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Ding R, Azadehranjbar S, Padilla Espinosa IM, Martini A, Jacobs TDB. Separating Geometric and Diffusive Contributions to the Surface Nucleation of Dislocations in Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2024; 18:4170-4179. [PMID: 38275286 PMCID: PMC10851666 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
While metal nanoparticles are widely used, their small size makes them mechanically unstable. Extensive prior research has demonstrated that nanoparticles with sizes in the range of 10-50 nm fail by the surface nucleation of dislocations, which is a thermally activated process. Two different contributions have been suggested to cause the weakening of smaller particles: first, geometric effects such as increased surface curvature reduce the barrier for dislocation nucleation; second, surface diffusion happens faster on smaller particles, thus accelerating the formation of surface kinks which nucleate dislocations. These two factors are difficult to disentangle. Here we use in situ compression testing inside a transmission electron microscope to measure the strength and deformation behavior of platinum particles in three groups: 12 nm bare particles, 16 nm bare particles, and 12 nm silica-coated particles. Thermodynamics calculations show that, if surface diffusion were the dominant factor, the last two groups would show equal strengthening. Our experimental results refute this, instead demonstrating a 100% increase in mean yield strength with increased particle size and no statistically significant increase in strength due to the addition of a coating. A separate analysis of stable plastic flow corroborates the findings, showing an order-of-magnitude increase in the rate of dislocation nucleation with a change in particle size and no change with coating. Taken together, these results demonstrate that surface diffusion plays a far smaller role in the failure of nanoparticles by dislocations as compared to geometric factors that reduce the energy barrier for dislocation nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruikang Ding
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Soodabeh Azadehranjbar
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Ingrid M. Padilla Espinosa
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
California, Merced, Merced, California 95340, United States
| | - Ashlie Martini
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
California, Merced, Merced, California 95340, United States
| | - Tevis D. B. Jacobs
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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Jo E, Lee YB, Jung Y, Kim SB, Kang Y, Seo MH, Yoon JB, Kim J. Integration of Gold Nanoparticle-Carbon Nanotube Composite for Enhanced Contact Lifetime of Microelectromechanical Switches with Very Low Contact Resistance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:16959-16967. [PMID: 33797217 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electrical circuits require ideal switches with low power consumption for future electronic applications. However, transistors, the most developed electrical switches available currently, have certain fundamental limitations such as increased leakage current and limited subthreshold swing. To overcome these limitations, micromechanical switches have been extensively studied; however, it is challenging to develop micromechanical switches with high endurance and low contact resistance. This study demonstrates highly reliable microelectromechanical switches using nanocomposites. Nanocomposites consisting of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are coated on contact electrodes as contact surfaces through a scalable and solution-based fabrication process. While deformable CNTs in the nanocomposite increase the effective contact area under mechanical loads, highly conductive Au NPs provide current paths with low contact resistance between CNTs. Given these advantages, the switches exhibit robust switching operations over 5 × 106 cycles under hot-switching conditions in air. The switches also show low contact resistance without subthreshold region, an extremely small leakage current, and a high on/off ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhwan Jo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Bok Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yohan Jung
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Bon Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunsung Kang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Seo
- School of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, College of Information & Biomedical Engineering, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-ro, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Bo Yoon
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongbaeg Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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Mourdikoudis S, Pallares RM, Thanh NTK. Characterization techniques for nanoparticles: comparison and complementarity upon studying nanoparticle properties. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:12871-12934. [PMID: 29926865 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02278j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 554] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructures have attracted huge interest as a rapidly growing class of materials for many applications. Several techniques have been used to characterize the size, crystal structure, elemental composition and a variety of other physical properties of nanoparticles. In several cases, there are physical properties that can be evaluated by more than one technique. Different strengths and limitations of each technique complicate the choice of the most suitable method, while often a combinatorial characterization approach is needed. In addition, given that the significance of nanoparticles in basic research and applications is constantly increasing, it is necessary that researchers from separate fields overcome the challenges in the reproducible and reliable characterization of nanomaterials, after their synthesis and further process (e.g. annealing) stages. The principal objective of this review is to summarize the present knowledge on the use, advances, advantages and weaknesses of a large number of experimental techniques that are available for the characterization of nanoparticles. Different characterization techniques are classified according to the concept/group of the technique used, the information they can provide, or the materials that they are destined for. We describe the main characteristics of the techniques and their operation principles and we give various examples of their use, presenting them in a comparative mode, when possible, in relation to the property studied in each case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Mourdikoudis
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Ramanan N, Roy S, Lahiri D, Sharma SM, Dev BN. Ascertaining the nanocluster formation within an ion-irradiated Pt/Ni/C multi-trilayer with X-ray absorption spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2013; 20:137-144. [PMID: 23254666 DOI: 10.1107/s090904951204157x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work nanoclusters formed in a Pt/Ni/C multi-trilayer by the ion-irradiated method of synthesis are characterized. In particular, an attempt to understand the role of interfaces in the synthesis is made. With this objective, ion-irradiation-induced structural changes in a Pt/Ni/C multi-trilayer using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (at the Ni K-edge) in conjunction with the X-ray standing-wave technique are investigated. The XANES analysis identifies chemical binding at pristine Ni/C and Ni/Pt interfaces, in contrast with physical adsorption at the Pt/C interface. The chemical nature of the interfaces determines their relative stability with respect to irradiation and controls the extent of metallic diffusion. The most interesting structural change, upon irradiation, is the disruption of the Pt/C interface and subsequent migration of Pt atoms towards pre-diffused Ni atoms within the C layer, leading to the formation of Ni-centered Ni-Pt bimetallic nanoclusters (with Ni:Pt = 60:40). These clusters are highly disordered beyond their nearest neighbor and find wide-scale applications as, for example, magnetic devices etc. The implications of these findings on the design goals are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitya Ramanan
- High Pressure and Synchrotron Radiation Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
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Choi J, Lee JI, Eun Y, Kim MO, Kim J. Aligned carbon nanotube arrays for degradation-resistant, intimate contact in micromechanical devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:2231-6. [PMID: 21462377 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201100472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jungwook Choi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 262 Seongsanno, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
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Geronimo CLA, MacCuspie RI. Antibody-mediated self-limiting self-assembly for quantitative analysis of nanoparticle surfaces by atomic force microscopy. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2011; 17:206-214. [PMID: 21366936 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927610094559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of very low density molecular coatings on large (60 nm) gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is demonstrated via the use of antibody-mediated self-limiting self-assembly of small and large AuNPs into raspberry-like structures subsequently imaged by atomic force microscopy (AFM). AFM imaging is proposed as an automated, lower-cost, higher-throughput alternative to immunostaining and imaging by transmission electron microscopy. Synthesis of large AuNPs, containing one of three ligand molecules in one of three stoichiometries (1, 2, or 10 ligands per AuNP), and small probe AuNPs with one of three antibody molecules in a one antibody per AuNP ratio, enabled a range of predicted self-limiting self-assembled structures. A model predicting the probability of observing a given small to large AuNP ratio based on a topography measurement such as AFM is described, in which random orientational deposition is assumed and which accounts for the stochastic synthesis method of the library AuNPs with varied ligand ratios. Experimental data were found to agree very well with the predictive models when using an established AFM sample preparation method that avoids drying-induced aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Lay A Geronimo
- Nanomechanical Properties Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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MacCuspie RI, Elsen AM, Diamanti SJ, Patton ST, Altfeder I, Jacobs JD, Voevodin AA, Vaia RA. Purification-chemical structure-electrical property relationship in gold nanoparticle liquids. Appl Organomet Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.1632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Dawson BD, Lee SM, Krim J. Tribo-induced melting transition at a sliding asperity contact. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:205502. [PMID: 20365990 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.205502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Observation of a tribo-induced transition from solid to liquidlike behavior is reported for a scanning tunneling microscope tip in sliding contact with an indium electrode of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). In particular, at a sufficiently high asperity sliding speed (about 1 m/s) and/or sample temperature, a change in the contact mechanics is observed that is consistent with melting in terms of both the QCM response and an energy analysis. The results confirm that the surface, rather than bulk, melting point temperature is the more relevant quantity for tribological considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Dawson
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 26795, USA
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Slocik JM, Kim SN, Whitehead TA, Clark DS, Naik RR. Biotemplated metal nanowires using hyperthermophilic protein filaments. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2009; 5:2038-2042. [PMID: 19517487 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200900499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Slocik
- Nanostructured and Biological Materials Branch, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Lab, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433-7750, USA
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