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Hjort M, Bauer M, Gunnarsson S, Mårsell E, Zakharov AA, Karlsson G, Sanfins E, Prinz CN, Wallenberg R, Cedervall T, Mikkelsen A. Electron microscopy imaging of proteins on gallium phosphide semiconductor nanowires. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:3936-43. [PMID: 26838122 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08888g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We have imaged GaP nanowires (NWs) incubated with human laminin, serum albumin (HSA), and blood plasma using both cryo-transmission electron microscopy and synchrotron based X-ray photoemission electron microscopy. This extensive imaging methodology simultaneously reveals structural, chemical and morphological details of individual nanowires and the adsorbed proteins. We found that the proteins bind to NWs, forming coronas with thicknesses close to the proteins' hydrodynamic diameters. We could directly image how laminin is extending from the NWs, maximizing the number of proteins bound to the NWs. NWs incubated with both laminin and HSA show protein coronas with a similar appearance to NWs incubated with laminin alone, indicating that the presence of HSA does not affect the laminin conformation on the NWs. In blood plasma, an intermediate sized corona around the NWs indicates a corona with a mixture of plasma proteins. The ability to directly visualize proteins on nanostructures in situ holds great promise for assessing the conformation and thickness of the protein corona, which is key to understanding and predicting the properties of engineered nanomaterials in a biological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hjort
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Mikael Bauer
- Center for Molecular Protein Science, Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Stefan Gunnarsson
- Center for Molecular Protein Science, Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Erik Mårsell
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Alexei A Zakharov
- The MAX-IV Laboratory, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Gunnel Karlsson
- nCHREM/Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Elodie Sanfins
- Center for Molecular Protein Science, Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Christelle N Prinz
- Division of Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Reine Wallenberg
- nCHREM/Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tommy Cedervall
- Center for Molecular Protein Science, Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Mikkelsen
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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Ogletree DF, Schuck PJ, Weber-Bargioni AF, Borys NJ, Aloni S, Bao W, Barja S, Lee J, Melli M, Munechika K, Whitelam S, Wickenburg S. Revealing Optical Properties of Reduced-Dimensionality Materials at Relevant Length Scales. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:5693-5719. [PMID: 26332202 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201500930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Reduced-dimensionality materials for photonic and optoelectronic applications including energy conversion, solid-state lighting, sensing, and information technology are undergoing rapid development. The search for novel materials based on reduced-dimensionality is driven by new physics. Understanding and optimizing material properties requires characterization at the relevant length scale, which is often below the diffraction limit. Three important material systems are chosen for review here, all of which are under investigation at the Molecular Foundry, to illustrate the current state of the art in nanoscale optical characterization: 2D semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides; 1D semiconducting nanowires; and energy-transfer in assemblies of 0D semiconducting nanocrystals. For each system, the key optical properties, the principal experimental techniques, and important recent results are discussed. Applications and new developments in near-field optical microscopy and spectroscopy, scanning probe microscopy, and cathodoluminescence in the electron microscope are given detailed attention. Work done at the Molecular Foundry is placed in context within the fields under review. A discussion of emerging opportunities and directions for the future closes the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Frank Ogletree
- Molecular Foundry, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - P James Schuck
- Molecular Foundry, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Alexander F Weber-Bargioni
- Molecular Foundry, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Nicholas J Borys
- Molecular Foundry, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Shaul Aloni
- Molecular Foundry, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Wei Bao
- Molecular Foundry, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Sara Barja
- Molecular Foundry, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Jiye Lee
- Molecular Foundry, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Mauro Melli
- Molecular Foundry, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Keiko Munechika
- Molecular Foundry, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Stephan Whitelam
- Molecular Foundry, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Sebastian Wickenburg
- Molecular Foundry, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
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Hjort M, Knutsson JV, Mandl B, Deppert K, Lundgren E, Timm R, Mikkelsen A. Surface morphology of Au-free grown nanowires after native oxide removal. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:9998-10004. [PMID: 25981415 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr01874a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Using scanning tunneling microscopy, we evaluate the surface structure and morphology down to the atomic scale for micrometers along Au-free grown InAs nanowires (NWs) free from native oxide. We find that removal of the native oxide (which covers the NWs upon exposure to the ambient air) using atomic hydrogen does not alter the underlying step structure. Imaging with sub-nanometer resolution along the NWs, we find an extremely low tapering (diameter change along the NW) of 1.7 ± 0.5 Åμm(-1). A surface morphology with monolayer high islands, whose shape was influenced by stacking faults, was found to cover the NWs and was attributed to the decomposed native oxide. The appearance of point defects in the form of As-vacancies at the surface is analyzed and we set limits to the amount of carbon impurities in the NWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hjort
- Department of Physics and the Nanometer Structure Consortium, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 22 100 Lund, Sweden.
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