1
|
Delbreil P, Dhondt S, Kenaan El Rahbani RM, Banquy X, Mitchell JJ, Brambilla D. Current Advances and Material Innovations in the Search for Novel Treatments of Phenylketonuria. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2401353. [PMID: 38801163 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202401353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetically inherited disease caused by a mutation of the gene encoding phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) and is the most common inborn error of amino acid metabolism. A deficiency of PAH leads to increased blood and brain levels of phenylalanine (Phe), which may cause permanent neurocognitive symptoms and developmental delays if untreated. Current management strategies for PKU consist of early detection through neonatal screening and implementation of a restrictive diet with minimal amounts of natural protein in combination with Phe-free supplements and low-protein foods to meet nutritional requirements. For milder forms of PKU, oral treatment with synthetic sapropterin (BH4), the cofactor of PAH, may improve metabolic control of Phe and allow for more natural protein to be included in the patient's diet. For more severe forms, daily injections of pegvaliase, a PEGylated variant of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), may allow for normalization of blood Phe levels. However, the latter treatment has considerable drawbacks, notably a strong immunogenicity of the exogenous enzyme and the attached polymeric chains. Research for novel therapies of PKU makes use of innovative materials for drug delivery and state-of-the-art protein engineering techniques to develop treatments which are safer, more effective, and potentially permanent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Delbreil
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Sofie Dhondt
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | | | - Xavier Banquy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - John J Mitchell
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Québec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Davide Brambilla
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ramajayam K, Ganesan S, Ramesh P, Beena M, Kokulnathan T, Palaniappan A. Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Biomimetic Systems for Sensing Environmental Contaminants, Biomarkers, and Bioimaging Applications. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:245. [PMID: 37366840 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), a biomimetic artificial receptor system inspired by the human body's antibody-antigen reactions, have gained significant attraction in the area of sensor development applications, especially in the areas of medical, pharmaceutical, food quality control, and the environment. MIPs are found to enhance the sensitivity and specificity of typical optical and electrochemical sensors severalfold with their precise binding to the analytes of choice. In this review, different polymerization chemistries, strategies used in the synthesis of MIPs, and various factors influencing the imprinting parameters to achieve high-performing MIPs are explained in depth. This review also highlights the recent developments in the field, such as MIP-based nanocomposites through nanoscale imprinting, MIP-based thin layers through surface imprinting, and other latest advancements in the sensor field. Furthermore, the role of MIPs in enhancing the sensitivity and specificity of sensors, especially optical and electrochemical sensors, is elaborated. In the later part of the review, applications of MIP-based optical and electrochemical sensors for the detection of biomarkers, enzymes, bacteria, viruses, and various emerging micropollutants like pharmaceutical drugs, pesticides, and heavy metal ions are discussed in detail. Finally, MIP's role in bioimaging applications is elucidated with a critical assessment of the future research directions for MIP-based biomimetic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalaipriya Ramajayam
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvaganapathy Ganesan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Purnimajayasree Ramesh
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Maya Beena
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thangavelu Kokulnathan
- Department of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Arunkumar Palaniappan
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kadhem AJ, Gentile GJ, Fidalgo de Cortalezzi MM. Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) in Sensors for Environmental and Biomedical Applications: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:6233. [PMID: 34684813 PMCID: PMC8540986 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular imprinted polymers are custom made materials with specific recognition sites for a target molecule. Their specificity and the variety of materials and physical shapes in which they can be fabricated make them ideal components for sensing platforms. Despite their excellent properties, MIP-based sensors have rarely left the academic laboratory environment. This work presents a comprehensive review of recent reports in the environmental and biomedical fields, with a focus on electrochemical and optical signaling mechanisms. The discussion aims to identify knowledge gaps that hinder the translation of MIP-based technology from research laboratories to commercialization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abbas J. Kadhem
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, E2509 Lafferre Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
| | - Guillermina J. Gentile
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires, Lavardén 315, Buenos Aires C1437FBG, Argentina;
| | - Maria M. Fidalgo de Cortalezzi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, E2509 Lafferre Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
| |
Collapse
|