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Naumis GG, Herrera SA, Poudel SP, Nakamura H, Barraza-Lopez S. Mechanical, electronic, optical, piezoelectric and ferroic properties of strained graphene and other strained monolayers and multilayers: an update. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2023; 87:016502. [PMID: 37879327 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ad06db] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
This is an update of a previous review (Naumiset al2017Rep. Prog. Phys.80096501). Experimental and theoretical advances for straining graphene and other metallic, insulating, ferroelectric, ferroelastic, ferromagnetic and multiferroic 2D materials were considered. We surveyed (i) methods to induce valley and sublattice polarisation (P) in graphene, (ii) time-dependent strain and its impact on graphene's electronic properties, (iii) the role of local and global strain on superconductivity and other highly correlated and/or topological phases of graphene, (iv) inducing polarisationPon hexagonal boron nitride monolayers via strain, (v) modifying the optoelectronic properties of transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers through strain, (vi) ferroic 2D materials with intrinsic elastic (σ), electric (P) and magnetic (M) polarisation under strain, as well as incipient 2D multiferroics and (vii) moiré bilayers exhibiting flat electronic bands and exotic quantum phase diagrams, and other bilayer or few-layer systems exhibiting ferroic orders tunable by rotations and shear strain. The update features the experimental realisations of a tunable two-dimensional Quantum Spin Hall effect in germanene, of elemental 2D ferroelectric bismuth, and 2D multiferroic NiI2. The document was structured for a discussion of effects taking place in monolayers first, followed by discussions concerning bilayers and few-layers, and it represents an up-to-date overview of exciting and newest developments on the fast-paced field of 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo G Naumis
- Departamento de Sistemas Complejos, Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apdo. Postal 20-364, CDMX, 01000, Mexico
| | - Saúl A Herrera
- Departamento de Sistemas Complejos, Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apdo. Postal 20-364, CDMX, 01000, Mexico
| | - Shiva P Poudel
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States of America
- MonArk NSF Quantum Foundry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States of America
| | - Hiro Nakamura
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States of America
- MonArk NSF Quantum Foundry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States of America
| | - Salvador Barraza-Lopez
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States of America
- MonArk NSF Quantum Foundry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States of America
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Zhao P, Sharma CH, Liang R, Glasenapp C, Mourokh L, Kovalev VM, Huber P, Prada M, Tiemann L, Blick RH. Acoustically Induced Giant Synthetic Hall Voltages in Graphene. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:256601. [PMID: 35802443 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.256601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Any departure from graphene's flatness leads to the emergence of artificial gauge fields that act on the motion of the Dirac fermions through an associated pseudomagnetic field. Here, we demonstrate the tunability of strong gauge fields in nonlocal experiments using a large planar graphene sheet that conforms to the deformation of a piezoelectric layer by a surface acoustic wave. The acoustic wave induces a longitudinal and a giant synthetic Hall voltage in the absence of external magnetic fields. The superposition of a synthetic Hall potential and a conventional Hall voltage can annihilate the sample's transverse potential at large external magnetic fields. Surface acoustic waves thus provide a promising and facile avenue for the exploitation of gauge fields in large planar graphene systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pai Zhao
- Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chithra H Sharma
- Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Renrong Liang
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Christian Glasenapp
- Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lev Mourokh
- Department of Physics, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367, USA
| | - Vadim M Kovalev
- A.V. Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk 630073, Russia
| | - Patrick Huber
- Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Materials and X-Ray Physics, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marta Prada
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Universität Hamburg HARBOR, Building 610 Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars Tiemann
- Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert H Blick
- Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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Golub A, Egger R, Müller C, Villalba-Chávez S. Dimensionality-Driven Photoproduction of Massive Dirac Pairs near Threshold in Gapped Graphene Monolayers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:110403. [PMID: 32242735 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.110403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Generation of quasiparticle-hole pairs in gapped graphene monolayers in the combined field of two counterpropagating light waves is studied. The process represents an analog of electron-positron pair production from the vacuum of quantum electrodynamics (QED) by the Breit-Wheeler effect. We show, however, that the two-dimensional structure of graphene causes some striking differences between both scenarios. In particular, contrary to the QED case, it allows for nonzero pair production rates at the energy threshold when the Breit-Wheeler reaction proceeds nonlinearly with absorption of three photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Golub
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - R Egger
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - C Müller
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - S Villalba-Chávez
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Fandan R, Pedrós J, Hernández-Mínguez A, Iikawa F, Santos PV, Boscá A, Calle F. Dynamic Local Strain in Graphene Generated by Surface Acoustic Waves. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:402-409. [PMID: 31790600 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate that the Raman-active optical phonon modes of single-layer graphene can be modulated by the dynamic local strain created by surface acoustic waves (SAWs). In particular, the dynamic strain field of the SAW is shown to induce a Raman scattering intensity variation as large as 15% and a phonon frequency shift of up to 10 cm-1 for the G band, for instance, for an effective hydrostatic strain of 0.24% generated in single-layer graphene atop a LiNbO3 piezoelectric substrate with a SAW resonator operating at a frequency of ∼400 MHz. Thus, we demonstrate that SAWs are powerful tools for modulating the optical and vibrational properties of supported graphene by means of the high-frequency localized deformations tailored by the acoustic transducers, which can also be extended to other 2D systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alberto Hernández-Mínguez
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik , Leibniz-Institut im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V. , Hausvogteiplatz 5-7 , 10117 Berlin , Germany
| | - Fernando Iikawa
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik , Leibniz-Institut im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V. , Hausvogteiplatz 5-7 , 10117 Berlin , Germany
- Institute of Physics , State University of Campinas , 13083-859 Campinas SP , Brazil
| | - Paulo V Santos
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik , Leibniz-Institut im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V. , Hausvogteiplatz 5-7 , 10117 Berlin , Germany
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Naumis GG, Barraza-Lopez S, Oliva-Leyva M, Terrones H. Electronic and optical properties of strained graphene and other strained 2D materials: a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2017; 80:096501. [PMID: 28540862 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa74ef] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This review presents the state of the art in strain and ripple-induced effects on the electronic and optical properties of graphene. It starts by providing the crystallographic description of mechanical deformations, as well as the diffraction pattern for different kinds of representative deformation fields. Then, the focus turns to the unique elastic properties of graphene, and to how strain is produced. Thereafter, various theoretical approaches used to study the electronic properties of strained graphene are examined, discussing the advantages of each. These approaches provide a platform to describe exotic properties, such as a fractal spectrum related with quasicrystals, a mixed Dirac-Schrödinger behavior, emergent gravity, topological insulator states, in molecular graphene and other 2D discrete lattices. The physical consequences of strain on the optical properties are reviewed next, with a focus on the Raman spectrum. At the same time, recent advances to tune the optical conductivity of graphene by strain engineering are given, which open new paths in device applications. Finally, a brief review of strain effects in multilayered graphene and other promising 2D materials like silicene and materials based on other group-IV elements, phosphorene, dichalcogenide- and monochalcogenide-monolayers is presented, with a brief discussion of interplays among strain, thermal effects, and illumination in the latter material family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo G Naumis
- Depto. de Sistemas Complejos, Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 20-364, Mexico City 01000, Mexico
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