1
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Beck A, Newton MA, van de Water LGA, van Bokhoven JA. The Enigma of Methanol Synthesis by Cu/ZnO/Al 2O 3-Based Catalysts. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4543-4678. [PMID: 38564235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The activity and durability of the Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 (CZA) catalyst formulation for methanol synthesis from CO/CO2/H2 feeds far exceed the sum of its individual components. As such, this ternary catalytic system is a prime example of synergy in catalysis, one that has been employed for the large scale commercial production of methanol since its inception in the mid 1960s with precious little alteration to its original formulation. Methanol is a key building block of the chemical industry. It is also an attractive energy storage molecule, which can also be produced from CO2 and H2 alone, making efficient use of sequestered CO2. As such, this somewhat unusual catalyst formulation has an enormous role to play in the modern chemical industry and the world of global economics, to which the correspondingly voluminous and ongoing research, which began in the 1920s, attests. Yet, despite this commercial success, and while research aimed at understanding how this formulation functions has continued throughout the decades, a comprehensive and universally agreed upon understanding of how this material achieves what it does has yet to be realized. After nigh on a century of research into CZA catalysts, the purpose of this Review is to appraise what has been achieved to date, and to show how, and how far, the field has evolved. To do so, this Review evaluates the research regarding this catalyst formulation in a chronological order and critically assesses the validity and novelty of various hypotheses and claims that have been made over the years. Ultimately, the Review attempts to derive a holistic summary of what the current body of literature tells us about the fundamental sources of the synergies at work within the CZA catalyst and, from this, suggest ways in which the field may yet be further advanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arik Beck
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mark A Newton
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jeroen A van Bokhoven
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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2
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Redokop E, Poelman H, Filez M, Ramachandran RK, Dendooven J, Detavernier C, Marin GB, Olsbye U, Galvita V. Aligning time-resolved kinetics (TAP) and surface spectroscopy (AP-XPS) for a more comprehensive understanding of ALD-derived 2D and 3D model catalysts. Faraday Discuss 2022; 236:485-509. [DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00120e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Spectro-kinetic characterization of complex catalytic materials, i.e. relating the observed reaction kinetics to spectroscopic descriptors of the catalyst state, presents a fundamental challenge with a potentially significant impact on various...
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3
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Stroboscopic operando spectroscopy of the dynamics in heterogeneous catalysis by event-averaging. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6117. [PMID: 34675205 PMCID: PMC8531341 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26372-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous catalyst surfaces are dynamic entities that respond rapidly to changes in their local gas environment, and the dynamics of the response is a decisive factor for the catalysts’ action and activity. Few probes are able to map catalyst structure and local gas environment simultaneously under reaction conditions at the timescales of the dynamic changes. Here we use the CO oxidation reaction and a Pd(100) model catalyst to demonstrate how such studies can be performed by time-resolved ambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy. Central elements of the method are cyclic gas pulsing and software-based event-averaging by image recognition of spectral features. A key finding is that at 3.2 mbar total pressure a metallic, predominantly CO-covered metallic surface turns highly active for a few seconds once the O2:CO ratio becomes high enough to lift the CO poisoning effect before mass transport limitations triggers formation of a √5 oxide. To follow in situ and in real time how catalyst surfaces respond to gas composition changes is a challenge. This study reports on an eventaveraging method, based on cyclic gas pulsing and software-based image recognition, that overcomes the challenge for large photoelectron spectroscopy datasets.
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4
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Blomberg S, Hejral U, Shipilin M, Albertin S, Karlsson H, Hulteberg C, Lömker P, Goodwin C, Degerman D, Gustafson J, Schlueter C, Nilsson A, Lundgren E, Amann P. Bridging the Pressure Gap in CO Oxidation. ACS Catal 2021; 11:9128-9135. [PMID: 34476111 PMCID: PMC8397290 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Performing fundamental operando catalysis studies under realistic conditions is a key to further develop and increase the efficiency of industrial catalysts. Operando X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) experiments have been limited to pressures, and the relevance for industrial applications has been questioned. Herein, we report on the CO oxidation experiment on Pd(100) performed at a total pressure of 1 bar using XPS. We investigate the light-off regime and the surface chemical composition at the atomistic level in the highly active phase. Furthermore, the observed gas-phase photoemission peaks of CO2, CO, and O2 indicate that the kinetics of the reaction during the light-off regime can be followed operando, and by studying the reaction rate of the reaction, the activation energy is calculated. The reaction was preceded by an in situ oxidation study in 7% O2 in He and a total pressure of 70 mbar to confirm the surface sensitivity and assignment of the oxygen-induced photoemission peaks. However, oxygen-induced photoemission peaks were not observed during the reaction studies, but instead, a metallic Pd phase is present in the highly active regime under the conditions applied. The novel XPS setup utilizes hard X-rays to enable high-pressure studies, combined with a grazing incident angle to increase the surface sensitivity of the measurement. Our findings demonstrate the possibilities of achieving chemical information of the catalyst, operando, on an atomistic level, under industrially relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Blomberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Lund 221 00, Sweden
| | - Uta Hejral
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund 221 00, Sweden
| | - Mikhail Shipilin
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | | | - Hanna Karlsson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Lund 221 00, Sweden
| | | | - Patrick Lömker
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Christopher Goodwin
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - David Degerman
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | | | - Christoph Schlueter
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Anders Nilsson
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Edvin Lundgren
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund 221 00, Sweden
| | - Peter Amann
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
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5
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Goodwin CM, Shipilin M, Albertin S, Hejral U, Lömker P, Wang HY, Blomberg S, Degerman D, Schlueter C, Nilsson A, Lundgren E, Amann P. The Structure of the Active Pd State During Catalytic Carbon Monoxide Oxidization. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:4461-4465. [PMID: 33955763 PMCID: PMC8279738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Using grazing incidence X-rays and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy during the mass transfer limited catalytic oxidation of CO, the long-range surface structure of Pd(100) was investigated. Under the reaction conditions of 50:4 O2 to CO, 300 mbar pressure, and temperatures between 200 and 450 °C, the surface structure resulting from oxidation and the subsequent oxide reduction was elucidated. The reduction cycle was halted, and while under reaction conditions, angle-dependent X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy close to the critical angle of Pd and modeling of the data was performed. Two proposed models for the system were compared. The suggestion with the metallic islands formed on top of the oxide island was shown to be consistent with the data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mikhail Shipilin
- Department
of Physics, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefano Albertin
- Synchrotron
Radiation Research, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Uta Hejral
- Synchrotron
Radiation Research, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Patrick Lömker
- Photon
Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron
(DESY), 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hsin-Yi Wang
- Department
of Physics, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Blomberg
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - David Degerman
- Department
of Physics, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christoph Schlueter
- Photon
Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron
(DESY), 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anders Nilsson
- Department
of Physics, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edvin Lundgren
- Synchrotron
Radiation Research, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Amann
- Department
of Physics, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Eads CN, Boscoboinik JA, Head AR, Hunt A, Waluyo I, Stacchiola DJ, Tenney SA. Enhanced Catalysis under 2D Silica: A CO Oxidation Study. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Calley N. Eads
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - J. Anibal Boscoboinik
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - Ashley R. Head
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - Adrian Hunt
- National Synchrotron Light Source II Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - Iradwikanari Waluyo
- National Synchrotron Light Source II Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - Dario J. Stacchiola
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - Samuel A. Tenney
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973 USA
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7
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Eads CN, Boscoboinik JA, Head AR, Hunt A, Waluyo I, Stacchiola DJ, Tenney SA. Enhanced Catalysis under 2D Silica: A CO Oxidation Study. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:10888-10894. [PMID: 33462957 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Interfacially confined microenvironments have recently gained attention in catalysis, as they can be used to modulate reaction chemistry. The emergence of a 2D nanospace at the interface between a 2D material and its support can promote varying kinetic and energetic schemes based on molecular level confinement effects imposed in this reduced volume. We report on the use of a 2D oxide cover, bilayer silica, on catalytically active Pd(111) undergoing the CO oxidation reaction. We "uncover" mechanistic insights about the structure-activity relationship with and without a 2D silica overlayer using in situ IR and X-ray spectroscopy and mass spectrometry methods. We find that the CO oxidation reaction on Pd(111) benefits from confinement effects imposed on surface adsorbates under 2D silica. This interaction results in a lower and more dispersed coverage of CO adsorbates with restricted CO adsorption geometries, which promote oxygen adsorption and lay the foundation for the formation of a reactive surface oxide that produces higher CO2 formation rates than Pd alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calley N Eads
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - J Anibal Boscoboinik
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Ashley R Head
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Adrian Hunt
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Iradwikanari Waluyo
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Dario J Stacchiola
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Samuel A Tenney
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
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8
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The 3D Modeling System for Bioaerosol Distribution Based on Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21082607. [PMID: 33917729 PMCID: PMC8068142 DOI: 10.3390/s21082607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Although it is quite challenging to image and analyze the spatial distribution of bioaerosols in a confined space, a three-dimensional (3D) modeling system based on the planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) technique is proposed in this paper, which is designed to analyze the temporal and spatial variations of bioaerosol particles in a confined chamber. The system employs a continuous planar laser source to excite the fluoresce, and a scientific complementary metal oxide semiconductor (sCMOS) camera to capture images of 2048 × 2048 pixels at a frame rate of 12 Hz. While a sliding platform is moving back and forth on the track, a set of images are captured at different positions for 3D reconstruction. In this system, the 3D reconstruction is limited to a maximum measurement volume of about 50 cm × 29.7 cm × 42 cm, with a spatial resolution of about 0.58 mm × 0.82 mm × 8.33 mm, and a temporal resolution of 5 s. Experiments were carried out to detect the PLIF signals from fluorescein aerosols in the chamber, and then 3D reconstruction was used to visualize and analyze the diffusion of aerosol particles. The results prove that the system can be applied to clearly reconstruct the 3D distribution and record the diffusion process of aerosol particles in a confined space.
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9
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Hejral U, Shipilin M, Gustafson J, Stierle A, Lundgren E. High energy surface x-ray diffraction applied to model catalyst surfaces at work. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:073001. [PMID: 33690191 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abb17c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Catalysts are materials that accelerate the rate of a desired chemical reaction. As such, they constitute an integral part in many applications ranging from the production of fine chemicals in chemical industry to exhaust gas treatment in vehicles. Accordingly, it is of utmost economic interest to improve catalyst efficiency and performance, which requires an understanding of the interplay between the catalyst structure, the gas phase and the catalytic activity under realistic reaction conditions at ambient pressures and elevated temperatures. In recent years efforts have been made to increasingly develop techniques that allow for investigating model catalyst samples under conditions closer to those of real technical catalysts. One of these techniques is high energy surface x-ray diffraction (HESXRD), which uses x-rays with photon energies typically in the range of 70-80 keV. HESXRD allows a fast data collection of three dimensional reciprocal space for the structure determination of model catalyst samples under operando conditions and has since been used for the investigation of an increasing number of different model catalysts. In this article we will review general considerations of HESXRD including its working principle for different model catalyst samples and the experimental equipment required. An overview over HESXRD investigations performed in recent years will be given, and the advantages of HESXRD with respect to its application to different model catalyst samples will be presented. Moreover, the combination of HESXRD with other operando techniques such as in situ mass spectrometry, planar laser-induced fluorescence and surface optical reflectance will be discussed. The article will close with an outlook on future perspectives and applications of HESXRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Hejral
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mikhail Shipilin
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Gustafson
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Andreas Stierle
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Edvin Lundgren
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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10
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Abstract
Many important chemically reacting systems are inherently multi-dimensional with spatial and temporal variations in the thermochemical state, which can be strongly coupled to interactions with transport processes. Fundamental insights into these systems require multi-dimensional measurements of the thermochemical state as well as fluid dynamics quantities. Laser-based imaging diagnostics provide spatially and temporally resolved measurements that help address this need. The state of the art in imaging diagnostics is continually progressing with the goal of attaining simultaneous multi-parameter measurements that capture transient processes, particularly those that lead to stochastic events, such as localized extinction in turbulent combustion. Development efforts in imaging diagnostics benefit from advances in laser and detector technology. This article provides a perspective on the progression of increasing dimensionality of laser-based imaging diagnostics and highlights the evolution from single-point measurements to 1D and 2D multi-parameter imaging and 3D high-speed imaging. This evolution is demonstrated using highlights of laser-based imaging techniques in combustion science research as an exemplar of a complex multi-dimensional chemically reacting system with chemistry-transport coupling. Imaging diagnostics impact basic research in other chemically reacting systems as well, such as measurements of near-surface gases in heterogeneous catalysis. The expanding dimensionality of imaging diagnostics leads to larger and more complex datasets that require increasingly demanding approaches to data analysis and provide opportunities for increased collaboration between experimental and computational researchers in tackling these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Frank
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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11
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Zhou B, Huang E, Almeida R, Gurses S, Ungar A, Zetterberg J, Kulkarni A, Kronawitter CX, Osborn DL, Hansen N, Frank JH. Near-Surface Imaging of the Multicomponent Gas Phase above a Silver Catalyst during Partial Oxidation of Methanol. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhou
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
- Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Erxiong Huang
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Raybel Almeida
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Sadi Gurses
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Alexander Ungar
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Johan Zetterberg
- Division of Combustion Physics, Lund University, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden
| | - Ambarish Kulkarni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Coleman X. Kronawitter
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - David L. Osborn
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Nils Hansen
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Jonathan H. Frank
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
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12
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Wan S, Guo Y, Häber T, Suntz R, Deutschmann O. Spatially and Temporally Resolved Measurements of NO Adsorption/Desorption over NOx-Storage Catalyst. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:2497-2501. [PMID: 33118667 PMCID: PMC7756476 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The two-dimensional (2D) temporal evolution of the NO-concentration over a NOx-storage catalyst is investigated in situ with planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) in an optically accessible parallel wall channel reactor. Signal accumulated phase-correlated 2D-recordings of repetitive adsorption/desorption cycles are obtained by synchronizing the switching of the NO gas flow (on/off) with the laser and detection system, thereby significantly increasing the signal-to-noise ratio. The gas compositions at the reactor outlet are additionally monitored by ex-situ analytics. The impacts of varying feed concentration, temperature and flow velocities are investigated in an unsteady state. Transient kinetics and the mass transfer limitations can be interpreted in terms of the NO concentration gradient changes. The technique presented here is a very useful tool to investigate the interaction between surface kinetics and the surrounding gas flow, especially for transient catalytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui Wan
- Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyInstitute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Yiran Guo
- Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyInstitute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)Engesserstr. 2076128KarlsruheGermany
| | - Thomas Häber
- Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyInstitute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)Engesserstr. 2076128KarlsruheGermany
| | - Rainer Suntz
- Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyInstitute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)Engesserstr. 2076128KarlsruheGermany
| | - Olaf Deutschmann
- Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyInstitute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
- Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyInstitute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)Engesserstr. 2076128KarlsruheGermany
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13
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Bianchini RH, Roman MJ, Costen ML, McKendrick KG. Real-space laser-induced fluorescence imaging applied to gas-liquid interfacial scattering. J Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5110517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert H. Bianchini
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Maksymilian J. Roman
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew L. Costen
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth G. McKendrick
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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14
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Combining Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence with Stagnation Point Flows for Small Single-Crystal Model Catalysts: CO Oxidation on a Pd(100). Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9050484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A stagnation flow reactor has been designed and characterized for both experimental and modeling studies of single-crystal model catalysts in heterogeneous catalysis. Using CO oxidation over a Pd(100) single crystal as a showcase, we have employed planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) to visualize the CO2 distribution over the catalyst under reaction conditions and subsequently used the 2D spatially resolved gas phase data to characterize the stagnation flow reactor. From a comparison of the experimental data and the stagnation flow model, it was found that characteristic stagnation flow can be achieved with the reactor. Furthermore, the combined stagnation flow/PLIF/modeling approach makes it possible to estimate the turnover frequency (TOF) of the catalytic surface from the measured CO2 concentration profiles above the surface and to predict the CO2, CO and O2 concentrations at the surface under reaction conditions.
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15
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Watts KE, Blackburn TJ, Pemberton JE. Optical Spectroscopy of Surfaces, Interfaces, and Thin Films: A Status Report. Anal Chem 2019; 91:4235-4265. [PMID: 30790520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E Watts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Arizona 1306 East University Boulevard , Tucson , Arizona 85721 , United States
| | - Thomas J Blackburn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Arizona 1306 East University Boulevard , Tucson , Arizona 85721 , United States
| | - Jeanne E Pemberton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Arizona 1306 East University Boulevard , Tucson , Arizona 85721 , United States
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16
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Pfaff S, Zhou J, Hejral U, Gustafson J, Shipilin M, Albertin S, Blomberg S, Gutowski O, Dippel A, Lundgren E, Zetterberg J. Combining high-energy X-ray diffraction with Surface Optical Reflectance and Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence for operando catalyst surface characterization. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:033703. [PMID: 30927778 DOI: 10.1063/1.5086925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We have combined three techniques, High Energy Surface X-Ray Diffraction (HESXRD), Surface Optical Reflectance, and Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence in an operando study of CO oxidation over a Pd(100) catalyst. We show that these techniques provide useful new insights such as the ability to verify that the finite region being probed by techniques such as HESXRD is representative of the sample surface as a whole. The combination is also suitable to determine when changes in gas composition or surface structure and/or morphology occur and to subsequently correlate them with high temporal resolution. In the study, we confirm previous results which show that the Pd(100) surface reaches high activity before an oxide can be detected. Furthermore, we show that the single crystal catalyst surface does not behave homogeneously, which we attribute to the surface being exposed to inhomogeneous gas conditions in mass transfer limited scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pfaff
- Combustion Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - J Zhou
- Combustion Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - U Hejral
- Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - J Gustafson
- Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - M Shipilin
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Albertin
- Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - S Blomberg
- Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - O Gutowski
- Photon Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - A Dippel
- Photon Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - E Lundgren
- Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - J Zetterberg
- Combustion Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
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Blomberg S, Zetterberg J, Gustafson J, Zhou J, Shipilin M, Pfaff S, Hejral U, Carlsson PA, Gutowski O, Bertram F, Lundgren E. Combining synchrotron light with laser technology in catalysis research. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2018; 25:1389-1394. [PMID: 30179177 PMCID: PMC6140392 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577518010597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High-energy surface X-ray diffraction (HESXRD) provides surface structural information with high temporal resolution, facilitating the understanding of the surface dynamics and structure of the active phase of catalytic surfaces. The surface structure detected during the reaction is sensitive to the composition of the gas phase close to the catalyst surface, and the catalytic activity of the sample itself may affect the surface structure, which in turn may complicate the assignment of the active phase. For this reason, planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) and HESXRD have been combined during the oxidation of CO over a Pd(100) crystal. PLIF complements the structural studies with an instantaneous two-dimensional image of the CO2 gas phase in the vicinity of the active model catalyst. Here the combined HESXRD and PLIF operando measurements of CO oxidation over Pd(100) are presented, allowing for an improved assignment of the correlation between sample structure and the CO2 distribution above the sample surface with sub-second time resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Blomberg
- Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Johan Zetterberg
- Combustion Physics, Lund University, Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Johan Gustafson
- Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Combustion Physics, Lund University, Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Mikhail Shipilin
- Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Pfaff
- Combustion Physics, Lund University, Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Uta Hejral
- Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Per-Anders Carlsson
- Competence Centre for Catalysis, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Olof Gutowski
- Photon Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Florian Bertram
- Photon Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Edvin Lundgren
- Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
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Lundgren E, Zhang C, Merte LR, Shipilin M, Blomberg S, Hejral U, Zhou J, Zetterberg J, Gustafson J. Novel in Situ Techniques for Studies of Model Catalysts. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:2326-2333. [PMID: 28880530 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Motivated mainly by catalysis, gas-surface interaction between single crystal surfaces and molecules has been studied for decades. Most of these studies have been performed in well-controlled environments and have been instrumental for the present day understanding of catalysis, providing information on surface structures, adsorption sites, and adsorption and desorption energies relevant for catalysis. However, the approach has been criticized for being too far from a catalyst operating under industrial conditions at high temperatures and pressures. To this end, a significant amount of effort over the years has been used to develop methods to investigate catalysts at more realistic conditions under operating conditions. One result from this effort is a vivid and sometimes heated discussion concerning the active phase for the seemingly simple CO oxidation reaction over the Pt-group metals in the literature. In recent years, we have explored the possibilities to perform experiments at conditions closer to those of a technical catalyst, in particular at increased pressures and temperatures. In this contribution, results from catalytic CO oxidation over a Pd(100) single crystal surface using Near Ambient Pressure X-ray Photo emission Spectroscopy (NAPXPS), Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence (PLIF), and High Energy Surface X-ray Diffraction (HESXRD) are presented, and the strengths and weaknesses of the experimental techniques are discussed. Armed with structural knowledge from ultrahigh vacuum experiments, the presence of adsorbed molecules and gas-phase induced surface structures can be identified and related to changes in the reactivity or to reaction induced gas-flow limitations. In particular, the application of PLIF to catalysis allows one to visualize how the catalyst itself changes the gas composition close to the model catalyst surface upon ignition, and relate this to the observed surface structures. The effect obscures a straightforward relation between the active phase and the activity, since in the case of CO oxidation, the gas-phase close to the model catalyst surface is shown to be significantly more oxidizing than far away from the catalyst. We show that surface structural knowledge from UHV experiments and the composition of the gas phase close to the catalyst surface are crucial to understand structure-function relationships at semirealistic conditions. In the particular case of Pd, we argue that the surface structure of the PdO(101) has a significant influence on the activity, due to the presence of Coordinatively Unsaturated Sites (CUS) Pd atoms, similar to undercoordinated Ru and Ir atoms found for RuO2(110) and IrO2(110), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvin Lundgren
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, Lund S-221 00, Sweden
| | - Chu Zhang
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, Lund S-221 00, Sweden
| | - Lindsay R. Merte
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, Lund S-221 00, Sweden
| | - Mikhail Shipilin
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, Lund S-221 00, Sweden
| | - Sara Blomberg
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, Lund S-221 00, Sweden
| | - Uta Hejral
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, Lund S-221 00, Sweden
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Division of Combustion Physics, Lund University, Box 118, Lund S-221 00, Sweden
| | - Johan Zetterberg
- Division of Combustion Physics, Lund University, Box 118, Lund S-221 00, Sweden
| | - Johan Gustafson
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, Lund S-221 00, Sweden
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Time Resolved Operando X-ray Techniques in Catalysis, a Case Study: CO Oxidation by O2 over Pt Surfaces and Alumina Supported Pt Catalysts. Catalysts 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/catal7020058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Visualization of Gas Distribution in a Model AP-XPS Reactor by PLIF: CO Oxidation over a Pd(100) Catalyst. Catalysts 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/catal7010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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