drying colloidal suspensions: Comparison of hard-sphere free-energy functionals. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:184904. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0118695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic density functional theory (DDFT) is a promising approach for predicting the structural evolution of a drying suspension containing one or more types of colloidal particles. The assumed free-energy functional is a key component of DDFT that dictates the thermodynamics of the model and, in turn, the density flux due to a concentration gradient. In this work, we compare several commonly used free-energy functionals for drying hard-sphere suspensions, including local-density approximations based on the ideal-gas, virial, and Boublík–Mansoori–Carnahan–Starling–Leland (BMCSL) equations of state as well as a weighted-density approximation based on fundamental measure theory (FMT). To determine the accuracy of each functional, we model one- and two-component hard-sphere suspensions in a drying film with varied initial heights and compositions, and we compare the DDFT-predicted volume fraction profiles to particle-based Brownian dynamics (BD) simulations. FMT accurately predicts the structure of the one-component suspensions even at high concentrations and when significant density gradients develop, but the virial and BMCSL equations of state provide reasonable approximations for smaller concentrations at a reduced computational cost. In the two-component suspensions, FMT and BMCSL are similar to each other but modestly overpredict the extent of stratification by size compared to BD simulations. This work provides helpful guidance for selecting thermodynamic models for soft materials in nonequilibrium processes, such as solvent drying, solvent freezing, and sedimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayukh Kundu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - Michael P. Howard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
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30
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Sui J. Self-growing nano-liquid-crystal film from dynamic swollen hydrogel substrates. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:054701. [PMID: 36559390 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.054701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A hydrogel which spontaneously swells in an aqueous polymer solution was observed to produce a new hydrogel film coated on its swollen surface. Here, inspired by this phenomenon, we theoretically formulate the dynamics of isotropic-to-nematic (I-N) phase transition caused by swelling a hydrogel substrate (HS) in a dilute nanoplatelet suspension, and quantitatively characterize a self-growing nano-liquid-crystal (NLC) film coated on the swollen HS surface. We show that as the HS gets softer, the resulting NLC film can form earlier and achieve greater thickness (up to hundreds of micrometers). Our results and the existing experiments confirm that the growth dynamics of the NLC film or hydrogel film is exclusively regulated by the swelling behaviors of the HS instead of suspension configurations, e.g., I-N phase transition or sol-gel transition, suggesting a universal signature for the solutes ranging from molecules to colloids. However, both the maximum thickness of the NLC film and the corresponding characteristic time rely highly on the inherent elasticity of the HS and nanoplatelet aspect ratio. We demonstrate that the swelling quasiequilibrium state rather than the equilibrium state of the HS is more qualified to formulate a condition which is practically significant in preestimating the moment when the maximum thickness of the NLC film appears. Our theoretical framework serves as a robust paradigm to extensively rationalize (bio)film coatings which self-integrate with diverse nanostructural configurations via swelling-induced phase transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jize Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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31
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Tang Y, McLaughlan JE, Grest GS, Cheng S. Modeling Solution Drying by Moving a Liquid-Vapor Interface: Method and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14193996. [PMID: 36235944 PMCID: PMC9573352 DOI: 10.3390/polym14193996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A method of simulating the drying process of a soft matter solution with an implicit solvent model by moving the liquid-vapor interface is applied to various solution films and droplets. For a solution of a polymer and nanoparticles, we observe “polymer-on-top” stratification, similar to that found previously with an explicit solvent model. Furthermore, “polymer-on-top” is found even when the nanoparticle size is smaller than the radius of gyration of the polymer chains. For a suspension droplet of a bidisperse mixture of nanoparticles, we show that core-shell clusters of nanoparticles can be obtained via the “small-on-outside” stratification mechanism at fast evaporation rates. “Large-on-outside” stratification and uniform particle distribution are also observed when the evaporation rate is reduced. Polymeric particles with various morphologies, including Janus spheres, core-shell particles, and patchy particles, are produced from drying droplets of polymer solutions by combining fast evaporation with a controlled interaction between the polymers and the liquid-vapor interface. Our results validate the applicability of the moving interface method to a wide range of drying systems. The limitations of the method are pointed out and cautions are provided to potential practitioners on cases where the method might fail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Tang
- Department of Physics, Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - John E. McLaughlan
- Department of Physics, Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Gary S. Grest
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - Shengfeng Cheng
- Department of Physics, Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-540-231-5767
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32
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Kajiya T, Sawai D, Miyata K, Miyashita Y, Noda H. Simple method to measure rheological properties of soft surfaces by a micro-needle contact. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2022; 45:76. [PMID: 36103057 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-022-00227-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We developed a simple method to investigate rheological properties of soft surfaces, such as polymeric liquids and colloidal suspensions, by capturing the images of a metal micro-needle inserted into the surface. At contact, a meniscus-like deformation is formed on the surface. By relating the shape of the deformation to the balance of applied forces, local elasticity and viscosity just inside the surface are obtained. With a facile setup and rapid measurement process, the present method can be implemented to variety of systems, for instance, drying sessile drops and small volume of liquid confined in a capillary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Kajiya
- Analysis Technology Center, Fujifilm Corporation, 210 Nakanuma, Minamiashigara, Kanagawa, 250-0193, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Sawai
- Analysis Technology Center, Fujifilm Corporation, 210 Nakanuma, Minamiashigara, Kanagawa, 250-0193, Japan
| | - Koji Miyata
- Analysis Technology Center, Fujifilm Corporation, 210 Nakanuma, Minamiashigara, Kanagawa, 250-0193, Japan
| | - Yosuke Miyashita
- Analysis Technology Center, Fujifilm Corporation, 210 Nakanuma, Minamiashigara, Kanagawa, 250-0193, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Noda
- Analysis Technology Center, Fujifilm Corporation, 210 Nakanuma, Minamiashigara, Kanagawa, 250-0193, Japan
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33
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Measurement of volume fraction distribution in a drying film by imaging with a digital camera. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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34
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Liu M, Yu S, He L, Ni Y. Recent progress on crack pattern formation in thin films. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:5906-5927. [PMID: 35920383 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00716a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fascinating pattern formation by quasi-static crack growth in thin films has received increasing interest in both interdisciplinary science and engineering applications. The paper mainly reviews recent experimental and theoretical progress on the morphogenesis and propagation of various quasi-static crack patterns in thin films. Several key factors due to changes in loading types and substrate confinement for choosing crack paths toward different patterns are summarized. Moreover, the effect of crack propagation coupled to other competing or coexisting stress-relaxation processes in thin films, such as interface debonding/delamination and buckling instability, on the formation and transition of crack patterns is discussed. Discussions on the sources and changes in the driving force that determine crack pattern evolution may provide guidelines for the reliability and failure mechanism of thin film structures by cracking and for controllable fabrication of various crack patterns in thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
| | - Senjiang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Novel Materials for Sensor of Zhejiang Province, College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| | - Linghui He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
| | - Yong Ni
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
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35
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Model-Based Evaluation of Drying Kinetics and Solvent Diffusion in Pharmaceutical Thin Film Coatings. Pharm Res 2022; 39:2017-2031. [PMID: 35927510 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03352-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fluid-bed coating processes make it possible to manufacture pharmaceutical products with tuneable properties. The choice of polymer type and coating thickness provides control over the drug release characteristics, and multi-layer pellet coatings can combine several active ingredients or achieve tailored drug release profiles. However, the fluid-bed coating is a parametrically sensitive process due to the simultaneous occurrence of polymer solution spraying and solvent evaporation. Designing a robust fluid-bed coating process requires the knowledge of thin film drying kinetics, which in turn critically depends on an accurate description of concentration-dependent solvent diffusion in the polymer. METHODS This work presents a mathematical model of thin film drying as an enabling tool for fluid-bed process design. A custom-built benchtop drying cell able to record and evaluate the drying kinetics of a chosen polymeric excipient has been constructed, validated, and used for data collection. RESULTS A semi-empirical mathematical model combining heat transfer, mass transfer, and film thickness evolution was formulated and used for estimating the solvent diffusion coefficient and solvent distribution in the polymer layer. The combined experimental and computational methodology was then used for analysing the drying kinetics of common polymeric excipients: poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and two grades of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. CONCLUSIONS The experimental setup together with the mathematical model represents a valuable tool for predictive modeling of pharmaceutical coating processes.
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36
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Zaibudeen A, Bandyopadhyay R. Correlating the drying kinetics and dried morphologies of aqueous colloidal gold droplets of different particle concentrations. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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37
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Ma X, Liu Z, Zeng W, Lin T, Tian X, Cheng X. Crack patterns of drying dense bacterial suspensions. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:5239-5248. [PMID: 35771131 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00012a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Drying of bacterial suspensions is frequently encountered in a plethora of natural and engineering processes. However, the evaporation-driven mechanical instabilities of dense consolidating bacterial suspensions have not been explored heretofore. Here, we report the formation of two different crack patterns of drying suspensions of Escherichia coli (E. coli) with distinct motile behaviors. Circular cracks are observed for wild-type E. coli with active swimming, whereas spiral-like cracks form for immotile bacteria. Using the elastic fracture mechanics and the poroelastic theory, we show that the formation of the circular cracks is determined by the tensile nature of the radial drying stress once the cracks are initiated by the local order structure of bacteria due to their collective swimming. Our study demonstrates the link between the microscopic swimming behaviors of individual bacteria and the mechanical instabilities and macroscopic pattern formation of drying bacterial films. The results shed light on the dynamics of active matter in a drying process and provide useful information for understanding various biological processes associated with drying bacterial suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Ma
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Zhengyang Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Wei Zeng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Tianyi Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Xin Tian
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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38
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Kumar S, Basavaraj MG, Satapathy DK. Effect of the Shape of the Confining Boundary and Particle Shape Anisotropy on the Morphology of Desiccation Cracks. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:7906-7913. [PMID: 35732025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The control of the morphology of desiccation cracks is fascinating not only from the application point of view but also from the rich physics behind it. Here, we present a seemingly simple method to tailor the morphology of desiccation cracks by exploitation of the combined effect of particle shape anisotropy and the shape of the confining boundary. This allows us to make circular, square, and triangular-shaped desiccation cracks in the vicinity of the confining boundaries. As the colloidal dispersion dries in confined wells, a drying front appears at the center of the well. With further evaporation, the drying front recedes toward the boundary from the center of the well. We show that the temporal evolution of the drying front is strongly influenced by the shape of the well. Subsequently, desiccation cracks appear in the penultimate stage of drying, and the morphology of the cracks is governed by the shape of the drying front and hence by the shape of the wells. The spatial evolution of the crack pattern is quantified by estimation of the curvature of the cracks, which suggests that the influence of the confining boundary on crack formation is long-ranged. However, the cracks in the dried deposit consisting of spherical particles remain unaffected by the shape of the well, and the cracks are always radial. We establish a one-to-one correspondence between the shape of the drying front and the morphology of the crack pattern in the final dried deposit of ellipsoids.
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39
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Lilin P, Bischofberger I. Criteria for Crack Formation and Air Invasion in Drying Colloidal Suspensions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:7442-7447. [PMID: 35605177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The drying of sessile drops of aqueous colloidal suspensions leads to the formation of a close-packed particle deposit. As water evaporates, a solidification front propagates from the edge of the drop toward the center, leaving behind a thin disk-shaped deposit. For drops with sufficiently large particle volume fractions, the deposit eventually covers the entire wetted area. In this regime, the dynamics of the deposit growth is governed by volume conservation across a large range of particle volume fractions and drying times. During drying, water flows radially through the deposit to compensate for evaporation over the solid's surface, creating a negative pore pressure in the deposit which we rationalize with a hydrodynamic model. We show that the pressure inside the deposit controls both the onset of crack formation and the onset of air invasion. Two distinct regimes of air invasion occur, which we can account for using the same model that further provides a quantitative criterion for the crossover between the two regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lilin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Irmgard Bischofberger
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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40
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Park JS, Yun J, Chun B, Jung HW. Mild stratification in drying films of colloidal mixtures. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:3487-3497. [PMID: 35438125 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00205a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Size stratification of bidisperse colloidal mixtures during vertical drying was investigated using the implicit solvent Langevin dynamics (LD) simulation and the explicit solvent lattice Boltzmann (LB) method. Simulations were performed for the Péclet number (Pe) over a wide range of 1-1000. In the case of a low size ratio of 2, mild stratification was observed in both simulation methods, in contrast to distinct stratification with thick "small-on-top" or "large-on-top" layers. The LD simulations exhibited a "small-on-top" stratification or mixed state. In contrast, the LB simulations exhibited a "large-on-top" or mixed state, according to the variation in Pe. The results demonstrated that the explicit solvent reduced the collective diffusion under moderate Pe conditions. This suppressed the steep concentration gradient of small particles in the packed region of particles near the air-solvent interface. Thus, distinguishable stratification patterns were obtained for the implicit and explicit solvent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Seok Park
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinseong Yun
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byoungjin Chun
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun Wook Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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41
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Chen Z, Pan W, Yao D, Gao M, Gao Y, Chen X, Krzywanski J, Wang F. Crack evolution during the film drying process of fuel cell microporous layer ink. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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42
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Kumar S, Kumar H, Basavaraj MG, Satapathy DK. Formation and suppression of secondary cracks in deposits of colloidal ellipsoids. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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43
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Ferreira A, Abbas M, Carvin P, Bacchin P. Colloid dynamics near phase transition: A model for the relaxation of concentrated layers. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.128222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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44
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Tirumkudulu MS, Punati VS. Solventborne Polymer Coatings: Drying, Film Formation, Stress Evolution, and Failure. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:2409-2414. [PMID: 35175055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polymer coatings find use in a wide range of industrial applications, from conventional paints and coatings in building and construction to the pharmaceutical industry, organic solar cell production, and lithium battery technology. Despite their importance, there are gaps in our understanding of the drying process, the stress development during drying, and their influence on the final mechanical properties of the dried film. This perspective focuses on the fundamental aspects of the drying and film formation process, highlights the gaps, and suggests directions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh S Tirumkudulu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Venugopala Swami Punati
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
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45
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NMR Profiling of Reaction and Transport in Thin Layers: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14040798. [PMID: 35215714 PMCID: PMC8963059 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Reaction and transport processes in thin layers of between 10 and 1000 µm are important factors in determining their performance, stability and degradation. In this review, we discuss the potential of high-gradient Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) as a tool to study both reactions and transport in these layers spatially and temporally resolved. As the NMR resolution depends on gradient strength, the high spatial resolution required in submillimeter layers can only be achieved with specially designed high-gradient setups. Three different high-gradient setups exist: STRAFI (STRay FIeld), GARField (Gradient-At-Right-angles-to-Field) and MOUSE (MObile Universal Surface Explorer). The aim of this review is to provide a detailed overview of the three techniques and their ability to visualize reactions and transport processes using physical observable properties such as hydrogen density, diffusion, T1- and T2-relaxation. Finally, different examples from literature will be presented to illustrate the wide variety of applications that can be studied and the corresponding value of the techniques.
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46
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Phase Diagram of Dairy Protein Mixes Obtained by Single Droplet Drying Experiments. Foods 2022; 11:foods11040562. [PMID: 35206038 PMCID: PMC8870937 DOI: 10.3390/foods11040562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dairy powders are mainly produced by droplet spray drying, an articulated process that enables the manufacture of high added-value goods with a long shelf life and well-preserved functional properties. Despite the recent advances, a full understanding of the mechanisms occurring at the droplet scale in drying towers and, consequently, of the impact of process parameters and processed fluid characteristics on the powder properties is far from being achieved. In the wake of previous studies based on a laboratory scale approach, in this work, we provided a global picture of the drying in droplets of dairy protein mixes, i.e., whey proteins and casein micelles, which represent crucial dairy powder ingredients. Using profile visualization and optical microscopy, we explored the shape evolution in droplets with a range of protein contents and compositions typical of commercial powder production. The observation favored the evaluation of the specific role of each protein on the evaporation dynamics, and led to the construction of a phase diagram predictive of the dry droplet shape starting from the characteristics of the initial protein dispersions. Our outcomes represent a further step shedding light on the paradigm linking the physics of drying at the microscale and the nutritional properties of complex dairy powders.
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47
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Nagai K, Osa T, Inoue G, Tsujiguchi T, Araki T, Kuroda Y, Tomizawa M, Nagato K. Sample-efficient parameter exploration of the powder film drying process using experiment-based Bayesian optimization. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1615. [PMID: 35136097 PMCID: PMC8826354 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05784-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Parameter optimization is a long-standing challenge in various production processes. Particularly, powder film forming processes entail multiscale and multiphysical phenomena, each of which is usually controlled by a combination of several parameters. Therefore, it is difficult to optimize the parameters either by numerical-model-based analysis or by “brute force” experiment-based exploration. In this study, we focus on a Bayesian optimization method that has led to breakthroughs in materials informatics. Specifically, we apply this method to exploration of production-process-parameter for the powder film forming process. To this end, a slurry containing a powder, polymer, and solvent was dropped, the drying temperature and time were controlled as parameters to be explored, and the uniformity of the fabricated film was evaluated. Using this experiment-based Bayesian optimization system, we searched for the optimal parameters among 32,768 (85) parameter sets to minimize defects. This optimization converged at 40 experiments, which is a substantially smaller number than that observed in brute-force exploration and traditional design-of-experiments methods. Furthermore, we inferred the mechanism corresponding to the unknown drying conditions discovered in the parameter exploration that resulted in uniform film formation. This demonstrates that a data-driven approach leads to high-throughput exploration and the discovery of novel parameters, which inspire further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Nagai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takayuki Osa
- Department of Human Intelligence Systems, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Fukuoka, 808-0135, Japan
| | - Gen Inoue
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takuya Tsujiguchi
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takuto Araki
- Department of Systems Integration, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kuroda
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Morio Tomizawa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nagato
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
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48
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Abdolhosseinzadeh S, Zhang CJ, Schneider R, Shakoorioskooie M, Nüesch F, Heier J. A Universal Approach for Room-Temperature Printing and Coating of 2D Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2103660. [PMID: 34693561 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Processing 2D materials into printable or coatable inks for the fabrication of functional devices has proven to be quite difficult. Additives are often used in large concentrations to address the processing challenges, but they drastically degrade the electronic properties of the materials. To remove the additives a high-temperature post-deposition treatment can be used, but this complicates the fabrication process and limits the choice of materials (i.e., no heat-sensitive materials). In this work, by exploiting the unique properties of 2D materials, a universal strategy for the formulation of additive-free inks is developed, in which the roles of the additives are taken over by van der Waals (vdW) interactions. In this new class of inks, which is termed "vdW inks", solvents are dispersed within the interconnected network of 2D materials, minimizing the dispersibility-related limitations on solvent selection. Furthermore, flow behavior of the inks and mechanical properties of the resultant films are mainly controlled by the interflake vdW attractions. The structure of the vdW inks, their rheological properties, and film-formation behavior are discussed in detail. Large-scale production and formulation of the vdW inks for major high-throughput printing and coating methods, as well as their application for room-temperature fabrication of functional films/devices are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Abdolhosseinzadeh
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chuanfang John Zhang
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - René Schneider
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Mahdieh Shakoorioskooie
- Laboratory for Concrete and Asphalt, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Center for X-ray Analytics, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute for Building Materials, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETHZ), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Frank Nüesch
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Heier
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Dübendorf, Switzerland
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49
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Bacchin P, Leng J, Salmon JB. Microfluidic Evaporation, Pervaporation, and Osmosis: From Passive Pumping to Solute Concentration. Chem Rev 2021; 122:6938-6985. [PMID: 34882390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Evaporation, pervaporation, and forward osmosis are processes leading to a mass transfer of solvent across an interface: gas/liquid for evaporation and solid/liquid (membrane) for pervaporation and osmosis. This Review provides comprehensive insight into the use of these processes at the microfluidic scales for applications ranging from passive pumping to the screening of phase diagrams and micromaterials engineering. Indeed, for a fixed interface relative to the microfluidic chip, these processes passively induce flows driven only by gradients of chemical potential. As a consequence, these passive-transport phenomena lead to an accumulation of solutes that cannot cross the interface and thus concentrate solutions in the microfluidic chip up to high concentration regimes, possibly up to solidification. The purpose of this Review is to provide a unified description of these processes and associated microfluidic applications to highlight the differences and similarities between these three passive-transport phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Bacchin
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Leng
- CNRS, Solvay, LOF, UMR 5258, Université de Bordeaux, 33600 Pessac, France
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50
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Keita C, Hallez Y, Salmon JB. Microfluidic osmotic compression of a charge-stabilized colloidal dispersion: Equation of state and collective diffusion coefficient. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:L062601. [PMID: 35030960 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.l062601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We show, using a model coupling mass transport and liquid theory calculations for a charge-stabilized colloidal dispersion, that diffusion significantly limits measurement times of its equation of state (EOS), osmotic pressure vs composition, using the osmotic compression technique. Following this result, we present a microfluidic chip allowing one to measure the entire EOS of a charged dispersion at the nanoliter scale in a few hours. We also show that time-resolved analyses of relaxation to equilibrium in this microfluidic experiment lead to direct estimates of the collective diffusion coefficient of the dispersion in Donnan equilibrium with a salt reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Keita
- CNRS, Solvay, LOF, UMR 5258, Université Bordeaux, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Yannick Hallez
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
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