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Ohno S, Konta S, Shindo R, Yamamoto K, Isobe R, Inaba Y, Suzuki M, Zuguchi M, Chida K. Effect of backscatter radiation on the occupational eye-lens dose. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2024; 65:450-458. [PMID: 38818635 PMCID: PMC11262866 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrae034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
We quantified the level of backscatter radiation generated from physicians' heads using a phantom. We also evaluated the shielding rate of the protective eyewear and optimal placement of the eye-dedicated dosimeter (skin surface or behind the Pb-eyewear). We performed diagnostic X-rays of two head phantoms: Styrofoam (negligible backscatter radiation) and anthropomorphic (included backscatter radiation). Radiophotoluminescence glass dosimeters were used to measure the eye-lens dose, with or without 0.07-mm Pb-equivalent protective eyewear. We used tube voltages of 50, 65 and 80 kV because the scattered radiation has a lower mean energy than the primary X-ray beam. The backscatter radiation accounted for 17.3-22.3% of the eye-lens dose, with the percentage increasing with increasing tube voltage. Furthermore, the shielding rate of the protective eyewear was overestimated, and the eye-lens dose was underestimated when the eye-dedicated dosimeter was placed behind the protective eyewear. We quantified the backscatter radiation generated from physicians' heads. To account for the effect of backscatter radiation, an anthropomorphic, rather than Styrofoam, phantom should be used. Close contact of the dosimeter with the skin surface is essential for accurate evaluation of backscatter radiation from physician's own heads. To assess the eye-lens dose accurately, the dosimeter should be placed near the eye. If the dosimeter is placed behind the lens of the protective eyewear, we recommend using a backscatter radiation calibration factor of 1.2-1.3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saya Ohno
- Department of Radiological Technology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Satoe Konta
- Department of Radiological Technology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ryota Shindo
- Department of Radiological Technology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yamamoto
- Department of Radiological Technology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Rio Isobe
- Department of Radiological Technology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yohei Inaba
- Department of Radiological Technology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Division of Radiological Disasters and Medical Science, Department of Disaster Medicine, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, 6-6-4, Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Suzuki
- Department of Radiological Technology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Division of Radiological Disasters and Medical Science, Department of Disaster Medicine, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, 6-6-4, Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Masayuki Zuguchi
- Department of Radiological Technology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Koichi Chida
- Department of Radiological Technology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Division of Radiological Disasters and Medical Science, Department of Disaster Medicine, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, 6-6-4, Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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D'Alessio A, Matheoud R, Cannillo B, Guzzardi G, Galbani F, Galbiati A, Spinetta M, Stanca C, Tettoni SM, Carriero A, Brambilla M. Evaluation of operator eye exposure and eye protective devices in interventional radiology: Results on clinical staff and phantom. Phys Med 2023; 110:102603. [PMID: 37178623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2023.102603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess occupational eye lens dose based on clinical monitoring of interventional radiologists and to assess personal protective eyewear (PPE) efficacy through measurements with anthropomorphic phantom. METHODS Two positions of the operator with respect to X-ray beam were simulated with phantom. Dose reduction factor (DRF) of four PPE was assessed, as well as correlation between eye lens and whole-body doses. Brain dose was also assessed. Five radiologists were monitored for one-year clinical procedures. All subjects were equipped with whole-body dosimeter placed over lead apron at the chest level and eye lens dosimeter placed over the left side of the PPE. Kerma-Area Product (KAP) of procedures performed during the monitoring period was recorded. The correlation of eye lens dose with whole-body dose and KAP was assessed. RESULTS DRF was 4.3/2.4 for wraparound glasses, 4.8/1.9 for fitover glasses, 9.1/6.8 for full-face visor in radial/femoral geometries. DRF of half-face visor depended on how it is worn (range 1.0-4.9). Statistically significant correlation between dose value over the PPE and chest dose was observed, while there was no correlation between eye lens dose and chest dose. The results on clinical staff showed statistically significant correlation between dose values over the PPE and KAP. CONCLUSIONS All PPE showed significant DRF in all configurations, provided they were worn correctly. Single DRF value is not applicable to all clinical situations. KAP is a valuable tool for determining appropriate radiation protection measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D'Alessio
- Medical Physics Department, University Hospital "Maggiore della Carità", Novara, Italy.
| | - Roberta Matheoud
- Medical Physics Department, University Hospital "Maggiore della Carità", Novara, Italy
| | - Barbara Cannillo
- Medical Physics Department, University Hospital "Maggiore della Carità", Novara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Guzzardi
- Radiology Department, University Hospital "Maggiore della Carità", Novara, Italy
| | - Francesca Galbani
- Radiology Department, University Hospital "Maggiore della Carità", Novara, Italy
| | - Andrea Galbiati
- Radiology Department, University Hospital "Maggiore della Carità", Novara, Italy
| | - Marco Spinetta
- Radiology Department, University Hospital "Maggiore della Carità", Novara, Italy
| | - Carmelo Stanca
- Radiology Department, University Hospital "Maggiore della Carità", Novara, Italy
| | - Serena Maria Tettoni
- Radiology Department, University Hospital "Maggiore della Carità", Novara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Carriero
- Radiology Department, University Hospital "Maggiore della Carità", Novara, Italy
| | - Marco Brambilla
- Medical Physics Department, University Hospital "Maggiore della Carità", Novara, Italy
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Fukushima K, Matsubara K, Tanabe M, Ito H. Eye lens dose for medical staff assisting patients during computed tomography: comparison of several types of radioprotective glasses. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2023; 43:021505. [PMID: 37023744 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/accaf1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Medical staff sometimes assists patients in the examination room during computed tomography (CT) scans for several purposes. This study aimed to investigate the dose reduction effects of four radioprotective glasses with different lead equivalents and lens shapes. A medical staff phantom was positioned assuming body movement restraint of the patient during chest CT, and Hp(3) at the eye surfaces of the medical staff phantom and inside the lens of the four types of radioprotective glasses were measured by changing the distance of the staff phantom from the gantry, eye height, and width of the nose pad. The Hp(3) at the right eye surface with glasses of 0.50-0.75 mmPb and 0.07 mmPb was approximately 83.5% and 58.0%, respectively, lower than that without radioprotective glasses. The dose reduction rates at left eye surface increased with over-glass type glasses by 14%-28% by increasing the distance from the CT gantry to the staff phantom from 25 to 65 cm. The dose reduction rates at the left eye surface decreased with over-glass type glasses by 26%-31% by increasing the height of the eye lens for the medical staff phantom from 130 to 170 cm. The Hp(3) on the left eye surface decreased by 46.9% with the widest nose pad width compared to the narrowest nose pad width for the glasses with adjustable nose pad width. The radioprotective glasses for staff assisting patients during CT examinations should have a high lead equivalent and no gap around the nose and under the front lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Fukushima
- Department of Quantum Medical Technology, Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kosuke Matsubara
- Department of Quantum Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Mariko Tanabe
- Department of Radiological Technology, School of Health Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Department of Quantum Medical Technology, Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
- Department of Radiology, Eastern Chiba Medical Center, 3-6-2 Okayamadai, Togane, Chiba, Japan
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Nakajima E, Sato H. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TYPES OF PROTECTIVE EYEWEAR AND EYE LENS DOSE WITHIN ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2022; 198:1399-1408. [PMID: 36065032 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncac181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, variations in eye lens dose across different types of protective operator eyewear as well as the most appropriate protective methods when conducting endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography were evaluated. The eye lens doses of 10 types of commercially available protective eyewear were compared. The ratio of the measured value near the eye to the measured value at the eye lens position ranged from 0.65 to 5.40 and it varied according to the mounting position of the dosemeter as well as the type of protective eyewear. Thus, the eye lens dose may have been overestimated or underestimated. Regardless of the working conditions, a face shield type of protective eyewear is recommended to reduce the eye lens dose. Moreover, it is preferable to attach a lens dosemeter near the eye to measure and evaluate the eye lens dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Nakajima
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, 300-0394, 4669-2 Ami Amimachi Inashiki County, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sato
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, 300-0394, 4669-2 Ami Amimachi Inashiki County, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan
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Samara ET, Cester D, Furlan M, Pfammatter T, Frauenfelder T, Stüssi A. Efficiency evaluation of leaded glasses and visors for eye lens dose reduction during fluoroscopy guided interventional procedures. Phys Med 2022; 100:129-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2022.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Akahane M, Yoshioka N, Kiryu S. Radiation Protection of the Eye Lens in Fluoroscopy-guided Interventional Procedures. INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY 2022; 7:44-48. [PMID: 36196387 PMCID: PMC9527101 DOI: 10.22575/interventionalradiology.2022-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The medical staff involved in fluoroscopy-guided procedures are at potential risks of radiation-induced cataract. Therefore, proper monitoring of the lens doses is critical, and radiation protection should be provided to the maximum extent that is reasonably achievable. The collar dosimeter is necessary to avoid underestimation of the lens dose, and the third dosimeter behind the protective eyewear would be helpful for those who are likely to exceed the dose limit. The reduction of the patient doses will correspondingly reduce the staff doses. Proper placement of the ceiling-mounted shields and minimization of the face-to-glass gap are the keys to effective shielding. The optimization of procedures and devices that help maintain a distance from the irradiated area and to prevent the looking-up posture will substantially reduce the lens dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Akahane
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare
| | - Naoki Yoshioka
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare
| | - Shigeru Kiryu
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare
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Chida K. What are useful methods to reduce occupational radiation exposure among radiological medical workers, especially for interventional radiology personnel? Radiol Phys Technol 2022; 15:101-115. [PMID: 35608759 DOI: 10.1007/s12194-022-00660-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Protection against occupational radiation exposure in clinical settings is important. This paper clarifies the present status of medical occupational exposure protection and possible additional safety measures. Radiation injuries, such as cataracts, have been reported in physicians and staff who perform interventional radiology (IVR), thus, it is important that they use shielding devices (e.g., lead glasses and ceiling-suspended shields). Currently, there is no single perfect radiation shield; combinations of radiation shields are required. Radiological medical workers must be appropriately educated in terms of reducing radiation exposure among both patients and staff. They also need to be aware of the various methods available for estimating/reducing patient dose and occupational exposure. When the optimizing the dose to the patient, such as eliminating a patient dose that is higher than necessary, is applied, exposure of radiological medical workers also decreases without any loss of diagnostic benefit. Thus, decreasing the patient dose also reduces occupational exposure. We propose a novel four-point policy for protecting medical staff from radiation: patient dose Optimization, Distance, Shielding, and Time (pdO-DST). Patient dose optimization means that the patient never receives a higher dose than is necessary, which also reduces the dose received by the staff. The patient dose must be optimized: shielding is critical, but it is only one component of protection from radiation used in medical procedures. Here, we review the radiation protection/reduction basics for radiological medical workers, especially for IVR staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Chida
- Department of Radiological Technology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan. .,Division of Disaster Medicine, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan.
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8
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Occupational radiation dose and protection to the eye lens for interventional cardiology operators. RADIAT MEAS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2022.106778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Chen H, Shan LY, Ma T, Wang Y, Feng Z, Dong DH, Lv Y, Zhu HY. Remote-controlled cholangiography injection device: first clinical study in China. BMC Gastroenterol 2022; 22:12. [PMID: 34996384 PMCID: PMC8742431 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-021-02087-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND X-ray cholangiography is of great value in the imaging of biliary tract diseases; however, occupational radiation exposure is unavoidable. Moreover, clinicians must manually inject the contrast dye, which may result in a relatively high incidence of adverse reactions due to unstable injection pressure. Thus, there is a need to develop a novel remote-controlled cholangiography injection device. METHODS Patients with external biliary drainage requiring cholangiography were included. A remote-controlled injection device was developed with three major components: an injection pump, a pressure sensor, and a wireless remote-control panel. Image quality, adverse reactions, and radiation dose were evaluated. RESULTS Different kinds of X-ray cholangiography were successfully and smoothly performed using this remote-controlled injection device in all patients. The incidence of adverse reactions in the device group was significantly lower than that in the manual group (4.17% vs. 13.9%, P = 0.001), and increasing the injection pressure increased the incidence of adverse reactions. In addition, the device helped operators avoid ionizing radiation completely. CONCLUSIONS With good control of injection pressure (within 10 kPa), the remote-controlled cholangiography injection device could replace the need for the doctor to inject contrast agent with good security and effectivity. It is expected to be submitted for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chen
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Li-Yu Shan
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Tao Ma
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yue Wang
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Zhe Feng
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Ding-Hui Dong
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yi Lv
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Hao-Yang Zhu
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China. .,Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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10
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Ebrahimi-Khankook A, Vejdani-Noghreiyan A, Ziyaei-Laeen S. Investigation of the effect of using radiation protective glasses on the photon fluence-to-dose conversion coefficients of eye substructures. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2021; 41:1093-1109. [PMID: 34161936 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ac0df2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of radiation protective glasses is common in radiation-contaminated environments. However, the effect of these glasses has not yet been investigated on the fluence-to-dose conversion coefficients (DCCs). The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of five types of gamma ray protective glasses on the photon fluence-to-DCCs of different eye substructures. For this purpose, a real eye model has been used and its conversion coefficients have been calculated in the presence of five types eye protective glasses with chemical formulae of ZnO-PbO-B2O3, Bi2O3-PbO-B2O3, PbO-B2O3, PbO-BaO-Na2O-MgO-B2O3and BaO-Nb2O3-P2O5. Calculations were performed for monoenergetic photon sources, whose energy ranges from 0.02 to 10 MeV, with different polar and azimuthal angles. The results indicate that the use of radiation protective glasses has acceptable effects on reducing the fluence-to-DCCs only at low photon energies up to 500 keV. At medium energy levels up to about 1 MeV, the effect of the glasses is negligible. However, at high energies it increases the fluence-to-DCCs for sensitive parts of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shirin Ziyaei-Laeen
- Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Neyshabur, Neyshabur, Iran
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11
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Imai S, Akahane M, Ogata Y, Tanki N, Sato H, Tameike K. Occupational eye lens dose in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography using a dedicated eye lens dosimeter. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2021; 41:579-589. [PMID: 34102616 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ac091f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Increased x-ray exposure to physicians' eye lenses during radiology procedures is a significant concern. In this study, x-ray exposure to the eye was measured using an anthropomorphic head phantom, with and without radiation-protective devices, to examine the dose of x-ray radiation that physicians are exposed to during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). X-ray exposure of the eye was measured using novel dedicated direct eye lens dosimeters that could specifically measureHp(3) during the ERCP procedure. The spatial dose in the height direction of the physician was measured using an ionization chamber dosimeter. Eye dosimeters were attached inside and outside the lead (Pb) glasses attached to the head of the human phantom to demonstrate its protective effect. Irradiation from the system lasted for 30 min. When the overcouch x-ray tube system is used, the cumulative radiation dose over the 30 min x-ray fluoroscopy time, without the use of radiation-protective devices, to the left and right eyes was 3.7 and 1.5 mSv, respectively. This dose was estimated to be the dose to the lens per therapeutic ERCP examination. With radiation-protective glasses, the dose reduced to 1.8 and 1.0 mSv for the left and right eye, respectively. The results of our study indicated that radiation exposure to the eye was reduced by up to 80.0% using Pb glasses and by 96.8% using radiation-protective curtains. Our study indicates that a physician's maximum radiation exposure to the eyes during an ERCP procedure may be above the level recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection when the physician does not use radiation-protective devices. The eyewear, which is larger and fitted more closely to the face, provided a better protection effect even with a low lead equivalence, demonstrating that the shape of eyewear is important for protective function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Imai
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Yuji Ogata
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Tanki
- Brain Activity Imaging Center, ATR-Promotions Inc., Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sato
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan
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Yamada R, Saimyo Y, Tanaka K, Hattori A, Umeda Y, Kuroda N, Tsuboi J, Hamada Y, Takei Y. Usefulness of an additional lead shielding device in reducing occupational radiation exposure during interventional endoscopic procedures: An observational study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e21831. [PMID: 32846829 PMCID: PMC7447393 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000021831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoption of interventional endoscopic procedures is increasing with increasing prevalence of diseases. However, medical radiation exposure is concerning; therefore, radiation protection for medical staff is important. However, there is limited information on the usefulness of an additional lead shielding device during interventional endoscopic procedures. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether an additional lead shielding device protects medical staff from radiation.An X-ray unit (CUREVISTA; Hitachi Medical Systems, Tokyo, Japan) with an over-couch X-ray system was used. Fluoroscopy-associated scattered radiation was measured using a water phantom placed at the locations of the endoscopist, assistant, nurse, and clinical engineer. For each location, measurements were performed at the gonad and thyroid gland/eye levels. Comparisons were performed between with and without the additional lead shielding device and with and without a gap in the shielding device. Additionally, a clinical study was performed with 27 endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography procedures.The scattered radiation dose was lower with than without additional lead shielding at all medical staff locations and decreased by 84.7%, 82.8%, 78.2%, and 83.7%, respectively, at the gonad level and by 89.2%, 86.4%, 91.2%, and 87.0%, respectively, at the thyroid gland/eye level. Additionally, the scattered radiation dose was lower without than with a gap in the shielding device at all locations.An additional lead shielding device could protect medical staff from radiation during interventional endoscopic procedures. However, gaps in protective equipment reduce effectiveness and should be eliminated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yusuke Saimyo
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Ise Red Cross Hospital, Ise
| | - Kyosuke Tanaka
- Department of Endoscopy, Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | | | - Yuhei Umeda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
| | | | - Junya Tsuboi
- Department of Endoscopy, Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Hamada
- Department of Endoscopy, Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Mie, Japan
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Domienik-Andrzejewska J, Brodecki M, Zmyślony M. CORRELATION OF EYE LENS DOSES AND PERSONAL DOSE EQUIVALENT MEASURED ON THE ARM OF INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGISTS FOR A RETROSPECTIVE ASSESSMENT OF DOSES TO OPERATORS' EYE LENS. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2020; 189:271-278. [PMID: 32236421 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncaa039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Coefficients converting the readings of the whole body dosemeter worn on the left arm to eye lens doses were determined by analysing the correlations between Hp(10) and Hp(3) values. Doses were measured on a phantom for specific C-arm projections typically used during CA/PCI procedures. In order to estimate the cumulative eye lens doses, conversion coefficients were then applied to the dose records of interventional cardiologists collected in the database of dosimetry service between the years 1995 and 2009. The Hp(10) to Hp(3) conversion coefficients are 0.29 (CV = 34%) and 0.17 (CV = 42%) for left and right eye lens, respectively. However, they can vary from one laboratory to another depending on working technique. From among 61 interventional cardiologists, none exceeded the threshold dose of 0.5 Gy for eye lens opacities. However, 44% of interventional cardiologists were likely to exceed the annual limit of 20 mSv for the most exposed eye at least once in the analysed time period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Domienik-Andrzejewska
- Radiation Protection Department, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 St. Teresa Str, Łódź 91-348, Poland
| | - Marcin Brodecki
- Radiation Protection Department, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 St. Teresa Str, Łódź 91-348, Poland
| | - Marek Zmyślony
- Radiation Protection Department, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 St. Teresa Str, Łódź 91-348, Poland
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Petrucci C. Review of experimental estimates for the protection afforded by eyewear for interventional x-ray staff. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2020; 40:R46-R70. [PMID: 32143203 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ab7d8c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper attempts to systematise all published experimental results for the dose reduction factor (DRF) offered by leaded eyewear on clinicians performing interventional procedures. We aim to present a comprehensive analysis of the issue and a comparison of the various equipment models at different exposure geometries. The main purpose of the paper is, however, to clarify the best choice for the DRF within the possible diverse contexts and approaches to eye lens dose assessment. Evidence has been obtained that the lowest estimates of DRF are associated with larger scatter incidence angles and that, except for the slightly better performance exhibited by wraparound eyeglasses, there is no real distinction between the DRFs for the different equipment categories. The dataset as a whole confirms that, when measurements for the concerned eyewear model and irradiation conditions are unattainable, assuming DRF = 2 represents an adequately conservative choice. Nonetheless, this value includes only 17% of all results from the literature, whereas their histogram follows a distribution skewed towards higher values, represented by a median equal to 5. Therefore, if more realistic dose reconstructions are necessary, such as for purposes of epidemiological investigations or compensation decisions, the adoption of this central tendency index appears to be more reasonable. The complexity of characterising the DRF behaviour as a function of the various exposure factors reinforces the consideration of a statistical approach to eye lens dose assessment as a viable alternative. In this perspective, assuming for DRF a lognormal distribution with parameters [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] which has been verified to satisfactorily approximate the literature data distribution, should be deemed to be an appropriate option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Petrucci
- Department of Medicine, Epidemiology, Workplace and Environmental Hygiene, National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work (INAIL), via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Roma, Italy
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Kirkwood ML, Klein A, Guild J, Arbique G, Xi Y, Tsai S, Ramanan B, Timaran C. Novel modification to leaded eyewear results in significant operator eye radiation dose reduction. J Vasc Surg 2020; 72:2139-2144. [PMID: 32276011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2020.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ocular radiation exposure from fluoroscopically guided interventions (FGIs) can cause cataracts. Standard lead eyewear may not significantly reduce eye radiation dose as the majority of scattered radiation penetrates the operator's eye obliquely. Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of standard leaded eyewear and a customized eyewear design in lowering eye radiation dose to vascular surgeons. METHODS The attenuating efficacy of three forms of leaded eyewear (standard eyewear, eyewear with built-in leaded side shields, and our modified eyewear) was tested in both a simulated setting and clinical practice. The modified design consisted of safety eyewear with 0.75 mm of added lead shielding attached to the lateral and inferior borders of the eyewear frame to attenuate oblique radiation. We performed simulated experiments using an anthropomorphic head phantom (ATOM model 701; CIRS, Norfolk, Va) positioned to represent a primary operator performing right femoral access. Optically stimulated, luminescent nanoDot detectors (Landauer, Glenwood, Ill) were placed inside the phantom's ocular spaces and at the surface of the left eye within and outside the leaded glasses to measure the eye radiation dose reduction provided by each eyewear type. All three eyewear types were also tested during clinical FGIs by placing nanoDots below the operator's left eye, inside and outside of the eyewear coverage. Means and standard errors were calculated using a pooled linear mixed model with repeated measurements. RESULTS This prospective, single-center study included 60 FGIs, 30 with traditional eyewear and 30 with our modified design. There was no significant eye radiation dose reduction (P > .05) with the standard eyewear or leaded side shield eyewear in both the simulated and clinical settings. In the simulated environment, our modified design resulted in an 86% radiation dose reduction to the surface of the left eye and an 80% reduction in left lens radiation dose (P < .0001). In the clinical FGIs, the modified eyewear led to a 62% left ocular radiation dose reduction (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Standard lead-equivalent glasses are ineffective at reducing ocular radiation dose during FGIs. Eyewear modification with lateral and inferior lead shielding molded to the operator's face significantly decreases radiation exposure to the eye closest to the X-ray source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L Kirkwood
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex.
| | - Andrea Klein
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex
| | - Jeffrey Guild
- Division of Medical Physics, Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex
| | - Gary Arbique
- Division of Medical Physics, Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex
| | - Yin Xi
- Division of Medical Physics, Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex
| | - Shirling Tsai
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex
| | - Bala Ramanan
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex
| | - Carlos Timaran
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex
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Honorio da Silva E, Martin CJ, Vanhavere F, Buls N. A study of the underestimation of eye lens dose with current eye dosemeters for interventional clinicians wearing lead glasses. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2020; 40:215-224. [PMID: 31703213 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ab55ca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The reduction in the occupational dose limit of the eye lens has created the need for optimising eye protection and dose assessment, in particular for interventional clinicians. Lead glasses are one of the protection tools for shielding the eyes, but assessing the eye lens dose when these are in place remains challenging. In this study, we evaluated the impact of the position of H p (3) dosemeters on the estimated eye lens dose when lead glasses are used in interventional settings. Using the Monte Carlo method (MCNPX), an interventional cardiology setup was simulated for two models of lead glasses, five beam projections and two patient access routes. H p (3) dosemeters were placed at several positions on the operator and the obtained dose was compared to the dose to the sensitive part of the eye lens (H lens). Furthermore, to reproduce an experimental setup, a reference dosemeter, H p (3)ref, was placed on the surface of the eye. The dose measured by H p (3)ref was, on average, only 60% of H lens. Dosemeters placed on the glasses, under their shielding, underestimated H lens for all parameters considered, by from 10% up to 90%. Conversely, dosemeters placed on the head or on the glasses, over their shielding, overestimated H lens, on average, up to 60%. The presence or lack of side shielding in lead glasses affected mostly dosemeters placed on the forehead, at the left side. Results suggest that both use of a correction factor of 0.5 to account for the presence of lead glasses in doses measured outside their shielding and placing an eye lens dosemeter immediately beneath the lenses of lead glasses may lead to the underestimation of the eye lens dose. Most suitable positions for eye lens dose assessment were on the skin, unshielded by the glasses or close to the eye, with no correction to the dose measured.
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Lian ME, Tsai YH, Li IG, Hong YH, Chang SL, Tsai HY. Occupational radiation dose to the eye lens of physicians from departments of interventional radiology. RADIAT MEAS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2020.106276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Hernández C, Durán A, Cortés MC. Lesiones oculares y radiación ionizante. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE CARDIOLOGÍA 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rccar.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Scheidemann-Wesp U, Gianicolo EAL, Cámara RJ, Wegener A, Buchner SE, Schwenn O, Höck A, Buchner H, Lorenz K, Vossmerbaeumer U, Böhm M, Kohnen T, Wollschläger D, Singer S, Blettner M, Hammer GP. Ionising radiation and lens opacities in interventional physicians: results of a German pilot study. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2019; 39:1041-1059. [PMID: 31626593 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ab2771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the feasibility of an epidemiological study on the risk of radiation-related lens opacities among interventional physicians in Germany. In a regional multi-centre pilot study associated with a European project, we tested the recruitment strategy, a European questionnaire on work history for the latter dosimetry calculation and the endpoint assessment. 263 interventional physicians and 129 non-exposed colleagues were invited. Questionnaires assessed eligibility criteria, risk factors for cataract, and work history relating to occupational exposure to ionising radiation, including details on type and amount of procedures performed, radiation sources, and use of protective equipment. Eye examinations included regular inspection by an ophthalmologist, digital slit lamp images graded according to the lens opacities classification system, and Scheimpflug camera measurements. 46 interventional (17.5%) and 30 non-exposed physicians (23.3%) agreed to participate, of which 42 and 19, respectively, met the inclusion criteria. Table shields and ceiling suspended shields were used as protective equipment by 85% and 78% of the interventional cardiologists, respectively. However, 68% of them never used lead glasses. More, although minor, opacifications were diagnosed among the 17 interventional cardiologists participating in the eye examinations than among the 18 non-exposed (59% versus 28%), mainly nuclear cataracts in interventional cardiologists and cortical cataracts in the non-exposed. Opacification scores calculated from Scheimpflug measurements were higher among the interventional cardiologists, especially in the left eye (56% versus 28%). Challenges of the approach studied include the dissuading time investment related to pupil dilatation for the eye examinations, the reliance on a retrospective work history questionnaire to gather exposure-relevant information for dose reconstructions and its length, resulting in a low participation rate. Dosimetry data are bound to get better when the prospective lens dose monitoring as foreseen by 2013 European Directives is implemented and doses are recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Scheidemann-Wesp
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
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20
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Angular dependence of shielding effect of radiation protective eyewear for radiation protection of crystalline lens. Radiol Phys Technol 2019; 12:401-408. [PMID: 31617146 DOI: 10.1007/s12194-019-00538-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Radiation protective (RP) eyewear effectively protects crystalline lenses from radiation exposure. A drawback of RP eyewear is the angular dependence of the shielding effect, which results from the design of the eyewear. In this study, 21 models of RP eyewear with different designs and lead equivalences were assessed. Each piece of RP eyewear was hung on a Styrofoam phantom that imitated the head, and a 0.125-cc ionization chamber dosimeter was placed at the position of the crystalline lens. The differences in angular dependence of the shielding effect were evaluated by changing the irradiation angle, and parameters that improved the angular dependence of the shielding effect-sufficient lead equivalence, large coverage design, and minimum gap between the crystalline lens and the RP eyewear-were identified. Thus, the findings highlight the importance of selecting RP eyewear according to the angular distribution and the nature of radiation exposure in the workplace for radiation workers.
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21
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Morishima Y, Chida K, Meguro T. Effectiveness of additional lead shielding to protect staff from scattering radiation during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography procedures. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2018; 59:225-232. [PMID: 29409055 PMCID: PMC5951079 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrx039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is often complex and involves long fluoroscopic times, with significant radiation exposure to medical staff. We investigated protective effects of an additional attached lead shielding device. The lead shielding device covered with the X-ray tube table (0.125 mm lead equivalent) during ERCP procedures. Fluoroscopy scatter radiation, with or without the lead shielding device, was measured using an acrylic phantom and a radiation survey meter. Measurements (25 points) were made at 50 cm intervals, at both 90 and 150 cm above the floor. We created radiation maps, with and without the additional lead shielding device. Moreover, we monitored annual staff exposure to radiation, before and after inclusion of the shielding device. Without additional shielding, exposure doses at the physician's position, 90 and 150 cm above the floor, were 1940 and 4040 (μSv/h) respectively. In contrast, with the shielding device, corresponding exposures were 270 and 450 (μSv/h) at 90 and 150 cm, respectively. Scattered radiation was decreased by 86.1% at 90 cm or 88.9% at 150 cm. However, with additional lead shielding in the middle, rather than hung over the operating table, scattered radiation was decreased by only ~10%. The staff's annual dose equivalents (DEs) were 12.2-29.8 mSv/year without and 3.8-8.4 mSv/year with lead shielding. With lead shielding, dose equivalent values for the staff were decreased by 41.0-76.5%. Thus, with additional lead shielding, properly used, scattered radiation would be decreased by ~90%, thus decreasing exposure doses to medical staff during ERCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Morishima
- Department of Radiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital, 1-12-1 Fukumuro, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-8512, Japan
- Department of Radiological Technology, Tohoku University School of Health Sciences, 2-1 Seiryo Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Koichi Chida
- Department of Radiological Technology, Tohoku University School of Health Sciences, 2-1 Seiryo Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Meguro
- Gastroenterology Center, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital, 1-12-1 Fukumuro, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-8512, Japan
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Homolka P, Figl M, Wartak A, Glanzer M, Dünkelmeyer M, Hojreh A, Hummel J. Design of a head phantom produced on a 3D rapid prototyping printer and comparison with a RANDO and 3M lucite head phantom in eye dosimetry applications. Phys Med Biol 2017; 62:3158-3174. [PMID: 28192281 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa602c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An anthropomorphic head phantom including eye inserts allowing placement of TLDs 3 mm below the cornea has been produced on a 3D printer using a photo-cured acrylic resin to best allow tissue equivalence. Thus Hp(3) can be determined in radiological and interventional photon radiation fields. Eye doses and doses to the forehead have been compared to an Alderson RANDO head and a 3M Lucite skull phantom in terms of surface dose per incident air kerma for frontal irradiation since the commercial phantoms do not allow placement of TLDs 3 mm below the corneal surface. A comparison of dose reduction factors (DRFs) of a common lead glasses model has also been performed. Eye dose per incident air kerma were comparable between all three phantoms (printed phantom: 1.40, standard error (SE) 0.04; RANDO: 1.36, SE 0.03; 3M: 1.37, SE 0.03). Doses to the forehead were identical to eye surface doses for the printed phantom and the RANDO head (ratio 1.00 SE 0.04, and 0.99 SE 0.03, respectively). In the 3M Lucite skull phantom dose on the forehead was 15% lower than dose to the eyes attributable to phantom properties. DRF of a sport frame style leaded glasses model with 0.75 mm lead equivalence measured were 6.8 SE 0.5, 9.3 SE 0.4 and 10.5 SE 0.5 for the RANDO head, the printed phantom, and the 3M Lucite head phantom, respectively, for frontal irradiation. A comparison of doses measured in 3 mm depth and on the surface of the eyes in the printed phantom revealed no difference larger than standard errors from TLD dosimetry. 3D printing offers an interesting opportunity for phantom design with increasing potential as printers allowing combinations of tissue substitutes will become available. Variations between phantoms may provide a useful indication of uncertainty budgets when using phantom measurements to estimate individual personnel doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Homolka
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Domienik J, Farah J, Struelens L. Validation of ELDO approaches for retrospective assessment of cumulative eye lens doses of interventional cardiologists-results from DoReMi project. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2016; 36:736-745. [PMID: 27631559 DOI: 10.1088/0952-4746/36/4/736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The first validation results of the two approaches developed in the ELDO project for retrospective assessment of eye lens doses for interventional cardiologists (ICs) are presented in this paper. The first approach (a) is based on both the readings from the routine whole body dosimeter worn above the lead apron and procedure-dependent conversion coefficients, while the second approach (b) is based on detailed information related to the occupational exposure history of the ICs declared in a questionnaire and eye lens dose records obtained from the relevant literature. The latter approach makes use of various published eye lens doses per procedure as well as the appropriate correction factors which account for the use of radiation protective tools designed to protect the eye lens. To validate both methodologies, comprehensive measurements were performed in several Polish clinics among recruited physicians. Two dosimeters measuring whole body and eye lens doses were worn by every physician for at least two months. The estimated cumulative eye lens doses, calculated from both approaches, were then compared against the measured eye lens dose value for every physician separately. Both approaches results in comparable estimates of eye lens doses and tend to overestimate rather than underestimate the eye lens doses. The measured and estimated doses do not differ, on average, by a factor higher than 2.0 in 85% and 62% of the cases used to validate approach (a) and (b), respectively. In specific cases, however, the estimated doses differ from the measured ones by as much as a factor of 2.7 and 5.1 for method (a) and (b), respectively. As such, the two approaches can be considered accurate when retrospectively estimating the eye lens doses for ICs and will be of great benefit for ongoing epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Domienik
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine (NIOM), Lodz, Poland
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