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Gupta A, Ndugire W, Hirschbiegel CM, Grigely L, Rotello VM. Interfacing Nanomaterials with Biology through Ligand Engineering. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:2151-2169. [PMID: 37505102 PMCID: PMC10615117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have incredible potential in biology and biomedicine. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have become a cornerstone of the nanomedicine revolution due to their ease of synthesis, inertness, and versatility. The widespread use of AuNPs can be traced to the development of accessible, bottom-up wet synthesis methods that emphasized the role of ligands in controlling the size, dispersity, and stability of colloids in solution. Decoration of AuNPs with organic ligands can be used to dictate the interactions of these nanomaterials with biosystems on multiple scales. The tunability of the AuNP ligand monolayer via covalent and noncovalent approaches allows the use of AuNPs in a broad range of biomedical fields.In this Account, we describe our use of AuNPs to answer a central question in the ligand engineering of colloidal nanoparticles: can we fabricate NPs that are nontoxic, modular, and functional in biological environments? We explored spherical AuNPs of different sizes and ligand structures, empirically exploring the AuNP-biomolecule interaction. We show here how the atom-by-atom control provided by organic synthesis can be used to create engineered ligands. Presenting these ligands on the surface of AuNPs creates multivalent constructs with unique and useful properties. Ligand design is a key feature of these AuNPs. We have developed ligands that have three distinct structural segments: 1) a hydrophobic alkanethiol interior that imparts stability; 2) a tetra(ethylene glycol) segment that creates a noninteracting tabula rasa surface; and 3) ligand headgroups that dictate how the AuNP interacts with the outside world. Our research into the design principles of ligands on AuNPs and their interactions with biological systems can be translated to other nanoparticle systems.This Account also summarizes the trajectory of ligand engineering in our laboratory and further afield. At the outset, experimental and theoretical fundamental studies were focused on the interactions between AuNPs and cellular components, such as proteins and lipid membranes. Understanding these behaviors provided the direction for investigating how ligands mediate the interface of AuNPs with mammalian and bacterial cells. In these experiments, it was particularly noteworthy that the ligand hydrophobicity and charge play a significant role in the uptake and toxicity of AuNPs. These revelations formed a basis for translating AuNPs to physiological environments. We present how we have integrated our synthetic abilities to construct AuNPs for biomedical applications, including delivery, bioorthogonal catalysis, antimicrobial and antitumor therapeutics, and biosensing.Overall, we hope that this Account will give the reader insight into how our research has evolved, changing AuNPs from synthetic curiosities into functional nanoplatforms for nanomedicine, all through the power of ligand design and synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cristina-Maria Hirschbiegel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Lily Grigely
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Vincent M. Rotello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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Khan I, Nagarjuna R, Ray Dutta J, Ganesan R. Towards single crystalline, highly monodisperse and catalytically active gold nanoparticles capped with probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum derived lipase. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-018-0735-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Enzyme activity of α-chymotrypsin: Deactivation by gold nano-cluster and reactivation by glutathione. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 494:74-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Modulatory Effect of Citrate Reduced Gold and Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles on α-Amylase Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1155/2015/829718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Amylase is one of the important digestive enzymes involved in hydrolysis of starch. In this paper, we describe a novel approach to study the interaction of amylase enzyme with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and checked its catalytic function. AuNPs are synthesized using citrate reduction method and AgNPs were synthesized using biological route employing Ficus benghalensis and Ficus religiosa leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent to reduce silver nitrate to silver atoms. A modulatory effect of nanoparticles on amylase activity was observed. Gold nanoparticles are excellent biocompatible surfaces for the immobilization of enzymes. Immobilized amylase showed 1- to 2-fold increase of activity compared to free enzyme. The biocatalytic activity of amylase in the bioconjugate was marginally enhanced relative to the free enzyme in solution. The bioconjugate material also showed significantly enhanced pH and temperature stability. The results indicate that the present study paves way for the modulator degradation of starch by the enzyme with AuNPs and biogenic AgNPs, which is a promising application in the medical and food industry.
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Zhang Y, Wu L, Jiang C, Yan B. Reprogramming Cellular Signaling Machinery Using Surface-Modified Carbon Nanotubes. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:296-305. [DOI: 10.1021/tx500480d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- School of Chemistry
and Chemical
Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Ling Wu
- School of Chemistry
and Chemical
Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Cuijuan Jiang
- School of Chemistry
and Chemical
Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Bing Yan
- School of Chemistry
and Chemical
Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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Suthiwangcharoen N, Nagarajan R. Enhancing enzyme stability by construction of polymer-enzyme conjugate micelles for decontamination of organophosphate agents. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:1142-52. [PMID: 24564717 DOI: 10.1021/bm401531d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing the stability of enzymes under different working environments is essential if the potential of enzyme-based applications is to be realized for nanomedicine, sensing and molecular diagnostics, and chemical and biological decontamination. In this study, we focus on the enzyme, organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH), which has shown great promise for the nontoxic and noncorrosive decontamination of organophosphate agents (OPs) as well as for therapeutics as a catalytic bioscavanger against nerve gas poisoning. We describe a facile approach to stabilize OPH using covalent conjugation with the amphiphilic block copolymer, Pluronic F127, leading to the formation of F127-OPH conjugate micelles, with the OPH on the micelle corona. SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF confirmed the successful conjugation, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) revealed ∼100 nm size micelles. The conjugates showed significantly enhanced stability and higher activity compared to the unconjugated OPH when tested (i) in aqueous solutions at room temperature, (ii) in aqueous solutions at higher temperatures, (iii) after multiple freeze/thaw treatments, (iv) after lyophilization, and (v) in the presence of organic solvents. The F127-OPH conjugates also decontaminated paraoxon (introduced as a chemical agent simulant) on a polystyrene film surface and on a CARC (Chemical Agent Resistant Coating) test panel more rapidly and to a larger extent compared to free OPH. We speculate that, in the F127-OPH conjugates (both in the micellar form as well as in the unaggregated conjugate), the polypropylene oxide block of the copolymer interacts with the surface of the OPH and this confinement of the OPH reduces the potential for enzyme denaturation and provides robustness to OPH at different working environments. The use of such polymer-enzyme conjugate micelles with improved enzyme stability opens up new opportunities for numerous civilian and Warfighter applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisaraporn Suthiwangcharoen
- Molecular Sciences and Engineering Team, Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center , 15 Kansas Street, Natick, Massachusetts 01760, United States
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Zheng C, Zhang XL, Liu W, Liu B, Yang HH, Lin ZA, Chen GN. A selective artificial enzyme inhibitor based on nanoparticle-enzyme interactions and molecular imprinting. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:5922-7. [PMID: 23955936 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201302064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A novel and general strategy is developed to design selective artificial enzyme inhibitor based on nanoparticleenzyme inter actions and molecular imprinting. Due to the creation of specific binding cavities, the resulting artificial inhibitor has high inhibition efficiency for the target enzyme, and shows great target-selectivity over other enzymes of similar function and proteins of compaable mole cular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zheng
- The Key Lab of Analysis Technology for Food Safety of the MOE, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
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Mancin F, Prins LJ, Scrimin P. Catalysis on gold-nanoparticle-passivating monolayers. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Macromolecular crowding decreases the diffusion rate, shifts the equilibrium of protein-protein and protein-substrate interactions, and changes protein conformational dynamics. Collectively, these effects contribute to enzyme catalysis. Here we describe how crowding may bias the conformational change and dynamics of enzyme populations and in this way affect catalysis. Crowding effects have been studied using artificial crowding agents and in vivo-like environments. These studies revealed a correlation between protein dynamics and function in the crowded environment. We suggest that crowded environments be classified into uniform crowding and structured crowding. Uniform crowding represents random crowding conditions created by synthetic particles with a narrow size distribution. Structured crowding refers to the highly coordinated cellular environment, where proteins and other macromolecules are clustered and organized. In structured crowded environments the perturbation of protein thermal stability may be lower; however, it may still be able to modulate functions effectively and dynamically. Dynamic, allosteric enzymes could be more sensitive to cellular perturbations if their free energy landscape is flatter around the native state; on the other hand, if their free energy landscape is rougher, with high kinetic barriers separating deep minima, they could be more robust. Above all, cells are structured; and this holds both for the cytosol and for the membrane environment. The crowded environment is organized, which limits the search, and the crowders are not necessarily inert. More likely, they too transmit allosteric effects, and as such play important functional roles. Overall, structured cellular crowding may lead to higher enzyme efficiency and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Klinman
- Department of Chemistry Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California The california institute for Quantitativ, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Kim ST, Chompoosor A, Yeh YC, Agasti SS, Solfiell DJ, Rotello VM. Dendronized gold nanoparticles for siRNA delivery. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:3253-6. [PMID: 22887809 PMCID: PMC3490019 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201201141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Tae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Deka J, Paul A, Chattopadhyay A. Modulating enzymatic activity in the presence of gold nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20056b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Moyano DF, Rotello VM. Nano meets biology: structure and function at the nanoparticle interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:10376-85. [PMID: 21476507 PMCID: PMC3154611 DOI: 10.1021/la2004535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the interactions of nanomaterials with biosystems is a critical goal in both biomedicine and environmental science. Engineered nanoparticles provide excellent tools for probing this interface. In this feature article, we will summarize one of the themes presented in our recent Langmuir lecture discussing the use of monolayer design to understand and control the interactions of nanoparticles with biomolecules and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F. Moyano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Vincent M. Rotello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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Levchenko LA, Golovanova SA, Lariontseva NV, Sadkov AP, Voilov DN, Shul’ga YM, Nikitenko NG, Shestakov AF. Synthesis and study of gold nanoparticles stabilized by bioflavonoids. Russ Chem Bull 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-011-0067-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Watanabe K, Kano K. Time-Dependent Enzyme Activity Dominated by Dissociation of J-Aggregates Bound to Protein Surface. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:2332-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bc100355v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Watanabe
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0321, Japan
| | - Koji Kano
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0321, Japan
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Magnetically recyclable, antimicrobial, and catalytically enhanced polymer-assisted “green” nanosystem-immobilized Aspergillus niger amyloglucosidase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 87:1983-92. [PMID: 20490787 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2658-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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