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Photochemical On–Off Switching of One-Dimensional Photonic Crystals Consisting of Azo-Functionalized Liquid Crystal Polymer and Polyvinyl Alcohol. CRYSTALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst9120610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One-dimensional (1D) photonic crystals (PCs) are prepared from multi-bilayered films stacked with alternating azo-functionalized liquid crystal polymer (PAz) films and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films. Reflection with a wavelength that depends on the thickness of the films is observed, and the reflection can be turned on and off by switching between the two states, based on whether there is a difference in the refractive index between the two films. The refractive index change of PAz can be photochemically caused by a phase transition, based on the alignment states of the liquid crystal (LC). In this review, we focused on an effective photo-induced on–off switching approach in 1D PCs using LC properties and described the basic optical and chemical principles, the experimental results, and further optimizations.
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Okubo T. Determination of the Effective Charge Numbers of Colloidal Spheres by Electrophoretic Mobility Measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19870911017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Okubo T. Steady Flow Viscosity and Rigidity of Colloidal Spheres in Deionized Suspensions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.198800116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Burchard W, Frank M, Michel E. Particularities in static and dynamic light scattering from branched polyelectrolytes in comparison to their linear analogues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19961000621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Mohanty PS, Dietsch H, Rubatat L, Stradner A, Matsumoto K, Matsuoka H, Schurtenberger P. Synthesis and characterization of novel functional electrosterically stabilized colloidal particles prepared by emulsion polymerization using a strongly ionized amphiphilic diblock copolymer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:1940-1948. [PMID: 19199716 DOI: 10.1021/la803125v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Amphiphilic diblock copolymers such as poly(styrene)-block-poly(styrene sulfonate) (PS-b-PSS) (Matsuoka, H.; Maeda, S.; Kaewsaiha, P.; Matsumoto, K. Langmuir 2004, 20, 7412), belong to a class of new polymeric surfactants that ionize strongly in aqueous media. We investigated their self-assembly behavior in aqueous solutions and used them as an emulsifier to prepare electrosterically stabilized colloidal particles of different diameters between 70 to 400 nm. We determined the size, size polydispersity, effective charge, total dissociable charge, structural ordering, and phase behavior using light scattering, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), and potentiometric titration. These experiments clearly demonstrated that all of the synthesized particles were nearly monodisperse (polydispersity index<or=6%). The results of DLS and TEM clearly suggested the existence of hairy particles. The form factors obtained by SANS were well described by a polydisperse sphere model. The estimated total number of dissociable charges per particle was found to be larger than 10(4)e, whereas the effective charges per particle were found to be around 1000e. This significant difference suggested the confinement of charges inside the corona regions of the polyelectrolyte brush shell. Finally, these monodisperse particles were found to self-assemble into 3D ordered colloidal crystalline arrays at a low volume fraction (=0.00074) that diffract light in the visible region.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Mohanty
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, Fribourg Centre for Nanomaterials, Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Tata B, Kesavamoorthy R, Arora AK. On RMSA description of liquid order in dilute charged colloidal suspensions. Mol Phys 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00268978600100291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B.V.R. Tata
- a Materials Science Laboratory , Reactor Research Centre , Kalpakkam 603 102, Tamil Nadu , India
| | - R. Kesavamoorthy
- a Materials Science Laboratory , Reactor Research Centre , Kalpakkam 603 102, Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Akhilesh K. Arora
- a Materials Science Laboratory , Reactor Research Centre , Kalpakkam 603 102, Tamil Nadu , India
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm J. Grimson
- a AFRC Institute of Food Research , Colney Lane, Norwich , NR4 7UA , England
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Tata B, Mohanty P, Yamanaka J, Kawakami T. Dynamic Light Scattering Studies in Silica/Ethylene Glycol Charged Colloidal System. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/0892702031000152136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Mohanty PS, Kesavamoorthy R, Matsumoto K, Matsuoka H, Venkatesan KA. Synthesis and characterization of charged polystyrene-acrylic acid latex particles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:4552-7. [PMID: 16649763 DOI: 10.1021/la052995a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Novel, monodisperse charged colloidal particles of polystyrene cross linked with divinylbenzene and surface-grafted with acrylic acid were synthesized by emulsion polymerization and were characterized by estimating the dissociable surface charge by conductivity titration, the particle effective charge by conductivity verses particle concentration, and the particle size by dynamic light scattering and atomic force microscopy. The structural ordering and dynamics were investigated as a function of the volume fraction of the particles using static and dynamic light scattering, respectively. Furthermore, from the electrophoresis measurements, these particles are found to have a high salt tolerance due to increases in charge as a function of salt concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Mohanty
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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Quesada-Pérez M, Callejas-Fernández J, Hidalgo-Alvarez R. Interaction potentials, structural ordering and effective charges in dispersions of charged colloidal particles. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2002; 95:295-315. [PMID: 11843194 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-8686(01)00065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As colloidal dispersions of charged particles exhibit a wide variety of commercial, technological and scientific applications, a considerable theoretical effort has been devoted to finding an effective interaction potential from primitive models. The forces derived from this potential should justify the spatial ordering experimentally observed under certain conditions. This paper reviews the advances in these theoretical studies as well as some experiments (based on the mentioned order) that try to corroborate them. Special attention has been paid to the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) potential. Nowadays, many of these theoretical investigations suggest that it could be applied if some of its parameters are renormalized. Nevertheless, to achieve a renormalization procedure in a strict way (from a primitive model) is a difficult task as a result of the size and charge asymmetries between small ions and macroions. Thus, several procedures for computing renormalized charges in a simple way have been developed. However, the notion of effective charge has also been widely used (as a adjustable parameter) in order to justify results found for several kinds of colloids (like solid particle dispersions or micellar systems) by means of quite different experimental techniques. Renormalization (as well as ion condensation) approaches, experiments and the controversial relationship between theoretical and phenomenological effective charges are also reviewed in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Quesada-Pérez
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Jaén, Escuela Universitaria Politécnica de Linares, Spain
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Lumma D, Lurio LB, Borthwick MA, Falus P, Mochrie SG. Structure and dynamics of concentrated dispersions of polystyrene latex spheres in glycerol: static and dynamic x-ray scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 2000; 62:8258-8269. [PMID: 11138124 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.62.8258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy and small-angle x-ray scattering measurements are applied to characterize the dynamics and structure of concentrated suspensions of charge-stabilized polystyrene latex spheres dispersed in glycerol, for volume fractions between 2.7% and 52%. The static structures of the suspensions show essentially hard-sphere behavior. The short-time dynamics shows good agreement with predictions for the wave-vector-dependent collective diffusion coefficient, which are based on a hard-sphere model [C. W. J. Beenakker and P. Mazur, Physica A 126, 349 (1984)]. However, the intermediate scattering function is found to violate a scaling behavior found previously for a sterically stabilized hard-sphere suspension [P. N. Segre and P. N. Pusey, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 771 (1996)]. Our measurements are parametrized in terms of a viscoelastic model for the intermediate scattering function [W. Hess and R. Klein, Adv. Phys. 32, 173 (1983)]. Within this framework, two relaxation modes are predicted to contribute to the decay of the dynamic structure factor, with mode amplitudes depending on both wave vector and volume fraction. Our measurements indicate that, for particle volume fractions smaller than about 0.30, the intermediate scattering function is well described in terms of single-exponential decays, whereas a double-mode structure becomes apparent for more concentrated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lumma
- Department of Physics and Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, USA
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Lindsay HM, Dozier WD, Chaikin PM, Klein R, Hess W. On the viscosity and shear modulus of strongly interacting colloids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1088/0305-4470/19/13/023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Arora AK, Tata B. Interactions, structural ordering and phase transitions in colloidal dispersions. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0001-8686(98)00061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Delsanti M, Chang J, Lesieur P, Cabane B. Dynamic properties of aqueous dispersions of nanometric particles near the fluid–solid transition. J Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.472523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Cichocki B, Felderhof BU. Dynamic scattering function of a semidilute suspension of hard spheres. J Chem Phys 1993. [DOI: 10.1063/1.464523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Tata BV, Arora AK, Valsakumar MC. Reentrant phase transition in charged colloidal suspensions: A Monte Carlo study. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1993; 47:3404-3411. [PMID: 9960392 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.47.3404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Krause R, Nägele G, Arauz-Lara J, Weber R. Brownian motion in binary colloidal suspensions. J Colloid Interface Sci 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9797(92)90131-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Rundquist PA, Kesavamoorthy R, Jagannathan S, Asher SA. Collective diffusion in colloidal crystals. J Chem Phys 1991. [DOI: 10.1063/1.461283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Mallamace F, Micali N, D'Arrigo G. Dynamical effects of supramolecular aggregates in water-butoxyethanol mixtures studied by viscosity measurements. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1991; 44:6652-6658. [PMID: 9905793 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.44.6652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Graf C, Deggelmann M, Hagenbüchle M, Kramer H, Krause R, Martin C, Weber R. Dynamic light scattering by aqueous solutions of rodlike fd‐virus particles. J Chem Phys 1991. [DOI: 10.1063/1.461548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Rundquist PA, Kesavamoorthy R, Jagannathan S, Asher SA. Thermal diffuse scattering from colloidal crystals. J Chem Phys 1991. [DOI: 10.1063/1.461104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Kesavamoorthy R, Jagannathan S, Rundquist PA, Asher SA. Colloidal crystal photothermal dynamics. J Chem Phys 1991. [DOI: 10.1063/1.460554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Mallamace F, Micali N, Vasi C. Viscoelastic properties of charged colloids, polystyrene, and silica-water suspensions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1990; 42:7304-7311. [PMID: 9904045 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.42.7304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Cohen EGD, de Schepper IM. Effective eigenmode description of dynamical processes in dense classical fluids and fluid mixtures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02453309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Sirota EB, Ou-Yang HD, Sinha SK, Chaikin PM, Axe JD, Fujii Y. Complete phase diagram of a charged colloidal system: A synchro- tron x-ray scattering study. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1989; 62:1524-1527. [PMID: 10039696 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.62.1524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Okubo T. Microscopic observation of gas‐like, liquid‐like, and crystal‐like distributions of deionized colloidal spheres and the importance of the Debye‐screening length. J Chem Phys 1989. [DOI: 10.1063/1.455983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Okubo T. Microscopic observation of ordered colloids in sedimentation equilibrium and importance of Debye‐screening length. VII. Colloidal silica spheres (specific gravity=1.58). J Chem Phys 1988. [DOI: 10.1063/1.454444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Bagchi B, Thirumalai D. Freezing of a colloidal liquid subject to shear flow. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, GENERAL PHYSICS 1988; 37:2530-2538. [PMID: 9899961 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.37.2530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Rosenberg RO, Thirumalai D. Order-disorder transition in colloidal suspensions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, GENERAL PHYSICS 1987; 36:5690-5700. [PMID: 9898859 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.36.5690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Okubo T. Structural relaxation time and rigidity of deionized suspensions of monodisperse polystyrene latex spheres. J Chem Phys 1987. [DOI: 10.1063/1.453038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Tata B, Kesavamoorthy R, Sood A. Structure factor for a two component mixture of dilute colloidal suspensions. Mol Phys 1987. [DOI: 10.1080/00268978700101571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Peeters FM, Wu X. Wigner crystal of a screened-Coulomb-interaction colloidal system in two dimensions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, GENERAL PHYSICS 1987; 35:3109-3114. [PMID: 9898513 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.35.3109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Rosenberg RO, Thirumalai D. Structure and dynamics of screened-Coulomb colloidal liquids. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, GENERAL PHYSICS 1986; 33:4473-4476. [PMID: 9897215 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.33.4473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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A simple model for the interpretation of static structure factors of ion-exchanged latex suspensions. J Colloid Interface Sci 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9797(84)90247-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Shih W, Stroud D. Theoretical study of the freezing of polystyrene sphere suspensions. J Chem Phys 1983. [DOI: 10.1063/1.445730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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