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Gul G, Faller R, Ileri-Ercan N. Polystyrene-modified carbon nanotubes: Promising carriers in targeted drug delivery. Biophys J 2022; 121:4271-4279. [PMID: 36230001 PMCID: PMC9703093 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To design drug-delivery agents for therapeutic and diagnostic applications, understanding the mechanisms by which covalently functionalized carbon nanotubes penetrate and interact with cell membranes is of great importance. Here, we report all-atom molecular dynamics results from polystyrene and carboxyl-terminated polystyrene-modified carbon nanotubes and show their translocation behavior across a model lipid bilayer together with their potential to deliver a molecule of the drug ibuprofen into the cell. Our results indicate that functionalized carbon nanotubes are internalized by the membrane in hundreds of nanoseconds and that drug loading increases the internalization speed further. Both loaded and unloaded tubes cross the closest leaflet of the bilayer by nonendocytic pathways, and for the times studied, the drug molecule remains trapped inside the pristine tube while remaining attached at the end of polystyrene-modified tube. On the other hand, carboxyl-terminated polystyrene functionalization allows the drug to be completely released into the lower leaflet of the bilayer without imposing damage to the membrane. This study shows that polystyrene functionalization is a promising alternative and facilitates drug delivery as a benchmark case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulsah Gul
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Bogazici University, Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Roland Faller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Nazar Ileri-Ercan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Bogazici University, Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey.
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2
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Fekete T, Mészáros M, Szegletes Z, Vizsnyiczai G, Zimányi L, Deli MA, Veszelka S, Kelemen L. Optically Manipulated Microtools to Measure Adhesion of the Nanoparticle-Targeting Ligand Glutathione to Brain Endothelial Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:39018-39029. [PMID: 34397215 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Targeting nanoparticles as drug delivery platforms is crucial to facilitate their cellular entry. Docking of nanoparticles by targeting ligands on cell membranes is the first step for the initiation of cellular uptake. As a model system, we studied brain microvascular endothelial cells, which form the anatomical basis of the blood-brain barrier, and the tripeptide glutathione, one of the most effective targeting ligands of nanoparticles to cross the blood-brain barrier. To investigate this initial docking step between glutathione and the membrane of living brain endothelial cells, we applied our recently developed innovative optical method. We present a microtool, with a task-specific geometry used as a probe, actuated by multifocus optical tweezers to characterize the adhesion probability and strength of glutathione-coated surfaces to the cell membrane of endothelial cells. The binding probability of the glutathione-coated surface and the adhesion force between the microtool and cell membrane was measured in a novel arrangement: cells were cultured on a vertical polymer wall and the mechanical forces were generated laterally and at the same time, perpendicularly to the plasma membrane. The adhesion force values were also determined with more conventional atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements using functionalized colloidal probes. The optical trapping-based method was found to be suitable to measure very low adhesion forces (≤ 20 pN) without a high level of noise, which is characteristic for AFM measurements in this range. The holographic optical tweezers-directed functionalized microtools may help characterize the adhesion step of nanoparticles initiating transcytosis and select ligands to target nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Fekete
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged 6726, Hungary
- Doctoral School in Multidisciplinary Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Mária Mészáros
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Szegletes
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Gaszton Vizsnyiczai
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - László Zimányi
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Mária A Deli
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Veszelka
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Lóránd Kelemen
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged 6726, Hungary
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Characterization of Betulinic Acid-Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Hydrophilic Biopolymer for Improved Biocompatibility on NIH/3T3 Cell Line. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13091362. [PMID: 33919467 PMCID: PMC8122267 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The biocompatibility of carbon nanotubes (CNT) is fairly a challenging task for their applications in nanomedicine. Therefore, the objective of this research was to formulate four types of highly biocompatible betulinic acid-loaded biopolymer nanocomposites, namely chitosan-multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWBA-CS), polyethylene glycol-multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWBA-PG), Tween 20-multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWBA-T2) and Tween 80-multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWBA-T8). The physico-chemical properties of the modified nanocomposites were determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal analysis (TGA) and Raman spectroscopy, while the surface morphology of the resulting nanocomposites was studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). All data revealed that the external surface of MWBA nanocomposites was successfully coated with the respective polymer molecules through hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions with improved thermal profiles. The cell viability assay, which was performed on cultured normal embryonic mouse fibroblast cells, confirmed their excellent biocompatibility in phosphate-buffered saline aqueous media. Overall, our findings herein suggest that the synthesized biopolymer-coated MWBA nanocomposites are promising nanomaterials for drug delivery applications as they enhance the solubility and dispersibility of CNT with significantly reduced cytotoxic effect, especially in normal cells.
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Yan H, Xue Z, Xie J, Dong Y, Ma Z, Sun X, Kebebe Borga D, Liu Z, Li J. Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes as Anti-Tumor Drug Carriers. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:10179-10194. [PMID: 32021160 PMCID: PMC6946632 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s220087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle drug formulations have enormous application prospects owing to achievement of targeted and sustained release drug delivery, improvement in drug solubility and reduction of adverse drug reactions. Recently, a variety of efficient drug nanometer carriers have been developed, among which carbon nanotubes (CNT) have been increasingly utilized in the field of cancer therapy. However, these nanotubes exert various toxic effects on the body due to their unique physical and chemical properties. CNT-induced toxicity is related to surface modification, degree of aggregation in vivo, and nanoparticle concentration. This review has focused on the potential toxic effects of CNTs utilized as anti-tumor drug carriers. The main modes by which CNTs enter target sites, the toxicity expressive types and the factors affecting toxicity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Yan
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifeng Xue
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiarong Xie
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixiao Dong
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Ma
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinru Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Dereje Kebebe Borga
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China.,School of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Zhidong Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Delivery of the drug to a desired point of body and controlled release of the therapeutic agent are important features, provided by drug delivery systems (DDSs), for development of today's effective medicines. A variety of nanomaterials or nanomolecules such as lipids/liposomes, nucleic acids, peptides/proteins, composites, polymers, or carbon nanotubes can be used as DDSs. Single-molecule characterization of these small materials in terms of their size, shape, surface, encapsulation efficiency, as well as interaction with the drug-receiving cell has importance for their efficiency. The loading, distribution, or leakage of the drug as well as its interaction with DDS should also be characterized. Although diverse techniques are present for characterization of specific DDS material, methods such as electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy are widely used. In this review, the current methodologies utilized for the single-molecule characterization of mostly preferred DDS materials were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sezer Okay
- Department of Vaccine Technology, Vaccine Institute, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Çankırı Karatekin University, Çankırı, Turkey
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6
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Leitner M, Poturnayova A, Lamprecht C, Weich S, Snejdarkova M, Karpisova I, Hianik T, Ebner A. Characterization of the specific interaction between the DNA aptamer sgc8c and protein tyrosine kinase-7 receptors at the surface of T-cells by biosensing AFM. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:2767-2776. [PMID: 28229174 PMCID: PMC5366180 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We studied the interaction of the specific DNA aptamer sgc8c immobilized at the AFM tip with its corresponding receptor, the protein tyrosine kinase-7 (PTK7) embedded in the membrane of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells (Jurkat T-cells). Performing single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) experiments, we showed that the aptamer sgc8c bound with high probability (38.3 ± 7.48%) and high specificity to PTK7, as demonstrated by receptor blocking experiments and through comparison with the binding behavior of a nonspecific aptamer. The determined kinetic off-rate (koff = 5.16 s−1) indicates low dissociation of the sgc8c–PTK7 complex. In addition to the pulling force experiments, simultaneous topography and recognition imaging (TREC) experiments using AFM tips functionalized with sgc8c aptamers were realized on the outer regions surface of surface-immobilized Jurkat cells for the first time. This allowed determination of the distribution of PTK7 without any labeling and at near physiological conditions. As a result, we could show a homogeneous distribution of PTK7 molecules on the outer regions of ALL cells with a surface density of 325 ± 12 PTK7 receptors (or small receptor clusters) per μm2. The specific interaction of the DNA aptamer sgc8c and protein tyrosine kinase-7 (PTK7) on acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells was characterized. AFM based single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) yielded a kinetic off-rate of 5.16 s−1 of the complex. Simultaneous topography and recognition imaging (TREC) revealed a PTK7 density of 325 ± 12 molecules or clusters per μm2 in the cell membrane ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Leitner
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Gruberstrasse 40, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Alexandra Poturnayova
- Faculty of Mathematics, Physics, and Informatics, Comenius University, Mlynska dolina F1, 842 48, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Institute of Biochemistry and Animal Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Moyzesova 61, 900 28, Ivanka pri Dunaji, Slovakia
| | - Constanze Lamprecht
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Gruberstrasse 40, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Sabine Weich
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Gruberstrasse 40, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Maja Snejdarkova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Animal Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Moyzesova 61, 900 28, Ivanka pri Dunaji, Slovakia
| | - Ivana Karpisova
- Faculty of Mathematics, Physics, and Informatics, Comenius University, Mlynska dolina F1, 842 48, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tibor Hianik
- Faculty of Mathematics, Physics, and Informatics, Comenius University, Mlynska dolina F1, 842 48, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andreas Ebner
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Gruberstrasse 40, 4020, Linz, Austria.
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7
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Godeshala S, Nitiyanandan R, Thompson B, Goklany S, Nielsen DR, Rege K. Folate receptor-targeted aminoglycoside-derived polymers for transgene expression in cancer cells. Bioeng Transl Med 2016; 1:220-231. [PMID: 29313013 PMCID: PMC5675079 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted delivery of anticancer therapeutics can potentially overcome the limitations associated with current chemotherapeutic regimens. Folate receptors are overexpressed in several cancers, including ovarian, triple-negative breast and bladder cancers, making them attractive for targeted delivery of nucleic acid therapeutics to these tumors. This work describes the synthesis, characterization and evaluation of folic acid-conjugated, aminoglycoside-derived polymers for targeted delivery of transgenes to breast and bladder cancer cell lines. Transgene expression was significantly higher with FA-conjugated aminoglycoside-derived polymers than with Lipofectamine, and these polymers demonstrated minimal cytotoxicty. Competitive inhibition using free folic acid significantly reduced transgene expression efficacy of folate-targeted polymers, suggesting a role for folate receptor-mediated uptake. High efficacy FA-targeted polymers were employed to deliver a plasmid expressing the TRAIL protein, which induced death in cancer cells. These results indicate that FA-conjugated aminoglycoside-derived polymers are promising for targeted delivery of nucleic acids to cancer cells that overexpress folate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brian Thompson
- Chemical EngineeringArizona State UniversityTempeAZ85287
| | - Sheba Goklany
- Chemical EngineeringArizona State UniversityTempeAZ85287
| | | | - Kaushal Rege
- Chemical EngineeringArizona State UniversityTempeAZ85287
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8
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Abstract
Nanomaterials possess unique features which make them particularly attractive for biosensing applications. In particular, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can serve as scaffolds for immobilization of biomolecules at their surface, and combine several exceptional physical, chemical, electrical, and optical characteristics properties which make them one of the best suited materials for the transduction of signals associated with the recognition of analytes, metabolites, or disease biomarkers. Here we provide a comprehensive review on these carbon nanostructures, in which we describe their structural and physical properties, functionalization and cellular uptake, biocompatibility, and toxicity issues. We further review historical developments in the field of biosensors, and describe the different types of biosensors which have been developed over time, with specific focus on CNT-conjugates engineered for biosensing applications, and in particular detection of cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - May C. Morris
- Cell Cycle Biosensors and Inhibitors, Faculté de Pharmacie, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-UMR 5247Montpellier, France
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Ménard-Moyon C, Ali-Boucetta H, Fabbro C, Chaloin O, Kostarelos K, Bianco A. Controlled Chemical Derivatisation of Carbon Nanotubes with Imaging, Targeting, and Therapeutic Capabilities. Chemistry 2015; 21:14886-92. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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10
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Yu Q, Zhang J, Zhang G, Gan Z. Synthesis and Functions of Well-defined Polymer-drug Conjugates as Efficient Nanocarriers for Intravesical Chemotherapy of Bladder Cancera. Macromol Biosci 2014; 15:509-20. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201400416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-inorganic Composites; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; College of Life Science and Technology; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jiajing Zhang
- Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guan Zhang
- Department of Urology; China-Japan Friendship Hospital; Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhihua Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-inorganic Composites; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; College of Life Science and Technology; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029, China
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Lamprecht C, Hinterdorfer P, Ebner A. Applications of biosensing atomic force microscopy in monitoring drug and nanoparticle delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:1237-53. [PMID: 24809228 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.917078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The therapeutic effects of medicinal drugs not only depend on their properties, but also on effective transport to the target receptor. Here we highlight recent developments in this discipline and show applications of atomic force microscopy (AFM) that enable us to track the effects of drugs and the effectiveness of nanoparticle delivery at the single molecule level. AREAS COVERED Physiological AFM imaging enables visualization of topographical changes to cells as a result of drug exposure and allows observation of cellular responses that yield morphological changes. When we upgrade the regular measuring tip to a molecular biosensor, it enables investigation of functional changes at the molecular level via single molecule force spectroscopy. EXPERT OPINION Biosensing AFM techniques have generated powerful tools to monitor drug delivery in (living) cells. While technical developments in actual AFM methods have simplified measurements at relevant physiological conditions, understanding both the biological and technical background is still a crucial factor. However, due to its potential impact, we expect the number of application-based biosensing AFM techniques to further increase in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Lamprecht
- University of Kiel, Institute of Materials Science Biocompatible Nanomaterials , Kaiserstr.2, 24143 Kiel , Germany
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