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Mi W, Luo K, Trickey SB, Pavanello M. Orbital-Free Density Functional Theory: An Attractive Electronic Structure Method for Large-Scale First-Principles Simulations. Chem Rev 2023; 123:12039-12104. [PMID: 37870767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Kohn-Sham Density Functional Theory (KSDFT) is the most widely used electronic structure method in chemistry, physics, and materials science, with thousands of calculations cited annually. This ubiquity is rooted in the favorable accuracy vs cost balance of KSDFT. Nonetheless, the ambitions and expectations of researchers for use of KSDFT in predictive simulations of large, complicated molecular systems are confronted with an intrinsic computational cost-scaling challenge. Particularly evident in the context of first-principles molecular dynamics, the challenge is the high cost-scaling associated with the computation of the Kohn-Sham orbitals. Orbital-free DFT (OFDFT), as the name suggests, circumvents entirely the explicit use of those orbitals. Without them, the structural and algorithmic complexity of KSDFT simplifies dramatically and near-linear scaling with system size irrespective of system state is achievable. Thus, much larger system sizes and longer simulation time scales (compared to conventional KSDFT) become accessible; hence, new chemical phenomena and new materials can be explored. In this review, we introduce the historical contexts of OFDFT, its theoretical basis, and the challenge of realizing its promise via approximate kinetic energy density functionals (KEDFs). We review recent progress on that challenge for an array of KEDFs, such as one-point, two-point, and machine-learnt, as well as some less explored forms. We emphasize use of exact constraints and the inevitability of design choices. Then, we survey the associated numerical techniques and implemented algorithms specific to OFDFT. We conclude with an illustrative sample of applications to showcase the power of OFDFT in materials science, chemistry, and physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Mi
- Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods & Software of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Kai Luo
- Department of Applied Physics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - S B Trickey
- Quantum Theory Project, Department of Physics and Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Michele Pavanello
- Department of Physics and Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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Del Rio BG, González LE, González DJ. First principles study of liquid uranium at temperatures up to 2050 K. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:304001. [PMID: 32163938 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab7f6f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Uranium compounds are used as fissile materials in nuclear reactors. In present day reactors the most used nuclear fuel is uranium dioxide, but in generation-IV reactors other compounds are also being considered, such as uranium carbide and uranium mononitride. Upon possible accidents where the coolant would not circulate or be lost the core of the reactor would reach very high temperatures, and therefore it is essential to understand the behaviour of the nuclear fuel under such conditions for proper risk assessment. We consider here molten metallic uranium at several temperatures ranging from 1455 to 2050 K. Even though metallic uranium is not a candidate for nuclear fuel it could nevertheless be produced due to the thermochemical instability of uranium nitride at high temperatures. We use first principles techniques to analyse the behaviour of this system and obtain basic structural and dynamic properties, as well as some thermodynamic and transport properties, including atomic diffusion and viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz G Del Rio
- Departamento de Física Teórica, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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del Rio BG, Chen M, González LE, Carter EA. Orbital-free density functional theory simulation of collective dynamics coupling in liquid Sn. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:094504. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5040697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz G. del Rio
- Departamento de Física Teórica, Atómica y Óptica, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544-5263, USA
| | - Mohan Chen
- Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - Luis E. González
- Departamento de Física Teórica, Atómica y Óptica, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Emily A. Carter
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544-5263, USA
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Garberoglio G, Vallauri R, Bafile U. Time correlation functions of simple liquids: A new insight on the underlying dynamical processes. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:174501. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5025120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Garberoglio
- European Centre for Theoretical Studies in Nuclear Physics and Related Areas (ECT*-FBK), Strada delle Tabarelle 286, I-38123 Villazzano, TN, Italy and Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications (TIFPA-INFN), Via Sommarive 18, I-38123 Povo, TN, Italy
| | - Renzo Vallauri
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, Via Madonna del Piano, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto Fisica Applicata “Nello Carrara,” Via Madonna del Piano, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Ubaldo Bafile
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto Fisica Applicata “Nello Carrara,” Via Madonna del Piano, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
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del Rio BG, González LE, González DJ. Ab initio study of several static and dynamic properties of bulk liquid Ni near melting. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:034501. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4973803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B. G. del Rio
- Departamento de Física Teórica, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - L. E. González
- Departamento de Física Teórica, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - D. J. González
- Departamento de Física Teórica, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
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Ropo M, Akola J, Jones RO. Collective excitations and viscosity in liquid Bi. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:184502. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4965429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matti Ropo
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
- COMP Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Jaakko Akola
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
- COMP Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - R. O. Jones
- Peter-Grünberg-Institut (PGI-1) and JARA/HPC, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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Chen M, Jiang XW, Zhuang H, Wang LW, Carter EA. Petascale Orbital-Free Density Functional Theory Enabled by Small-Box Algorithms. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 12:2950-63. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Chen
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Xiang-Wei Jiang
- State
Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of
Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 912, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Houlong Zhuang
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Lin-Wang Wang
- Material
Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Emily A. Carter
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Program
in Applied and Computational Mathematics and the Andlinger Center
for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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Chen M, Vella JR, Panagiotopoulos AZ, Debenedetti PG, Stillinger FH, Carter EA. Liquid li structure and dynamics: A comparison between OFDFT and second nearest‐neighbor embedded‐atom method. AIChE J 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.14795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Chen
- Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringPrinceton UniversityPrinceton NJ08544
| | - Joseph R. Vella
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological EngineeringPrinceton UniversityPrinceton NJ08544
| | | | - Pablo G. Debenedetti
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological EngineeringPrinceton UniversityPrinceton NJ08544
| | | | - Emily A. Carter
- Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringPrinceton UniversityPrinceton NJ08544
- Program in Applied and Computational Mathematics, Andlinger Center for Energy and the EnvironmentPrinceton UniversityPrinceton NJ08544
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Rio BGD, González LE. Orbital free ab initio simulations of liquid alkaline earth metals: from pseudopotential construction to structural and dynamic properties. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2014; 26:465102. [PMID: 25347355 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/26/46/465102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have performed a comprehensive study of the properties of liquid Be, Ca and Ba, through the use of orbital free ab initio simulations. To this end we have developed a force-matching method to construct the necessary local pseudopotentials from standard ab initio calculations. The structural magnitudes are analyzed, including the average and local structures and the dynamic properties are studied. We find several common features, like an asymmetric second peak in the structure factor, a large amount of local structures with five-fold symmetry, a quasi-universal behaviour of the single-particle dynamic properties and a large degree of positive dispersion in the propagation of collective density fluctuations, whose damping is dictated by slow thermal relaxations and fast viscoelastic ones. Some peculiarities in the dynamic properties are however observed, like a very high sound velocity and a large violation of the Stokes-Einstein relation for Be, or an extremely high positive dispersion and a large slope in the dispersion relation of shear waves at the onset of the wavevector region where they are supported for Ba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz G del Rio
- Departamento de Física Teórica, Universidad de Valladolid, C/Real De Burgos, S/N 47011 Valladolid, Spain
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Bryk T, Ruocco G. Generalised hydrodynamic description of the time correlation functions of liquid metals:ab initiomolecular dynamics study. Mol Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2013.838313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Calderín L, González LE, González DJ. An ab initio study of the structure and dynamics of bulk liquid Cd and its liquid-vapor interface. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2013; 25:065102. [PMID: 23334159 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/6/065102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Several static and dynamic properties of bulk liquid Cd at a thermodynamic state near its triple point have been calculated by means of ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. The calculated static structure shows a very good agreement with the available experimental data. The dynamical structure reveals collective density excitations with an associated dispersion relation which points to a small positive dispersion. Results are also reported for several transport coefficients. Additional simulations have also been performed at a slightly higher temperature in order to study the structure of the free liquid surface. The ionic density profile shows an oscillatory behavior with two different wavelengths, as the spacing between the outer and first inner layer is different from that between the other inner layers. The calculated reflectivity shows a marked maximum whose origin is related to the surface layering, along with a shoulder located at a much smaller wavevector transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Calderín
- Materials Research Institute and Research Computing and Cyberinfrastructure, The Pennsylvania State University, PA 16802, USA.
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Calderín L, González LE, González DJ. Static, dynamic and electronic properties of expanded fluid mercury in the metal-nonmetal transition range. An ab initio study. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2011; 23:375105. [PMID: 21878714 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/23/37/375105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fluid Hg undergoes a metal-nonmetal (M-NM) transition when expanded toward a density of around 9 g cm(-3). We have performed ab initio molecular dynamics simulations for several thermodynamic states around the M-NM transition range and the associated static, dynamic and electronic properties have been analyzed. The calculated static structure shows a good agreement with the available experimental data. It is found that the volume expansion decreases the number of nearest neighbors from 10 (near the triple point) to around 8 at the M-NM transition region. Moreover, these neighbors are arranged into two subshells and the decrease in the number of neighbors occurs in the inner subshell. The calculated dynamic structure factors agree fairly well with their experimental counterparts obtained by inelastic x-ray scattering experiments, which display inelastic side peaks. The derived dispersion relation exhibits some positive dispersion for all the states, although its value around the M-NM transition region is not as marked as suggested by the experiment. We have also calculated the electronic density of states, which shows the appearance of a gap at a density of around 8.3 g cm(-3).
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Affiliation(s)
- L Calderín
- Research Computing and Cyberinfrastructure, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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