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Recent Advances in Electrochemical Sensing of Hydrogen Peroxide (H 2O 2) Released from Cancer Cells. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12091475. [PMID: 35564184 PMCID: PMC9103167 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is by far the most common cause of death worldwide. There are more than 200 types of cancer known hitherto depending upon the origin and type. Early diagnosis of cancer provides better disease prognosis and the best chance for a cure. This fact prompts world-leading scientists and clinicians to develop techniques for the early detection of cancer. Thus, less morbidity and lower mortality rates are envisioned. The latest advancements in the diagnosis of cancer utilizing nanotechnology have manifested encouraging results. Cancerous cells are well known for their substantial amounts of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The common methods for the detection of H2O2 include colorimetry, titration, chromatography, spectrophotometry, fluorimetry, and chemiluminescence. These methods commonly lack selectivity, sensitivity, and reproducibility and have prolonged analytical time. New biosensors are reported to circumvent these obstacles. The production of detectable amounts of H2O2 by cancerous cells has promoted the use of bio- and electrochemical sensors because of their high sensitivity, selectivity, robustness, and miniaturized point-of-care cancer diagnostics. Thus, this review will emphasize the principles, analytical parameters, advantages, and disadvantages of the latest electrochemical biosensors in the detection of H2O2. It will provide a summary of the latest technological advancements of biosensors based on potentiometric, impedimetric, amperometric, and voltammetric H2O2 detection. Moreover, it will critically describe the classification of biosensors based on the material, nature, conjugation, and carbon-nanocomposite electrodes for rapid and effective detection of H2O2, which can be useful in the early detection of cancerous cells.
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Montes R, Sánchez G, Zhao J, Palet C, Baeza M, Bastos-Arrieta J. Customized In Situ Functionalization of Nanodiamonds with Nanoparticles for Composite Carbon-Paste Electrodes. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10061179. [PMID: 32560355 PMCID: PMC7353388 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of nanomaterials on (bio)sensors based on composite materials has led to important advances in the analytical chemistry field due to the extraordinary properties that these materials offer. Nanodiamonds (NDs) are a novel type of material that has raised much attention, as they have the possibility of being produced on a large scale by relatively inexpensive synthetic methodologies. Moreover, NDs can present some other interesting features, such as fluorescence, due to surface functionalization and proved biocompatibility, which makes them suitable for biomedical applications. In addition, NDs can be customized with metallic nanoparticles (NPs), such as silver or gold, in order to combine the features of both. Raw NDs were used as modifiers of sensors due to the electrocatalytic effect of the sp2 and oxygenated species present on their surface. The aim of this research work is evaluating the applicability of NDs modified with silver (Ag@NDs) and gold (Au@NDs) nanoparticles for the development of a suitable (bio)sensing platform. A complete morphological and electrochemical characterization as a function of the prepared nanocomposite composition was performed in order to improve the electroanalytical properties of the developed (bio)sensors. In the present work, the optimal composition for Au@NDs present on the nanocomposite matrix is 3.5% and the one for Ag@NDs is 1%. Good results were obtained in the evaluation of the optimal composition towards hydrogen peroxide and glucose as a model analyte using a (bio)sensor based on graphite-epoxy-Ag@NDs (17:82:1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Montes
- GENOCOV Research Group, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carrer de les Sitges, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain;
| | - Gerard Sánchez
- GENOCOV Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Edifici C-Nord, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carrer dels Til·lers, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain;
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Grup de Tècniques de Separació en Química, Department of Chemistry, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carrer dels Til·lers, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain; (J.Z.); (C.P.)
| | - Cristina Palet
- Grup de Tècniques de Separació en Química, Department of Chemistry, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carrer dels Til·lers, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain; (J.Z.); (C.P.)
| | - Mireia Baeza
- GENOCOV Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Edifici C-Nord, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carrer dels Til·lers, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain;
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (J.B.-A.)
| | - Julio Bastos-Arrieta
- Physical Chemistry TU Dresden, Zellescher Weg 19, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (J.B.-A.)
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Highly sensitive electrochemical immunosensor for IgG detection based on optimized rigid biocomposites. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 78:505-512. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Vatsyayan P. Recent Advances in the Study of Electrochemistry of Redox Proteins. TRENDS IN BIOELECTROANALYSIS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/11663_2015_5001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Huang TY, Kung CW, Wang JY, Lee MH, Chen LC, Chu CW, Ho KC. Graphene Nanosheets/Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Nanotubes Composite Materials for Electrochemical Biosensing Applications. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.04.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Improvement of the detection limit for biosensors: Advances on the optimization of biocomposite composition. Microchem J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Montes R, Bartrolí J, Céspedes F, Baeza M. Towards to the improvement of the analytical response in voltammetric sensors based on rigid composites. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Nerimetla R, Walgama C, Ramanathan R, Krishnan S. Correlating the Electrochemical Kinetics of Myoglobin-Films to pH Dependent Meat Color. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201300630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Electron Transfer of Myoglobin Immobilized in Au Electrodes Modified with a RAFT PMMA-Block-PDMAEMA Polymer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/184206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myoglobin was immobilized with poly(methyl methacrylate)-block-poly[(2-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate]PMMA-block-PDMAEMA polymer synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer technique (RAFT). Cyclic voltammograms gave direct and slow quasireversible heterogeneous electron transfer kinetics between Mb-PMMA-block-PDMAEMA modified electrode and the redox center of the protein. The values for electron rate constant (Ks) and transfer coefficient (α) were0.055±0.01·s−1and0.81±0.08, respectively. The reduction potential determined as a function of temperature (293–328 K) revealed a value of reaction center entropy ofΔS0of351.3±0.0002 J·mol−1·K−1and enthalpy change of-76.8±0.1 kJ·mol−1, suggesting solvent effects and charge ionization atmosphere involved in the reaction parallel to hydrophobic interactions with the copolymer. The immobilized protein also exhibits an electrocatalytical response to reduction of hydrogen peroxide, with an apparentKmof114.7±58.7 μM. The overall results substantiate the design and use of RAFT polymers towards the development of third-generation biosensors.
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Wei J, Qiu J, Li L, Ren L, Zhang X, Chaudhuri J, Wang S. A reduced graphene oxide based electrochemical biosensor for tyrosine detection. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 23:335707. [PMID: 22863907 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/33/335707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a 'green' and safe hydrothermal method has been used to reduce graphene oxide and produce hemin modified graphene nanosheet (HGN) based electrochemical biosensors for the determination of l-tyrosine levels. The as-fabricated HGN biosensors were characterized by UV-visible absorption spectra, fluorescence spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The experimental results indicated that hemin was successfully immobilized on the reduced graphene oxide nanosheet (rGO) through π-π interaction. TEM images and EDX results further confirmed the attachment of hemin on the rGO nanosheet. Cyclic voltammetry tests were carried out for the bare glass carbon electrode (GCE), the rGO electrode (rGO/GCE), and the hemin-rGO electrode (HGN/GCE). The HGN/GCE based biosensor exhibits a tyrosine detection linear range from 5 × 10(-7) M to 2 × 10(-5) M with a detection limitation of 7.5 × 10(-8) M at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. The sensitivity of this biosensor is 133 times higher than that of the bare GCE. In comparison with other works, electroactive biosensors are easily fabricated, easily controlled and cost-effective. Moreover, the hemin-rGO based biosensors demonstrate higher stability, a broader detection linear range and better detection sensitivity. Study of the oxidation scheme reveals that the rGO enhances the electron transfer between the electrode and the hemin, and the existence of hemin groups effectively electrocatalyzes the oxidation of tyrosine. This study contributes to a widespread clinical application of nanomaterial based biosensor devices with a broader detection linear range, improved stability, enhanced sensitivity and reduced costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Wei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, 2500 Broadway, PO Box 41021, Lubbock, TX 79409-1021, USA
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Gao C, Guo Z, Liu JH, Huang XJ. The new age of carbon nanotubes: an updated review of functionalized carbon nanotubes in electrochemical sensors. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:1948-63. [PMID: 22337209 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr11757f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), they have drawn considerable research attention and have shown great potential application in many fields due to their unique structural, mechanical, and electronic properties. However, their native insolubility severely holds back the process of application. In order to overcome this disadvantage and broaden the scope of their application, chemical functionalization of CNTs has attracted great interest over the past several decades and produced various novel hybrid materials with specific applications. Notably, the rapid development of functionalized CNTs used as electrochemical sensors has been successfully witnessed. In this featured article, the recent progress of electrochemical sensors based on functionalized CNTs is discussed and classified according to modifiers covering organic (oxygen functional groups, small organic molecules, polymers, DNA, protein, etc.), inorganic (metal nanoparticles, metal oxide, etc.) and organic-inorganic hybrids. By employing some representative examples, it will be demonstrated that functionalized CNTs as templates, carriers, immobilizers and transducers are promising for the construction of electrochemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gao
- Research Center for Biomimetic Functional Materials and Sensing Devices, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China
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The intrinsic redox reactions of polyamic acid derivatives and their application in hydrogen peroxide sensor. Biomaterials 2011; 32:4885-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Direct electrochemistry of myoglobin immobilized in NiO/MWNTs hybrid nanocomposite for electrocatalytic detection of hydrogen peroxide. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-010-0152-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Different strategies used to biofunctionalize CNTs with proteins, from direct physical adsorption on pristine CNTs to chemical treatments to achieve covalent interaction, are described. The discussion is focused on the consequences of the adsorption process on the structure and properties of both proteins and CNTs. On this base, recent developments in CNTs-proteins based biosensors (electrochemical and optical) and drug delivery systems are reviewed.
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Jacobs CB, Peairs MJ, Venton BJ. Review: Carbon nanotube based electrochemical sensors for biomolecules. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 662:105-27. [PMID: 20171310 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 781] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been incorporated in electrochemical sensors to decrease overpotential and improve sensitivity. In this review, we focus on recent literature that describes how CNT-based electrochemical sensors are being developed to detect neurotransmitters, proteins, small molecules such as glucose, and DNA. Different types of electrochemical methods are used in these sensors including direct electrochemical detection with amperometry or voltammetry, indirect detection of an oxidation product using enzyme sensors, and detection of conductivity changes using CNT-field effect transistors (FETs). Future challenges for the field include miniaturizing sensors, developing methods to use only a specific nanotube allotrope, and simplifying manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Jacobs
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA 22904, United States
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