1
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Hruska E, Zhu Q, Biswas S, Fortunato MT, Broderick DR, Morales CM, Herbert JM, Turro C, Baker LR. Water-Mediated Charge Transfer and Electron Localization in a Co 3Fe 2 Cyanide-Bridged Trigonal Bipyramidal Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8031-8042. [PMID: 38478877 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The effects of temperature and chemical environment on a pentanuclear cyanide-bridged, trigonal bipyramidal molecular paramagnet have been investigated. Using element- and oxidation state-specific near-ambient pressure X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) to probe charge transfer and second order, nonlinear vibrational spectroscopy, which is sensitive to symmetry changes based on charge (de)localization coupled with DFT, a detailed picture of environmental effects on charge-transfer-induced spin transitions is presented. The molecular cluster, Co3Fe2(tmphen)6(μ-CN)6(t-CN)6, abbrev. Co3Fe2, shows changes in electronic behavior depending on the chemical environment. NAP-XPS shows that temperature changes induce a metal-to-metal charge transfer (MMCT) in Co3Fe2 between a Co and Fe center, while cycling between ultrahigh vacuum and 2 mbar of water at constant temperature causes oxidation state changes not fully captured by the MMCT picture. Sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG-VS) probes the role of the cyanide ligand, which controls the electron (de)localization via the superexchange coupling. Spectral shifts and intensity changes indicate a change from a charge delocalized, Robin-Day class II/III high spin state to a charge-localized, class I low spin state consistent with DFT. In the presence of a H-bonding solvent, the complex adopts a localized electronic structure, while removal of the solvent delocalizes the charges and drives an MMCT. This change in Robin-Day classification of the complex as a function of chemical environment results in reversible switching of the dipole moment, analogous to molecular multiferroics. These results illustrate the important role of the chemical environment and solvation on underlying charge and spin transitions in this and related complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Hruska
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Quansong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Somnath Biswas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Matthew T Fortunato
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Dustin R Broderick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Christine M Morales
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mount Union, Alliance, Ohio 44601, United States
| | - John M Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - L Robert Baker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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2
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Lian X, Gao J, Ding Y, Liu Y, Chen W. Unraveling Catalytic Reaction Mechanism by In Situ Near Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:8264-8277. [PMID: 36036437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Probing surface chemistry during reactions closer to realistic conditions is crucial for the understanding of mechanisms in heterogeneous catalysis. Near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) is one of the state-of-the-art surface-sensitive techniques used to characterize catalyst surfaces in gas phases. This Perspective begins with a brief overview of the development of the NAP-XPS technique and its representative applications in identifying the active sites at a molecular level. Next, recent in situ NAP-XPS investigations of several model catalysts in the CO2 hydrogenation reaction are mainly discussed. Finally, we highlight the major challenges facing NAP-XPS and future improvements to facilities for probing intermediates with higher resolutions under real ambient pressure reactions in heterogeneous catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Lian
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Jiajia Gao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Yishui Ding
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, PR China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, PR China
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117542, Singapore
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3
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Ozawa K, Aiura Y, Wakabayashi D, Tanaka H, Kikuchi T, Toyoshima A, Mase K. Beamline commissioning for microscopic measurements with ultraviolet and soft X-ray beam at the upgraded beamline BL-13B of the Photon Factory. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2022; 29:400-408. [PMID: 35254303 PMCID: PMC8900837 DOI: 10.1107/s160057752200090x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Beamline 13 of the Photon Factory has been in operation since 2010 as a vacuum ultraviolet and soft X-ray undulator beamline for X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES) experiments. The beamline and the end-station at branch B have been recently upgraded, enabling microscopic XPS, XAS, and ARPES measurements to be performed. In 2015, a planar undulator insertion device was replaced with an APPLE-II (advanced planar polarized light emitter II) undulator. This replacement allows use of linear, circular, and elliptical polarized light between 48 and 2000 eV with photon intensities of 109-1013 photons s-1. For microscopic measurements, a toroidal post-mirror was renewed to have more focused beam with profile sizes of 78 µm (horizontal) × 15 µm (vertical) and 84 µm × 11 µm at photon energies of 100 and 400 eV, respectively. A high-precision sample manipulator composed of an XYZ translator, a rotary feedthrough, and a newly developed goniometer, which is essential for microscopic measurements, has been used to control a sample specimen in six degrees of freedom, i.e. translation in the X, Y, and Z directions and rotation in the polar, azimuthal, and tilt directions. To demonstrate the performance of the focused beams, one- and two-dimensional XPS and XAS scan measurements of a copper grid have been performed. It was indicated from analysis of XPS and XAS intensity maps that the actual spatial resolution can be determined by the beam size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Ozawa
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- Department of Materials Structure Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Aiura
- Research Institute for Advanced Electronics and Photonics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 308-8568, Japan
| | - Daisuke Wakabayashi
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- Department of Materials Structure Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tanaka
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Takashi Kikuchi
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Akio Toyoshima
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Mase
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- Department of Materials Structure Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
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4
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Blomberg S, Hejral U, Shipilin M, Albertin S, Karlsson H, Hulteberg C, Lömker P, Goodwin C, Degerman D, Gustafson J, Schlueter C, Nilsson A, Lundgren E, Amann P. Bridging the Pressure Gap in CO Oxidation. ACS Catal 2021; 11:9128-9135. [PMID: 34476111 PMCID: PMC8397290 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Performing fundamental operando catalysis studies under realistic conditions is a key to further develop and increase the efficiency of industrial catalysts. Operando X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) experiments have been limited to pressures, and the relevance for industrial applications has been questioned. Herein, we report on the CO oxidation experiment on Pd(100) performed at a total pressure of 1 bar using XPS. We investigate the light-off regime and the surface chemical composition at the atomistic level in the highly active phase. Furthermore, the observed gas-phase photoemission peaks of CO2, CO, and O2 indicate that the kinetics of the reaction during the light-off regime can be followed operando, and by studying the reaction rate of the reaction, the activation energy is calculated. The reaction was preceded by an in situ oxidation study in 7% O2 in He and a total pressure of 70 mbar to confirm the surface sensitivity and assignment of the oxygen-induced photoemission peaks. However, oxygen-induced photoemission peaks were not observed during the reaction studies, but instead, a metallic Pd phase is present in the highly active regime under the conditions applied. The novel XPS setup utilizes hard X-rays to enable high-pressure studies, combined with a grazing incident angle to increase the surface sensitivity of the measurement. Our findings demonstrate the possibilities of achieving chemical information of the catalyst, operando, on an atomistic level, under industrially relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Blomberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Lund 221 00, Sweden
| | - Uta Hejral
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund 221 00, Sweden
| | - Mikhail Shipilin
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | | | - Hanna Karlsson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Lund 221 00, Sweden
| | | | - Patrick Lömker
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Christopher Goodwin
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - David Degerman
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | | | - Christoph Schlueter
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Anders Nilsson
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Edvin Lundgren
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund 221 00, Sweden
| | - Peter Amann
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
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5
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Piovano A, Signorile M, Braglia L, Torelli P, Martini A, Wada T, Takasao G, Taniike T, Groppo E. Electronic Properties of Ti Sites in Ziegler–Natta Catalysts. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Piovano
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- DPI, P.O.
Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Matteo Signorile
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Martini
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- The Smart Materials Research Institute, Southern Federal University, Sladkova 178/24, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Toru Wada
- DPI, P.O.
Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Gentoku Takasao
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Taniike
- DPI, P.O.
Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Elena Groppo
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- DPI, P.O.
Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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6
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Hejral U, Shipilin M, Gustafson J, Stierle A, Lundgren E. High energy surface x-ray diffraction applied to model catalyst surfaces at work. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:073001. [PMID: 33690191 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abb17c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Catalysts are materials that accelerate the rate of a desired chemical reaction. As such, they constitute an integral part in many applications ranging from the production of fine chemicals in chemical industry to exhaust gas treatment in vehicles. Accordingly, it is of utmost economic interest to improve catalyst efficiency and performance, which requires an understanding of the interplay between the catalyst structure, the gas phase and the catalytic activity under realistic reaction conditions at ambient pressures and elevated temperatures. In recent years efforts have been made to increasingly develop techniques that allow for investigating model catalyst samples under conditions closer to those of real technical catalysts. One of these techniques is high energy surface x-ray diffraction (HESXRD), which uses x-rays with photon energies typically in the range of 70-80 keV. HESXRD allows a fast data collection of three dimensional reciprocal space for the structure determination of model catalyst samples under operando conditions and has since been used for the investigation of an increasing number of different model catalysts. In this article we will review general considerations of HESXRD including its working principle for different model catalyst samples and the experimental equipment required. An overview over HESXRD investigations performed in recent years will be given, and the advantages of HESXRD with respect to its application to different model catalyst samples will be presented. Moreover, the combination of HESXRD with other operando techniques such as in situ mass spectrometry, planar laser-induced fluorescence and surface optical reflectance will be discussed. The article will close with an outlook on future perspectives and applications of HESXRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Hejral
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mikhail Shipilin
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Gustafson
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Andreas Stierle
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Edvin Lundgren
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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7
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Schnadt J, Knudsen J, Johansson N. Present and new frontiers in materials research by ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:413003. [PMID: 32438360 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab9565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this topical review we catagorise all ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy publications that have appeared between the 1970s and the end of 2018 according to their scientific field. We find that catalysis, surface science and materials science are predominant, while, for example, electrocatalysis and thin film growth are emerging. All catalysis publications that we could identify are cited, and selected case stories with increasing complexity in terms of surface structure or chemical reaction are discussed. For thin film growth we discuss recent examples from chemical vapour deposition and atomic layer deposition. Finally, we also discuss current frontiers of ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy research, indicating some directions of future development of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Schnadt
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jan Knudsen
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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8
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Son D, Cho S, Nam J, Lee H, Kim M. X-ray-Based Spectroscopic Techniques for Characterization of Polymer Nanocomposite Materials at a Molecular Level. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1053. [PMID: 32375363 PMCID: PMC7284789 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides detailed fundamental principles of X-ray-based characterization methods, i.e., X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure, and the development of different techniques based on the principles to gain deeper understandings of chemical structures in polymeric materials. Qualitative and quantitative analyses enable obtaining chemical compositions including the relative and absolute concentrations of specific elements and chemical bonds near the surface of or deep inside the material of interest. More importantly, these techniques help us to access the interface of a polymer and a solid material at a molecular level in a polymer nanocomposite. The collective interpretation of all this information leads us to a better understanding of why specific material properties can be modulated in composite geometry. Finally, we will highlight the impacts of the use of these spectroscopic methods in recent advances in polymer nanocomposite materials for various nano- and bio-applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwan Son
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (D.S.); (J.N.)
| | - Sangho Cho
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea;
- Division of Nano & Information Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Jieun Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (D.S.); (J.N.)
| | - Hoik Lee
- Research Institute of Industrial Technology Convergence, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Myungwoong Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (D.S.); (J.N.)
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9
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Howard-Fabretto L, Andersson GG. Metal Clusters on Semiconductor Surfaces and Application in Catalysis with a Focus on Au and Ru. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1904122. [PMID: 31854037 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metal clusters typically consist of two to a few hundred atoms and have unique properties that change with the type and number of atoms that form the cluster. Metal clusters can be generated with a precise number of atoms, and therefore have specific size, shape, and electronic structures. When metal clusters are deposited onto a substrate, their shape and electronic structure depend on the interaction with the substrate surface and thus depend on the properties of both the clusters and those of the substrate. Deposited metal clusters have discrete, individual electron energy levels that differ from the electron energy levels in the constituting individual atoms, isolated clusters, and the respective bulk material. The properties of clusters with a focus on Au and Ru, the methods to generate metal clusters, and the methods of deposition of clusters onto substrate surfaces are covered. The properties of cluster-modified surfaces are important for their application. The main application covered here is catalysis, and the methods for characterization of the cluster-modified surfaces are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Howard-Fabretto
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia
- Flinders Microscopy and Microanalysis, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Gunther G Andersson
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia
- Flinders Microscopy and Microanalysis, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia
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10
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Linpé W, Harlow GS, Larsson A, Abbondanza G, Rämisch L, Pfaff S, Zetterberg J, Evertsson J, Lundgren E. An electrochemical cell for 2-dimensional surface optical reflectance during anodization and cyclic voltammetry. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:044101. [PMID: 32357721 DOI: 10.1063/1.5133905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an electrochemical cell for in situ 2-Dimensional Surface Optical Reflectance (2D-SOR) studies during anodization and cyclic voltammetry. The 2D-SOR signal was recorded from electrodes made of polycrystalline Al, Au(111), and Pt(100) single crystals. The changes can be followed at a video rate acquisition frequency of 200 Hz and demonstrate a strong contrast between oxidizing and reducing conditions. Good correlation between the 2D-SOR signal and the anodization conditions or the cyclic voltammetry current is also observed. The power of this approach is discussed, with a focus on applications in various fields of electrochemistry. The combination of 2D-SOR with other techniques, as well as its spatial resolution and sensitivity, has also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Linpé
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - G S Harlow
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - A Larsson
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - G Abbondanza
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - L Rämisch
- Division of Combustion Physics, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - S Pfaff
- Division of Combustion Physics, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - J Zetterberg
- Division of Combustion Physics, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - J Evertsson
- Hydro Extruded Solutions AB Innovation & Technology, Finspång, Sweden
| | - E Lundgren
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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11
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Ceria-Based Catalysts Studied by Near Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy: A Review. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10030286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of better catalysts is a passionate topic at the forefront of modern science, where operando techniques are necessary to identify the nature of the active sites. The surface of a solid catalyst is dynamic and dependent on the reaction environment and, therefore, the catalytic active sites may only be formed under specific reaction conditions and may not be stable either in air or under high vacuum conditions. The identification of the active sites and the understanding of their behaviour are essential information towards a rational catalyst design. One of the most powerful operando techniques for the study of active sites is near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS), which is particularly sensitive to the surface and sub-surface of solids. Here we review the use of NAP-XPS for the study of ceria-based catalysts, widely used in a large number of industrial processes due to their excellent oxygen storage capacity and well-established redox properties.
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12
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Negahdar L, Parlett CMA, Isaacs MA, Beale AM, Wilson K, Lee AF. Shining light on the solid–liquid interface: in situ/ operando monitoring of surface catalysis. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy00555j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Many industrially important chemical transformations occur at the interface between a solid catalyst and liquid reactants. In situ and operando spectroscopies offer unique insight into the reactivity of such catalytically active solid–liquid interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher M. A. Parlett
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Analytical Science
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
- Diamond Light Source
| | | | | | - Karen Wilson
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC)
- School of Science
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Adam F. Lee
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC)
- School of Science
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
- Australia
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13
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Surface Chemistry of Carbon Dioxide on Copper Model Catalysts Studied by Ambient-Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. E-JOURNAL OF SURFACE SCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2019.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Guda AA, Guda SA, Lomachenko KA, Soldatov MA, Pankin IA, Soldatov AV, Braglia L, Bugaev AL, Martini A, Signorile M, Groppo E, Piovano A, Borfecchia E, Lamberti C. Quantitative structural determination of active sites from in situ and operando XANES spectra: From standard ab initio simulations to chemometric and machine learning approaches. Catal Today 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2018.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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15
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Probing a battery electrolyte drop with ambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3080. [PMID: 31300638 PMCID: PMC6626006 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10803-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Operando ambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy in realistic battery environments is a key development towards probing the functionality of the electrode/electrolyte interface in lithium-ion batteries that is not possible with conventional photoelectron spectroscopy. Here, we present the ambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy characterization of a model electrolyte based on 1M bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide lithium salt in propylene carbonate. For the first time, we show ambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy data of propylene carbonate in the liquid phase by using solvent vapor as the stabilizing environment. This enables us to separate effects from salt and solvent, and to characterize changes in electrolyte composition as a function of probing depth. While the bulk electrolyte meets the expected composition, clear accumulation of ionic species is found at the electrolyte surface. Our results show that it is possible to measure directly complex liquids such as battery electrolytes, which is an important accomplishment towards true operando studies. Here the authors probe a model electrolyte of a Li-ion battery for insights into the composition and concentration variation using ambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy. The work highlights the necessity to stabilize the liquid phases and to differentiate surface and bulk compositions in the measurements.
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Blomberg S, Zetterberg J, Gustafson J, Zhou J, Shipilin M, Pfaff S, Hejral U, Carlsson PA, Gutowski O, Bertram F, Lundgren E. Combining synchrotron light with laser technology in catalysis research. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2018; 25:1389-1394. [PMID: 30179177 PMCID: PMC6140392 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577518010597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High-energy surface X-ray diffraction (HESXRD) provides surface structural information with high temporal resolution, facilitating the understanding of the surface dynamics and structure of the active phase of catalytic surfaces. The surface structure detected during the reaction is sensitive to the composition of the gas phase close to the catalyst surface, and the catalytic activity of the sample itself may affect the surface structure, which in turn may complicate the assignment of the active phase. For this reason, planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) and HESXRD have been combined during the oxidation of CO over a Pd(100) crystal. PLIF complements the structural studies with an instantaneous two-dimensional image of the CO2 gas phase in the vicinity of the active model catalyst. Here the combined HESXRD and PLIF operando measurements of CO oxidation over Pd(100) are presented, allowing for an improved assignment of the correlation between sample structure and the CO2 distribution above the sample surface with sub-second time resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Blomberg
- Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Johan Zetterberg
- Combustion Physics, Lund University, Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Johan Gustafson
- Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Combustion Physics, Lund University, Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Mikhail Shipilin
- Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Pfaff
- Combustion Physics, Lund University, Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Uta Hejral
- Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Per-Anders Carlsson
- Competence Centre for Catalysis, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Olof Gutowski
- Photon Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Florian Bertram
- Photon Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Edvin Lundgren
- Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
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Scardamaglia M, Bittencourt C. Metal-free catalysis based on nitrogen-doped carbon nanomaterials: a photoelectron spectroscopy point of view. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 9:2015-2031. [PMID: 30116692 PMCID: PMC6071692 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the use of doped carbon nanomaterials in catalysis, a subject that is currently intensively studied. The availability of carbon nanotubes since the 1990's and of graphene ten years later prompted the development of novel nanotechnologies. We review this topic linking fundamental surface science to the field of catalysis giving a timely picture of the state of the art. The main scientific questions that material scientists have addressed in the last decades are described, in particular the enduring debate on the role of the different nitrogen functionalities in the catalytic activity of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes and graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Scardamaglia
- Chemistry of Plasma Surface Interactions (ChIPS), University of Mons, Belgium
| | - Carla Bittencourt
- Chemistry of Plasma Surface Interactions (ChIPS), University of Mons, Belgium
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Roy K, Artiglia L, van Bokhoven JA. Ambient Pressure Photoelectron Spectroscopy: Opportunities in Catalysis from Solids to Liquids and Introducing Time Resolution. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201701522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanak Roy
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering; ETH Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry; Paul Scherrer Institute; Villigen Switzerland
| | - Luca Artiglia
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry; Paul Scherrer Institute; Villigen Switzerland
| | - Jeroen A. van Bokhoven
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering; ETH Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry; Paul Scherrer Institute; Villigen Switzerland
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Lundgren E, Zhang C, Merte LR, Shipilin M, Blomberg S, Hejral U, Zhou J, Zetterberg J, Gustafson J. Novel in Situ Techniques for Studies of Model Catalysts. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:2326-2333. [PMID: 28880530 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Motivated mainly by catalysis, gas-surface interaction between single crystal surfaces and molecules has been studied for decades. Most of these studies have been performed in well-controlled environments and have been instrumental for the present day understanding of catalysis, providing information on surface structures, adsorption sites, and adsorption and desorption energies relevant for catalysis. However, the approach has been criticized for being too far from a catalyst operating under industrial conditions at high temperatures and pressures. To this end, a significant amount of effort over the years has been used to develop methods to investigate catalysts at more realistic conditions under operating conditions. One result from this effort is a vivid and sometimes heated discussion concerning the active phase for the seemingly simple CO oxidation reaction over the Pt-group metals in the literature. In recent years, we have explored the possibilities to perform experiments at conditions closer to those of a technical catalyst, in particular at increased pressures and temperatures. In this contribution, results from catalytic CO oxidation over a Pd(100) single crystal surface using Near Ambient Pressure X-ray Photo emission Spectroscopy (NAPXPS), Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence (PLIF), and High Energy Surface X-ray Diffraction (HESXRD) are presented, and the strengths and weaknesses of the experimental techniques are discussed. Armed with structural knowledge from ultrahigh vacuum experiments, the presence of adsorbed molecules and gas-phase induced surface structures can be identified and related to changes in the reactivity or to reaction induced gas-flow limitations. In particular, the application of PLIF to catalysis allows one to visualize how the catalyst itself changes the gas composition close to the model catalyst surface upon ignition, and relate this to the observed surface structures. The effect obscures a straightforward relation between the active phase and the activity, since in the case of CO oxidation, the gas-phase close to the model catalyst surface is shown to be significantly more oxidizing than far away from the catalyst. We show that surface structural knowledge from UHV experiments and the composition of the gas phase close to the catalyst surface are crucial to understand structure-function relationships at semirealistic conditions. In the particular case of Pd, we argue that the surface structure of the PdO(101) has a significant influence on the activity, due to the presence of Coordinatively Unsaturated Sites (CUS) Pd atoms, similar to undercoordinated Ru and Ir atoms found for RuO2(110) and IrO2(110), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvin Lundgren
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, Lund S-221 00, Sweden
| | - Chu Zhang
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, Lund S-221 00, Sweden
| | - Lindsay R. Merte
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, Lund S-221 00, Sweden
| | - Mikhail Shipilin
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, Lund S-221 00, Sweden
| | - Sara Blomberg
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, Lund S-221 00, Sweden
| | - Uta Hejral
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, Lund S-221 00, Sweden
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Division of Combustion Physics, Lund University, Box 118, Lund S-221 00, Sweden
| | - Johan Zetterberg
- Division of Combustion Physics, Lund University, Box 118, Lund S-221 00, Sweden
| | - Johan Gustafson
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, Lund S-221 00, Sweden
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Time Resolved Operando X-ray Techniques in Catalysis, a Case Study: CO Oxidation by O2 over Pt Surfaces and Alumina Supported Pt Catalysts. Catalysts 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/catal7020058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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21
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The Environmental Photochemistry of Oxide Surfaces and the Nature of Frozen Salt Solutions: A New in Situ XPS Approach. Top Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-015-0515-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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22
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Makowska MG, Theil Kuhn L, Cleemann LN, Lauridsen EM, Bilheux HZ, Molaison JJ, Santodonato LJ, Tremsin AS, Grosse M, Morgano M, Kabra S, Strobl M. Flexible sample environment for high resolution neutron imaging at high temperatures in controlled atmosphere. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:125109. [PMID: 26724075 DOI: 10.1063/1.4937615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
High material penetration by neutrons allows for experiments using sophisticated sample environments providing complex conditions. Thus, neutron imaging holds potential for performing in situ nondestructive measurements on large samples or even full technological systems, which are not possible with any other technique. This paper presents a new sample environment for in situ high resolution neutron imaging experiments at temperatures from room temperature up to 1100 °C and/or using controllable flow of reactive atmospheres. The design also offers the possibility to directly combine imaging with diffraction measurements. Design, special features, and specification of the furnace are described. In addition, examples of experiments successfully performed at various neutron facilities with the furnace, as well as examples of possible applications are presented. This covers a broad field of research from fundamental to technological investigations of various types of materials and components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata G Makowska
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Luise Theil Kuhn
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Lars N Cleemann
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Anton S Tremsin
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Mirco Grosse
- Institute for Applied Material Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe DE-76021, Germany
| | - Manuel Morgano
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI CH-5232, Switzerland
| | - Saurabh Kabra
- ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Strobl
- European Spallation Source ESS AB, P.O. Box 176, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Newberg JT, Åhlund J, Arble C, Goodwin C, Khalifa Y, Broderick A. A lab-based ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectrometer with exchangeable analysis chambers. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:085113. [PMID: 26329239 DOI: 10.1063/1.4928498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) is a powerful spectroscopy tool that is inherently surface sensitive, elemental, and chemical specific, with the ability to probe sample surfaces under Torr level pressures. Herein, we describe the design of a new lab-based APXPS system with the ability to swap small volume analysis chambers. Ag 3d(5/2) analyses of a silver foil were carried out at room temperature to determine the optimal sample-to-aperture distance, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis spot size, relative peak intensities, and peak full width at half maximum of three different electrostatic lens modes: acceleration, transmission, and angular. Ag 3d(5/2) peak areas, differential pumping pressures, and pump performance were assessed under varying N2(g) analysis chamber pressures up to 20 Torr. The commissioning of this instrument allows for the investigation of molecular level interfacial processes under ambient vapor conditions in energy and environmental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Newberg
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - John Åhlund
- Scienta AB, Box 15120, 750 15 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chris Arble
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Chris Goodwin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Yehia Khalifa
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Alicia Broderick
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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