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Zhang Q, Wang H, Liu Q, Zeng N, Fu G, Qiu Y, Yang Y, Yuan H, Wang W, Li B. Exosomes as Powerful Biomarkers in Cancer: Recent Advances in Isolation and Detection Techniques. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:1923-1949. [PMID: 38435755 PMCID: PMC10906735 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s453545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles derived from cells, are known to carry important bioactive molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. These bioactive components play crucial roles in cell signaling, immune response, and tumor metastasis, making exosomes potential diagnostic biomarkers for various diseases. However, current methods for detecting tumor exosomes face scientific challenges including low sensitivity, poor specificity, complicated procedures, and high costs. It is essential to surmount these obstacles to enhance the precision and dependability of diagnostics that rely on exosomes. Merging DNA signal amplification techniques with the signal boosting capabilities of nanomaterials presents an encouraging strategy to overcome these constraints and improve exosome detection. This article highlights the use of DNA signal amplification technology and nanomaterials' signal enhancement effect to improve the detection of exosomes. This review seeks to offer valuable perspectives for the enhancement of amplification methods applied in practical cancer diagnosis and prognosis by providing an overview of how these novel technologies are utilized in exosome-based diagnostic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongdan Zhang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huizhen Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingyi Liu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ni Zeng
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Fu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yixing Qiu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yupei Yang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanwen Yuan
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
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Wang J, Lei T. Enrichment of high-purity large-diameter semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:1096-1106. [PMID: 34989744 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06635h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes SWCNTs (s-SWCNTs) are considered one of the most promising alternatives to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. In particular, large-diameter s-SWCNTs (>1.2 nm) exhibit more advantages over small-diameter ones in high-performance electronic applications because of their higher charge carrier mobility and reduced Schottky barrier height. Great efforts have been made to enriching large-diameter s-SWCNTs from mass-produced raw CNTs that contain both metallic SWCNTs and s-SWCNTs. Among separation technologies, the effective and scalable ones are conjugated polymer wrapping (CPW), gel permeation chromatography (GC), aqueous two-phase extraction (ATPE), and density gradient ultracentrifugation (DGU). In this review, we survey recent progress on enriching large-diameter s-SWCNTs using those methods and outline the strategies and challenges in the separation according to the electronic type and chirality of SWCNTs. Finally, we highlight some applications of the enriched large-diameter s-SWCNTs and outlook for the future of SWCNT-based electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Ting Lei
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Konevtsova OV, Roshal DS, Dmitriev VP, Rochal SB. Carbon nanotube sorting due to commensurate molecular wrapping. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:15725-15735. [PMID: 32677651 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr03236k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) can be sorted by their structural parameters using organic molecules and polymers: some of which, demonstrating a profound affinity only for specific nanotubes, form dense coatings on them. Here, analyzing well-known examples of flavin group molecules and those of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, we show for the first time that successful formation of the considered coatings depends on the ability of molecules to wrap around the SWCNT in a commensurate way. Commensurability provides a decrease in the free energy of the resulting bilayer system and makes the coating much more stable. Concurrently, it strongly relates the nanotube chiral vector with the geometric characteristics of the adhering molecules, which leads to revealed selection rules. If they are not satisfied, the deposition of molecules does not occur or is insignificant. The proposed theory unambiguously explains known experimental results on the formation of spiral wrappings of SWCNTs by flavin group molecules and points out other organic molecules and polymers suitable for effective CNT sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Konevtsova
- Faculty of Physics, Southern Federal University, 5 Zorge str., 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia.
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Venkataraman A, Amadi EV, Chen Y, Papadopoulos C. Carbon Nanotube Assembly and Integration for Applications. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2019; 14:220. [PMID: 31263975 PMCID: PMC6603253 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-019-3046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted significant interest due to their unique combination of properties including high mechanical strength, large aspect ratios, high surface area, distinct optical characteristics, high thermal and electrical conductivity, which make them suitable for a wide range of applications in areas from electronics (transistors, energy production and storage) to biotechnology (imaging, sensors, actuators and drug delivery) and other applications (displays, photonics, composites and multi-functional coatings/films). Controlled growth, assembly and integration of CNTs is essential for the practical realization of current and future nanotube applications. This review focuses on progress to date in the field of CNT assembly and integration for various applications. CNT synthesis based on arc-discharge, laser ablation and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) including details of tip-growth and base-growth models are first introduced. Advances in CNT structural control (chirality, diameter and junctions) using methods such as catalyst conditioning, cloning, seed-, and template-based growth are then explored in detail, followed by post-growth CNT purification techniques using selective surface chemistry, gel chromatography and density gradient centrifugation. Various assembly and integration techniques for multiple CNTs based on catalyst patterning, forest growth and composites are considered along with their alignment/placement onto different substrates using photolithography, transfer printing and different solution-based techniques such as inkjet printing, dielectrophoresis (DEP) and spin coating. Finally, some of the challenges in current and emerging applications of CNTs in fields such as energy storage, transistors, tissue engineering, drug delivery, electronic cryptographic keys and sensors are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Venkataraman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2 Canada
| | - Eberechukwu Victoria Amadi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2 Canada
| | - Yingduo Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2 Canada
| | - Chris Papadopoulos
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2 Canada
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Bati ASR, Yu L, Batmunkh M, Shapter JG. Synthesis, purification, properties and characterization of sorted single-walled carbon nanotubes. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:22087-22139. [PMID: 30475354 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr07379a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have attracted significant attention due to their outstanding mechanical, chemical and optoelectronic properties, which makes them promising candidates for use in a wide range of applications. However, as-produced SWCNTs have a wide distribution of various chiral species with different properties (i.e. electronic structures). In order to take full advantage of SWCNT properties, highly purified and well-separated SWCNTs are of great importance. Recent advances have focused on developing new strategies to effectively separate nanotubes into single-chirality and/or semiconducting/metallic species and integrating them into different applications. This review highlights recent progress in this cutting-edge research area alongside the enormous development of their identification and structural characterization techniques. A comprehensive review of advances in both controlled synthesis and post-synthesis separation methods of SWCNTs are presented. The relationship between the unique structure of SWCNTs and their intrinsic properties is also discussed. Finally, important future directions for the development of sorting and purification protocols for SWCNTs are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz S R Bati
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - LePing Yu
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Munkhbayar Batmunkh
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia. and College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Joseph G Shapter
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia. and College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
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Sim J, Kim S, Jang M, Park M, Oh H, Ju SY. Determination of the Absolute Enantiomeric Excess of the Carbon Nanotube Ensemble by Symmetry Breaking Using the Optical Titration Method. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:11000-11009. [PMID: 28926252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Symmetry breaking of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) has profound effects on their optoelectronic properties that are essential for fundamental study and applications. Here, we show that isomeric SWNTs that exhibit identical photoluminescence (PL) undergo symmetry breaking by flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and exhibit dual PLs and different binding affinities (Ka). Increasing the FMN concentration leads to systematic PL shifts of SWNTs according to structural modality and handedness due to symmetry breaking. Density gradient ultracentrifugation using a FMN-SWNT dispersion displays PL shifts and different densities according to SWNT handedness. Using the optical titration method to determine the PL-based Ka of SWNTs against an achiral surfactant as a titrant, left- and right-handed SWNTs display two-step PL inflection corresponding to respective Ka values with FMN, which leads to the determination of the enantiomeric excess (ee) of the SWNT ensemble that was confirmed by circular dichroism measurement. Decreasing the FMN concentration for the SWNT dispersion leads to enantiomeric selection of SWNTs. The titration-based ee determination of the widely used sodium cholate-based SWNT dispersion was also demonstrated by using FMN as a cosurfactant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsook Sim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University , Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Somin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University , Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Myungsu Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University , Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Minsuk Park
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University , Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Hyunkyu Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University , Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Sang-Yong Ju
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University , Seoul 03722, South Korea
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Li J, Huang CX, Zhang JH. Tuning the electrical performance and bias stability of a semiconducting SWCNT thin film transistor with an atomic layer deposited AlZrO x composite. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10448k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Solution-processed semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotube (s-SWCNT) thin film transistors (TFTs) based on different atomic layer deposited AlZrOx insulators are fabricated and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 201800
- People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Applications
| | - Chuan-Xin Huang
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 201800
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Applications
- Ministry of Education
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200072
- People's Republic of China
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