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Baltà-Foix R, Serrano-Adrover C, López-Cano A, Gifre-Renom L, Sanchez-Chardi A, Arís A, Garcia-Fruitós E. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum: a new example of inclusion body producing bacteria. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:111. [PMID: 37296442 PMCID: PMC10251561 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02120-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactic Acid Bacteria such as Lactococcus lactis, Latilactobacillus sakei (basonym: Lactobacillus sakei) and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (basonym: Lactobacillus plantarum) have gained importance as recombinant cell factories. Although it was believed that proteins produced in these lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-free microorganisms do not aggregate, it has been shown that L. lactis produce inclusion bodies (IBs) during the recombinant production process. These protein aggregates contain biologically active protein, which is slowly released, being a biomaterial with a broad range of applications including the obtainment of soluble protein. However, the aggregation phenomenon has not been characterized so far in L. plantarum. Thus, the current study aims to determine the formation of protein aggregates in L. plantarum and evaluate their possible applications. RESULTS To evaluate the formation of IBs in L. plantarum, the catalytic domain of bovine metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9cat) protein has been used as model protein, being a prone-to-aggregate (PTA) protein. The electron microscopy micrographs showed the presence of electron-dense structures in L. plantarum cytoplasm, which were further purified and analyzed. The ultrastructure of the isolated protein aggregates, which were smooth, round and with an average size of 250-300 nm, proved that L. plantarum also forms IBs under recombinant production processes of PTA proteins. Besides, the protein embedded in these aggregates was fully active and had the potential to be used as a source of soluble protein or as active nanoparticles. The activity determination of the soluble protein solubilized from these IBs using non-denaturing protocols proved that fully active protein could be obtained from these protein aggregates. CONCLUSIONS These results proved that L. plantarum forms aggregates under recombinant production conditions. These aggregates showed the same properties as IBs formed in other expression systems such as Escherichia coli or L. lactis. Thus, this places this LPS-free microorganism as an interesting alternative to produce proteins of interest for the biopharmaceutical industry, which are obtained from the IBs in an important number of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Baltà-Foix
- Programa de Producció de Remugants, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Caldes de Montbui, 08140, Spain
| | - Caterina Serrano-Adrover
- Programa de Producció de Remugants, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Caldes de Montbui, 08140, Spain
| | - Adrià López-Cano
- Programa de Producció de Remugants, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Caldes de Montbui, 08140, Spain
| | - Laia Gifre-Renom
- Programa de Producció de Remugants, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Caldes de Montbui, 08140, Spain
| | - Alejandro Sanchez-Chardi
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Facultat de Biologia, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Anna Arís
- Programa de Producció de Remugants, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Caldes de Montbui, 08140, Spain.
| | - Elena Garcia-Fruitós
- Programa de Producció de Remugants, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Caldes de Montbui, 08140, Spain.
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2
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Kopp J, Spadiut O. Inclusion Bodies: Status Quo and Perspectives. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2617:1-13. [PMID: 36656513 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2930-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Multiple E. coli cultivations, producing recombinant proteins, lead to the formation of inclusion bodies (IBs). IBs historically were considered as nondesired by-products, due to their time- and cost-intensive purification. Nowadays, many obstacles in IB processing can be overcome. As a consequence, several industrial processes with E. coli favor IB formation over soluble production options due to the high space time yields obtained. Within this chapter, we discuss the state-of-the art biopharmaceutical IB process, review its challenges, highlight the recent developments and perspectives, and also propose alternative solutions, compared to the state-of-the art processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Kopp
- Research Division Integrated Bioprocess Development, TU Wien Institute of Chemical, Environmental, and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Research Division Integrated Bioprocess Development, TU Wien Institute of Chemical, Environmental, and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna, Austria.
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Sánchez JM, Carratalá JV, Serna N, Unzueta U, Nolan V, Sánchez-Chardi A, Voltà-Durán E, López-Laguna H, Ferrer-Miralles N, Villaverde A, Vazquez E. The Poly-Histidine Tag H6 Mediates Structural and Functional Properties of Disintegrating, Protein-Releasing Inclusion Bodies. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030602. [PMID: 35335976 PMCID: PMC8955739 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The coordination between histidine-rich peptides and divalent cations supports the formation of nano- and micro-scale protein biomaterials, including toxic and non-toxic functional amyloids, which can be adapted as drug delivery systems. Among them, inclusion bodies (IBs) formed in recombinant bacteria have shown promise as protein depots for time-sustained protein release. We have demonstrated here that the hexahistidine (H6) tag, fused to recombinant proteins, impacts both on the formation of bacterial IBs and on the conformation of the IB-forming protein, which shows a higher content of cross-beta intermolecular interactions in H6-tagged versions. Additionally, the addition of EDTA during the spontaneous disintegration of isolated IBs largely affects the protein leakage rate, again protein release being stimulated in His-tagged materials. This event depends on the number of His residues but irrespective of the location of the tag in the protein, as it occurs in either C-tagged or N-tagged proteins. The architectonic role of H6 in the formation of bacterial IBs, probably through coordination with divalent cations, offers an easy approach to manipulate protein leakage and to tailor the applicability of this material as a secretory amyloidal depot in different biomedical interfaces. In addition, the findings also offer a model to finely investigate, in a simple set-up, the mechanics of protein release from functional secretory amyloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta María Sánchez
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Plaça Cívica s/n, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (J.M.S.); (J.V.C.); (N.S.); (E.V.-D.); (H.L.-L.); (N.F.-M.)
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Plaça Cívica s/n, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIBYT), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, ICTA & Cátedra de Química Biológica, Departamento de Química, FCEFyN, UNC. Av. Velez Sarsfield 1611, Córdoba X 5016GCA, Argentina;
| | - José Vicente Carratalá
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Plaça Cívica s/n, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (J.M.S.); (J.V.C.); (N.S.); (E.V.-D.); (H.L.-L.); (N.F.-M.)
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Plaça Cívica s/n, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Naroa Serna
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Plaça Cívica s/n, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (J.M.S.); (J.V.C.); (N.S.); (E.V.-D.); (H.L.-L.); (N.F.-M.)
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Plaça Cívica s/n, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ugutz Unzueta
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Plaça Cívica s/n, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Verónica Nolan
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIBYT), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, ICTA & Cátedra de Química Biológica, Departamento de Química, FCEFyN, UNC. Av. Velez Sarsfield 1611, Córdoba X 5016GCA, Argentina;
| | - Alejandro Sánchez-Chardi
- Servei de Microscòpia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Plaça Cívica s/n, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eric Voltà-Durán
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Plaça Cívica s/n, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (J.M.S.); (J.V.C.); (N.S.); (E.V.-D.); (H.L.-L.); (N.F.-M.)
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Plaça Cívica s/n, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hèctor López-Laguna
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Plaça Cívica s/n, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (J.M.S.); (J.V.C.); (N.S.); (E.V.-D.); (H.L.-L.); (N.F.-M.)
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Plaça Cívica s/n, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Neus Ferrer-Miralles
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Plaça Cívica s/n, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (J.M.S.); (J.V.C.); (N.S.); (E.V.-D.); (H.L.-L.); (N.F.-M.)
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Plaça Cívica s/n, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Villaverde
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Plaça Cívica s/n, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (J.M.S.); (J.V.C.); (N.S.); (E.V.-D.); (H.L.-L.); (N.F.-M.)
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Plaça Cívica s/n, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.V.); (E.V.)
| | - Esther Vazquez
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Plaça Cívica s/n, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (J.M.S.); (J.V.C.); (N.S.); (E.V.-D.); (H.L.-L.); (N.F.-M.)
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Plaça Cívica s/n, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.V.); (E.V.)
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Serna N, Falgàs A, García-León A, Unzueta U, Núñez Y, Sánchez-Chardi A, Martínez-Torró C, Mangues R, Vazquez E, Casanova I, Villaverde A. Time-Prolonged Release of Tumor-Targeted Protein-MMAE Nanoconjugates from Implantable Hybrid Materials. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14010192. [PMID: 35057088 PMCID: PMC8777625 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The sustained release of small, tumor-targeted cytotoxic drugs is an unmet need in cancer therapies, which usually rely on punctual administration regimens of non-targeted drugs. Here, we have developed a novel concept of protein–drug nanoconjugates, which are packaged as slow-releasing chemically hybrid depots and sustain a prolonged secretion of the therapeutic agent. For this, we covalently attached hydrophobic molecules (including the antitumoral drug Monomethyl Auristatin E) to a protein targeting a tumoral cell surface marker abundant in several human neoplasias, namely the cytokine receptor CXCR4. By this, a controlled aggregation of the complex is achieved, resulting in mechanically stable protein–drug microparticles. These materials, which are mimetics of bacterial inclusion bodies and of mammalian secretory granules, allow the slow leakage of fully functional conjugates at the nanoscale, both in vitro and in vivo. Upon subcutaneous administration in a mouse model of human CXCR4+ lymphoma, the protein–drug depots release nanoconjugates for at least 10 days, which accumulate in the tumor with a potent antitumoral effect. The modification of scaffold cell-targeted proteins by hydrophobic drug conjugation is then shown as a novel transversal platform for the design of slow releasing protein–drug depots, with potential application in a broad spectrum of clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naroa Serna
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (N.S.); (C.M.-T.); (E.V.)
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.F.); (A.G.-L.); (Y.N.); (R.M.)
| | - Aïda Falgàs
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.F.); (A.G.-L.); (Y.N.); (R.M.)
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
- Josep Carreras Research Institute, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Annabel García-León
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.F.); (A.G.-L.); (Y.N.); (R.M.)
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
- Josep Carreras Research Institute, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ugutz Unzueta
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.F.); (A.G.-L.); (Y.N.); (R.M.)
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
- Josep Carreras Research Institute, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yáiza Núñez
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.F.); (A.G.-L.); (Y.N.); (R.M.)
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
- Josep Carreras Research Institute, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Sánchez-Chardi
- Servei de Microscòpia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Martínez-Torró
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (N.S.); (C.M.-T.); (E.V.)
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.F.); (A.G.-L.); (Y.N.); (R.M.)
| | - Ramón Mangues
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.F.); (A.G.-L.); (Y.N.); (R.M.)
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
- Josep Carreras Research Institute, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Vazquez
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (N.S.); (C.M.-T.); (E.V.)
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.F.); (A.G.-L.); (Y.N.); (R.M.)
| | - Isolda Casanova
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.F.); (A.G.-L.); (Y.N.); (R.M.)
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
- Josep Carreras Research Institute, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (I.C.); (A.V.)
| | - Antonio Villaverde
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (N.S.); (C.M.-T.); (E.V.)
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.F.); (A.G.-L.); (Y.N.); (R.M.)
- Correspondence: (I.C.); (A.V.)
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Carratalá JV, Cisneros A, Hellman E, Villaverde A, Ferrer-Miralles N. Title: insoluble proteins catch heterologous soluble proteins into inclusion bodies by intermolecular interaction of aggregating peptides. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:30. [PMID: 33531005 PMCID: PMC7852131 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01524-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Protein aggregation is a biological event observed in expression systems in which the recombinant protein is produced under stressful conditions surpassing the homeostasis of the protein quality control system. In addition, protein aggregation is also related to conformational diseases in animals as transmissible prion diseases or non-transmissible neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer, Parkinson’s disease, amyloidosis and multiple system atrophy among others. At the molecular level, the presence of aggregation-prone domains in protein molecules act as seeding igniters to induce the accumulation of protein molecules in protease-resistant clusters by intermolecular interactions. Results
In this work we have studied the aggregating-prone performance of a small peptide (L6K2) with additional antimicrobial activity and we have elucidated the relevance of the accompanying scaffold protein to enhance the aggregating profile of the fusion protein. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the fusion of L6K2 to highly soluble recombinant proteins directs the protein to inclusion bodies (IBs) in E. coli through stereospecific interactions in the presence of an insoluble protein displaying the same aggregating-prone peptide (APP). Conclusions These data suggest that the molecular bases of protein aggregation are related to the net balance of protein aggregation potential and not only to the presence of APPs. This is then presented as a generic platform to generate hybrid protein aggregates in microbial cell factories for biopharmaceutical and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Vicente Carratalá
- Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBER-BBN), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Cisneros
- Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elijah Hellman
- Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Villaverde
- Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBER-BBN), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Ferrer-Miralles
- Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain. .,Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain. .,Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBER-BBN), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Roca-Pinilla R, Fortuna S, Natalello A, Sánchez-Chardi A, Ami D, Arís A, Garcia-Fruitós E. Exploring the use of leucine zippers for the generation of a new class of inclusion bodies for pharma and biotechnological applications. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:175. [PMID: 32887587 PMCID: PMC7650227 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01425-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inclusion bodies (IBs) are biologically active protein aggregates forming natural nanoparticles with a high stability and a slow-release behavior. Because of their nature, IBs have been explored to be used as biocatalysts, in tissue engineering, and also for human and animal therapies. To improve the production and biological efficiency of this nanomaterial, a wide range of aggregation tags have been evaluated. However, so far, the presence in the IBs of bacterial impurities such as lipids and other proteins coexisting with the recombinant product has been poorly studied. These impurities could strongly limit the potential of IB applications, being necessary to control the composition of these bacterial nanoparticles. Thus, we have explored the use of leucine zippers as alternative tags to promote not only aggregation but also the generation of a new type of IB-like protein nanoparticles with improved physicochemical properties. RESULTS Three different protein constructs, named GFP, J-GFP-F and J/F-GFP were engineered. J-GFP-F corresponded to a GFP flanked by two leucine zippers (Jun and Fos); J/F-GFP was formed coexpressing a GFP fused to Jun leucine zipper (J-GFP) and a GFP fused to a Fos leucine zipper (F-GFP); and, finally, GFP was used as a control without any tag. All of them were expressed in Escherichia coli and formed IBs, where the aggregation tendency was especially high for J/F-GFP. Moreover, those IBs formed by J-GFP-F and J/F-GFP constructs were smaller, rougher, and more amorphous than GFP ones, increasing surface/mass ratio and, therefore, surface for protein release. Although the lipid and carbohydrate content were not reduced with the addition of leucine zippers, interesting differences were observed in the protein specific activity and conformation with the addition of Jun and Fos. Moreover, J-GFP-F and J/F-GFP nanoparticles were purer than GFP IBs in terms of protein content. CONCLUSIONS This study proved that the use of leucine zippers strategy allows the formation of IBs with an increased aggregation ratio and protein purity, as we observed with the J/F-GFP approach, and the formation of IBs with a higher specific activity, in the case of J-GFP-F IBs. Thus, overall, the use of leucine zippers seems to be a good system for the production of IBs with more promising characteristics useful for pharma or biotech applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Roca-Pinilla
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institute of Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (IRTA), 08140, Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - Sara Fortuna
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Antonino Natalello
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Alejandro Sánchez-Chardi
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Microscopy Service, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Diletta Ami
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Arís
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institute of Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (IRTA), 08140, Caldes de Montbui, Spain.
| | - Elena Garcia-Fruitós
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institute of Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (IRTA), 08140, Caldes de Montbui, Spain.
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Schwaighofer A, Ablasser S, Lux L, Kopp J, Herwig C, Spadiut O, Lendl B, Slouka C. Production of Active Recombinant Hyaluronidase Inclusion Bodies from Apis mellifera in E. coli Bl21(DE3) and characterization by FT-IR Spectroscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3881. [PMID: 32485932 PMCID: PMC7313074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterium E. coli is one of the most important hosts for recombinant protein production. The benefits are high growth rates, inexpensive media, and high protein titers. However, complex proteins with high molecular weight and many disulfide bonds are expressed as inclusion bodies (IBs). In the last decade, the overall perception of these IBs being not functional proteins changed, as enzyme activity was found within IBs. Several applications for direct use of IBs are already reported in literature. While fluorescent proteins or protein tags are used for determination of IB activity to date, direct measurements of IB protein activity are scacre. The expression of recombinant hyaluronidase from Apis mellifera in E. coli BL21(DE3) was analyzed using a face centered design of experiment approach. Hyaluronidase is a hard to express protein and imposes a high metabolic burden to the host. Conditions giving a high specific IB titer were found at 25 °C at low specific substrate uptake rates and induction times of 2 to 4 h. The protein activity of hyaluronidase IBs was verified using (Fourier transform) FT-IR spectroscopy. Degradation of the substrate hyaluronan occurred at increased rates with higher IB concentrations. Active recombinant hyaluronidase IBs can be immediately used for direct degradation of hyaluronan without further down streaming steps. FT-IR spectroscopy was introduced as a method for tracking IB activity and showed differences in degradation behavior of hyaluronan dependent on the applied active IB concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schwaighofer
- FG Environmental Analytics, Process Analytics and Sensors, Institute of Chemical Technology and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060 Wien, Austria; (A.S.); (L.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Sarah Ablasser
- FG Bioprocess Technology, ICEBE, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorferstrasse 1a, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (S.A.); (J.K.); (C.H.)
| | - Laurin Lux
- FG Environmental Analytics, Process Analytics and Sensors, Institute of Chemical Technology and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060 Wien, Austria; (A.S.); (L.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Julian Kopp
- FG Bioprocess Technology, ICEBE, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorferstrasse 1a, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (S.A.); (J.K.); (C.H.)
| | - Christoph Herwig
- FG Bioprocess Technology, ICEBE, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorferstrasse 1a, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (S.A.); (J.K.); (C.H.)
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- FG Integrated Bioprocess Development, ICEBE, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorferstrasse 1a, 1060 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Bernhard Lendl
- FG Environmental Analytics, Process Analytics and Sensors, Institute of Chemical Technology and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060 Wien, Austria; (A.S.); (L.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Christoph Slouka
- FG Integrated Bioprocess Development, ICEBE, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorferstrasse 1a, 1060 Vienna, Austria;
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8
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Gifre-Renom L, Ugarte-Berzal E, Martens E, Boon L, Cano-Garrido O, Martínez-Núñez E, Luque T, Roca-Pinilla R, Conchillo-Solé Ò, Ferrer-Miralles N, Villaverde A, Opdenakker G, Garcia-Fruitós E, Arís A. Recombinant Protein-Based Nanoparticles: Elucidating their Inflammatory Effects In Vivo and their Potential as a New Therapeutic Format. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12050450. [PMID: 32414218 PMCID: PMC7284881 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12050450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial inclusion bodies (IBs) are protein-based nanoparticles of a few hundred nanometers formed during recombinant protein production processes in different bacterial hosts. IBs contain active protein in a mechanically stable nanostructured format that has been broadly characterized, showing promising potential in different fields such as tissue engineering, protein replacement therapies, cancer, and biotechnology. For immunomodulatory purposes, however, the interference of the format immunogenic properties—intrinsic to IBs—with the specific effects of the therapeutic protein is still an uncovered gap. For that, active and inactive forms of the catalytic domain of a matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9 and mutMMP-9, respectively) have been produced as IBs and compared with the soluble form for dermal inflammatory effects in mmp9 knock-out mice. After protein injections in air-pouches in the mouse model, MMP-9 IBs induce local neutrophil recruitment and increase pro-inflammatory chemokine levels, lasting for at least two days, whereas the effects triggered by the soluble MMP-9 format fade out after 3 h. Interestingly, the IB intrinsic effects (mutMMP-9 IBs) do not last more than 24 h. Therefore, it may be concluded that IBs could be used for the delivery of therapeutic proteins, such as immunomodulating proteins while preserving their stability in the specific tissue and without triggering important unspecific inflammatory responses due to the protein format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Gifre-Renom
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain; (L.G.-R.); (R.R.-P.)
| | - Estefania Ugarte-Berzal
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (E.U.-B.); (E.M.); (L.B.); (G.O.)
| | - Erik Martens
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (E.U.-B.); (E.M.); (L.B.); (G.O.)
| | - Lise Boon
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (E.U.-B.); (E.M.); (L.B.); (G.O.)
| | - Olivia Cano-Garrido
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (O.C.-G.); (E.M.-N.); (T.L.); (Ò.C.-S.); (N.F.-M.); (A.V.)
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Esther Martínez-Núñez
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (O.C.-G.); (E.M.-N.); (T.L.); (Ò.C.-S.); (N.F.-M.); (A.V.)
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Luque
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (O.C.-G.); (E.M.-N.); (T.L.); (Ò.C.-S.); (N.F.-M.); (A.V.)
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Ramon Roca-Pinilla
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain; (L.G.-R.); (R.R.-P.)
| | - Òscar Conchillo-Solé
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (O.C.-G.); (E.M.-N.); (T.L.); (Ò.C.-S.); (N.F.-M.); (A.V.)
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Neus Ferrer-Miralles
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (O.C.-G.); (E.M.-N.); (T.L.); (Ò.C.-S.); (N.F.-M.); (A.V.)
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Antonio Villaverde
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (O.C.-G.); (E.M.-N.); (T.L.); (Ò.C.-S.); (N.F.-M.); (A.V.)
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (E.U.-B.); (E.M.); (L.B.); (G.O.)
| | - Elena Garcia-Fruitós
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain; (L.G.-R.); (R.R.-P.)
- Correspondence: (E.G.-F.); (A.A.); Tel.: +34-934-674-040 (E.G.-F. & A.A.)
| | - Anna Arís
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain; (L.G.-R.); (R.R.-P.)
- Correspondence: (E.G.-F.); (A.A.); Tel.: +34-934-674-040 (E.G.-F. & A.A.)
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9
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Céspedes MV, Cano-Garrido O, Álamo P, Sala R, Gallardo A, Serna N, Falgàs A, Voltà-Durán E, Casanova I, Sánchez-Chardi A, López-Laguna H, Sánchez-García L, Sánchez JM, Unzueta U, Vázquez E, Mangues R, Villaverde A. Engineering Secretory Amyloids for Remote and Highly Selective Destruction of Metastatic Foci. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1907348. [PMID: 31879981 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Functional amyloids produced in bacteria as nanoscale inclusion bodies are intriguing but poorly explored protein materials with wide therapeutic potential. Since they release functional polypeptides under physiological conditions, these materials can be potentially tailored as mimetic of secretory granules for slow systemic delivery of smart protein drugs. To explore this possibility, bacterial inclusion bodies formed by a self-assembled, tumor-targeted Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE24) are administered subcutaneously in mouse models of human metastatic colorectal cancer, for sustained secretion of tumor-targeted therapeutic nanoparticles. These proteins are functionalized with a peptidic ligand of CXCR4, a chemokine receptor overexpressed in metastatic cancer stem cells that confers high selective cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. In the mouse models of human colorectal cancer, time-deferred anticancer activity is detected after the subcutaneous deposition of 500 µg of PE24-based amyloids, which promotes a dramatic arrest of tumor growth in the absence of side toxicity. In addition, long-term prevention of lymphatic, hematogenous, and peritoneal metastases is achieved. These results reveal the biomedical potential and versatility of bacterial inclusion bodies as novel tunable secretory materials usable in delivery, and they also instruct how therapeutic proteins, even with high functional and structural complexity, can be packaged in this convenient format.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Virtudes Céspedes
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau and Josep Carreras Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olivia Cano-Garrido
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau and Josep Carreras Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Nanoligent SL, Edifici EUREKA, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Álamo
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau and Josep Carreras Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rita Sala
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau and Josep Carreras Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Gallardo
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau and Josep Carreras Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Naroa Serna
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau and Josep Carreras Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aïda Falgàs
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau and Josep Carreras Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eric Voltà-Durán
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau and Josep Carreras Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isolda Casanova
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau and Josep Carreras Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Hèctor López-Laguna
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau and Josep Carreras Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Sánchez-García
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau and Josep Carreras Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julieta M Sánchez
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau and Josep Carreras Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIBYT) (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), ICTA & Cátedra de Química Biológica, Departamento de Química, FCEFyN, UNC, Av. Velez Sarsfield 1611, X 5016GCA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ugutz Unzueta
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau and Josep Carreras Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Vázquez
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau and Josep Carreras Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramón Mangues
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau and Josep Carreras Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Villaverde
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau and Josep Carreras Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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10
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High pressure homogenization is a key unit operation in inclusion body processing. J Biotechnol 2020; 324S:100022. [PMID: 34154734 DOI: 10.1016/j.btecx.2020.100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant protein production in E. coli often leads to the formation of inclusion bodies (IBs). Although downstream processing of IBs has the reputation of being a great hurdle, advantages of IBs can be substantial. Highly pure recombinant protein with the possibility of correctly folded structures and an easy separation from cell matter are decisive factors that make IB processes so interesting. Product yield, purity and biological activity of the refolded protein are the responses to evaluate an IB process. The objective of this case study was to develop a refolding process in an integrated manner. The effects of the unit operations 1) homogenization, 2) IB wash and 3) IB solubilisation as well as their interdependencies were analyzed. We revealed interesting factor interactions between homogenization and IB wash, as well as homogenization and solubilisation, which would be overlooked if the single unit operations were investigated individually. Furthermore, we found that homogenization was a key unit operation for IB processing. By changing the conditions during homogenization only, the product yield, purity and biological activity of the refolded product was affected 2-fold, 1.2-fold and 2.5-fold, respectively.
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11
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Pesarrodona M, Jauset T, Díaz‐Riascos ZV, Sánchez‐Chardi A, Beaulieu M, Seras‐Franzoso J, Sánchez‐García L, Baltà‐Foix R, Mancilla S, Fernández Y, Rinas U, Schwartz S, Soucek L, Villaverde A, Abasolo I, Vázquez E. Targeting Antitumoral Proteins to Breast Cancer by Local Administration of Functional Inclusion Bodies. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1900849. [PMID: 31559131 PMCID: PMC6755514 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Two structurally and functionally unrelated proteins, namely Omomyc and p31, are engineered as CD44-targeted inclusion bodies produced in recombinant bacteria. In this unusual particulate form, both types of protein materials selectively penetrate and kill CD44+ tumor cells in culture, and upon local administration, promote destruction of tumoral tissue in orthotropic mouse models of human breast cancer. These findings support the concept of bacterial inclusion bodies as versatile protein materials suitable for application in chronic diseases that, like cancer, can benefit from a local slow release of therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Pesarrodona
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de BiomedicinaUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterra08193BarcelonaSpain
- CIBER de BioingenieríaBiomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER‐BBN)C/ Monforte de Lemos 3‐528029MadridSpain
| | - Toni Jauset
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO)Edifici CellexHospital Vall d'Hebron08035BarcelonaSpain
- Peptomyc S.L.Edifici CellexHospital Vall d'Hebron08035BarcelonaSpain
| | - Zamira V. Díaz‐Riascos
- CIBER de BioingenieríaBiomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER‐BBN)C/ Monforte de Lemos 3‐528029MadridSpain
- Functional Validation & Preclinical ResearchCIBBIM‐NanomedicineVall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR)Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08035BarcelonaSpain
- Drug Delivery & Targeting CIBBIM‐NanomedicineVall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR)Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08035BarcelonaSpain
| | - Alejandro Sánchez‐Chardi
- Departament de Biologia EvolutivaEcologia i Ciències AmbientalsFacultat de BiologiaUniversitat de BarcelonaAv. Diagonal 64308028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Marie‐Eve Beaulieu
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO)Edifici CellexHospital Vall d'Hebron08035BarcelonaSpain
- Peptomyc S.L.Edifici CellexHospital Vall d'Hebron08035BarcelonaSpain
| | - Joaquin Seras‐Franzoso
- Drug Delivery & Targeting CIBBIM‐NanomedicineVall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR)Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08035BarcelonaSpain
| | - Laura Sánchez‐García
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de BiomedicinaUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterra08193BarcelonaSpain
- CIBER de BioingenieríaBiomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER‐BBN)C/ Monforte de Lemos 3‐528029MadridSpain
- Departament de Genètica i de MicrobiologiaUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterra08193BarcelonaSpain
| | - Ricardo Baltà‐Foix
- Drug Delivery & Targeting CIBBIM‐NanomedicineVall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR)Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08035BarcelonaSpain
| | - Sandra Mancilla
- CIBER de BioingenieríaBiomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER‐BBN)C/ Monforte de Lemos 3‐528029MadridSpain
- Functional Validation & Preclinical ResearchCIBBIM‐NanomedicineVall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR)Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08035BarcelonaSpain
- Drug Delivery & Targeting CIBBIM‐NanomedicineVall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR)Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08035BarcelonaSpain
| | - Yolanda Fernández
- CIBER de BioingenieríaBiomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER‐BBN)C/ Monforte de Lemos 3‐528029MadridSpain
- Functional Validation & Preclinical ResearchCIBBIM‐NanomedicineVall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR)Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08035BarcelonaSpain
- Drug Delivery & Targeting CIBBIM‐NanomedicineVall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR)Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08035BarcelonaSpain
| | - Ursula Rinas
- Leibniz University of HannoverTechnical Chemistry and Life ScienceCallinstr. 530167HannoverGermany
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection ResearchInhoffenstraße 738124BraunschweigGermany
| | - Simó Schwartz
- CIBER de BioingenieríaBiomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER‐BBN)C/ Monforte de Lemos 3‐528029MadridSpain
- Drug Delivery & Targeting CIBBIM‐NanomedicineVall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR)Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08035BarcelonaSpain
| | - Laura Soucek
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO)Edifici CellexHospital Vall d'Hebron08035BarcelonaSpain
- Peptomyc S.L.Edifici CellexHospital Vall d'Hebron08035BarcelonaSpain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)08010BarcelonaSpain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterra08193BarcelonaSpain
| | - Antonio Villaverde
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de BiomedicinaUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterra08193BarcelonaSpain
- CIBER de BioingenieríaBiomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER‐BBN)C/ Monforte de Lemos 3‐528029MadridSpain
- Departament de Genètica i de MicrobiologiaUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterra08193BarcelonaSpain
| | - Ibane Abasolo
- CIBER de BioingenieríaBiomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER‐BBN)C/ Monforte de Lemos 3‐528029MadridSpain
- Functional Validation & Preclinical ResearchCIBBIM‐NanomedicineVall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR)Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08035BarcelonaSpain
- Drug Delivery & Targeting CIBBIM‐NanomedicineVall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR)Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08035BarcelonaSpain
| | - Esther Vázquez
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de BiomedicinaUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterra08193BarcelonaSpain
- CIBER de BioingenieríaBiomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER‐BBN)C/ Monforte de Lemos 3‐528029MadridSpain
- Departament de Genètica i de MicrobiologiaUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterra08193BarcelonaSpain
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12
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de Marco A, Ferrer-Miralles N, Garcia-Fruitós E, Mitraki A, Peternel S, Rinas U, Trujillo-Roldán MA, Valdez-Cruz NA, Vázquez E, Villaverde A. Bacterial inclusion bodies are industrially exploitable amyloids. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2019; 43:53-72. [PMID: 30357330 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the structure, functionalities and biology of functional amyloids is an issue of emerging interest. Inclusion bodies, namely protein clusters formed in recombinant bacteria during protein production processes, have emerged as unanticipated, highly tunable models for the scrutiny of the physiology and architecture of functional amyloids. Based on an amyloidal skeleton combined with varying amounts of native or native-like protein forms, bacterial inclusion bodies exhibit an unusual arrangement that confers mechanical stability, biological activity and conditional protein release, being thus exploitable as versatile biomaterials. The applicability of inclusion bodies in biotechnology as enriched sources of protein and reusable catalysts, and in biomedicine as biocompatible topographies, nanopills or mimetics of endocrine secretory granules has been largely validated. Beyond these uses, the dissection of how recombinant bacteria manage the aggregation of functional protein species into structures of highly variable complexity offers insights about unsuspected connections between protein quality (conformational status compatible with functionality) and cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ario de Marco
- Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska Cesta 13, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Neus Ferrer-Miralles
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB), Carrer de la Vall Moronta s/n, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Carrer de la Vall Moronta s/n, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Carrer de la Vall Moronta s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Elena Garcia-Fruitós
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Mitraki
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), N. Plastira 100, Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Ursula Rinas
- Leibniz University of Hannover, Technical Chemistry and Life Science, 30167 Hannover, Germany.,Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mauricio A Trujillo-Roldán
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Unidad de Bioprocesos, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Norma A Valdez-Cruz
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Esther Vázquez
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB), Carrer de la Vall Moronta s/n, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Carrer de la Vall Moronta s/n, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Carrer de la Vall Moronta s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Antonio Villaverde
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB), Carrer de la Vall Moronta s/n, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Carrer de la Vall Moronta s/n, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Carrer de la Vall Moronta s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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13
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Flores SS, Nolan V, Perillo MA, Sánchez JM. Superactive β-galactosidase inclusion bodies. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 173:769-775. [PMID: 30384274 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial inclusion bodies (IBs) were historically considered one of the major obstacles in protein production through recombinant DNA techniques and conceived as amorphous deposits formed by passive and rather unspecific structures of unfolded proteins aggregates. Subsequent studies demonstrated that IBs contained an important quantity of active protein. In this work, we proved that recombinant β-galactosidase inclusion bodies (IBβ-Gal) are functional aggregates. Moreover, they exhibit particular features distinct to the soluble version of the enzyme. The particulate enzyme was highly active against lactose in physiological and in acid pH and also retained its activity upon a pre-incubation at high temperature. IBβ-Gal washing or dilution induced the spontaneous release of active enzymes from the supramolecular aggregates. Along this process, we observed a continuous change in the values of several kinetic parameters, including specific activity and Michaelis-Menten constant, measured in the IBβ-Gal suspensions. Simultaneously, IBβ-Gal turned into a more heterogeneous population where smaller particles appeared. The released protein exhibited secondary structure features more similar to those of the soluble species than to the aggregated enzyme. Concluding, IBβ-Gal represents a reservoir and packed source of highly active and stable enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra S Flores
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, ICTA and Departamento de Química, Cátedra de Química Biológica, Córdoba, Argentina; CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIBYT), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Verónica Nolan
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, ICTA and Departamento de Química, Cátedra de Química Biológica, Córdoba, Argentina; CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIBYT), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María A Perillo
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, ICTA and Departamento de Química, Cátedra de Química Biológica, Córdoba, Argentina; CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIBYT), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Julieta M Sánchez
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, ICTA and Departamento de Química, Cátedra de Química Biológica, Córdoba, Argentina; CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIBYT), Córdoba, Argentina.
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14
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Tatkiewicz WI, Seras-Franzoso J, Garcia-Fruitós E, Vazquez E, Kyvik AR, Guasch J, Villaverde A, Veciana J, Ratera I. Surface-Bound Gradient Deposition of Protein Nanoparticles for Cell Motility Studies. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:25779-25786. [PMID: 29989793 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b06821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A versatile evaporation-assisted methodology based on the coffee-drop effect is described to deposit nanoparticles on surfaces, obtaining for the first time patterned gradients of protein nanoparticles (pNPs) by using a simple custom-made device. Fully controllable patterns with specific periodicities consisting of stripes with different widths and distinct nanoparticle concentration as well as gradients can be produced over large areas (∼10 cm2) in a fast (up to 10 mm2/min), reproducible, and cost-effective manner using an operational protocol optimized by an evolutionary algorithm. The developed method opens the possibility to decorate surfaces "a-la-carte" with pNPs enabling different categories of high-throughput studies on cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold I Tatkiewicz
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials , Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (CSIC) , Campus UAB , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain
| | - Joaquin Seras-Franzoso
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain
| | - Elena Garcia-Fruitós
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain
| | - Esther Vazquez
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain
| | - A R Kyvik
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials , Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (CSIC) , Campus UAB , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain
| | - Judith Guasch
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials , Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (CSIC) , Campus UAB , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain
- Dynamic Biomaterials for Cancer Immunotherapy , Max Planck Partner Group, ICMAB-CSIC , Campus UAB , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain
| | - Antonio Villaverde
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain
| | - Jaume Veciana
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials , Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (CSIC) , Campus UAB , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain
| | - Imma Ratera
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials , Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (CSIC) , Campus UAB , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain
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15
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Switching cell penetrating and CXCR4-binding activities of nanoscale-organized arginine-rich peptides. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 14:1777-1786. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Díaz R, Pallarès V, Cano-Garrido O, Serna N, Sánchez-García L, Falgàs A, Pesarrodona M, Unzueta U, Sánchez-Chardi A, Sánchez JM, Casanova I, Vázquez E, Mangues R, Villaverde A. Selective CXCR4 + Cancer Cell Targeting and Potent Antineoplastic Effect by a Nanostructured Version of Recombinant Ricin. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1800665. [PMID: 29845742 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201800665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Under the unmet need of efficient tumor-targeting drugs for oncology, a recombinant version of the plant toxin ricin (the modular protein T22-mRTA-H6) is engineered to self-assemble as protein-only, CXCR4-targeted nanoparticles. The soluble version of the construct self-organizes as regular 11 nm planar entities that are highly cytotoxic in cultured CXCR4+ cancer cells upon short time exposure, with a determined IC50 in the nanomolar order of magnitude. The chemical inhibition of CXCR4 binding sites in exposed cells results in a dramatic reduction of the cytotoxic potency, proving the receptor-dependent mechanism of cytotoxicity. The insoluble version of T22-mRTA-H6 is, contrarily, moderately active, indicating that free, nanostructured protein is the optimal drug form. In animal models of acute myeloid leukemia, T22-mRTA-H6 nanoparticles show an impressive and highly selective therapeutic effect, dramatically reducing the leukemia cells affectation of clinically relevant organs. Functionalized T22-mRTA-H6 nanoparticles are then promising prototypes of chemically homogeneous, highly potent antitumor nanostructured toxins for precise oncotherapies based on self-mediated intracellular drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Díaz
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Pallarès
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau) and Josep Carreras Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olivia Cano-Garrido
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Naroa Serna
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Sánchez-García
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aïda Falgàs
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau) and Josep Carreras Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Pesarrodona
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ugutz Unzueta
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau) and Josep Carreras Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Julieta M Sánchez
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIBYT) (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), ICTA and Cátedra de Química Biológica, Departamento de Química, FCEFyN, UNC, Av. Velez Sarsfield 1611, X 5016GCA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Isolda Casanova
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau) and Josep Carreras Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Vázquez
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramón Mangues
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau) and Josep Carreras Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Villaverde
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Unzueta U, Cespedes MV, Sala R, Alamo P, Sánchez-Chardi A, Pesarrodona M, Sánchez-García L, Cano-Garrido O, Villaverde A, Vázquez E, Mangues R, Seras-Franzoso J. Release of targeted protein nanoparticles from functional bacterial amyloids: A death star-like approach. J Control Release 2018; 279:29-39. [PMID: 29641987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sustained release of drug delivery systems (DDS) has the capacity to increase cancer treatment efficiency in terms of drug dosage reduction and subsequent decrease of deleterious side effects. In this regard, many biomaterials are being investigated but none offers morphometric and functional plasticity and versatility comparable to protein-based nanoparticles (pNPs). Here we describe a new DDS by which pNPs are fabricated as bacterial inclusion bodies (IB), that can be easily isolated, subcutaneously injected and used as reservoirs for the sustained release of targeted pNPs. Our approach combines the high performance of pNP, regarding specific cell targeting and biodistribution with the IB supramolecular organization, stability and cost effectiveness. This renders a platform able to provide a sustained source of CXCR4-targeted pNPs that selectively accumulate in tumor cells in a CXCR4+ colorectal cancer xenograft model. In addition, the proposed system could be potentially adapted to any other protein construct offering a plethora of possible new therapeutic applications in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugutz Unzueta
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Virtudes Cespedes
- CIBER Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-SantPau), Josep Carreras Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rita Sala
- CIBER Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-SantPau), Josep Carreras Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Alamo
- CIBER Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-SantPau), Josep Carreras Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Mireia Pesarrodona
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Sánchez-García
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olivia Cano-Garrido
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Villaverde
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Vázquez
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ramón Mangues
- CIBER Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-SantPau), Josep Carreras Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Joaquin Seras-Franzoso
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
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18
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Moustaqil M, Bhumkar A, Gonzalez L, Raoul L, Hunter DJB, Carrive P, Sierecki E, Gambin Y. A Split-Luciferase Reporter Recognizing GFP and mCherry Tags to Facilitate Studies of Protein-Protein Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2681. [PMID: 29232933 PMCID: PMC5751283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of fluorescently-tagged proteins in microscopy has become routine, and anti-GFP (Green fluorescent protein) affinity matrices are increasingly used in proteomics protocols. However, some protein-protein interactions assays, such as protein complementation assays (PCA), require recloning of each protein as a fusion with the different parts of the complementation system. Here we describe a generic system where the complementation is separated from the proteins and can be directly used with fluorescently-tagged proteins. By using nanobodies and performing tests in cell-free expression systems, we accelerated the development of multiple reporters, detecting heterodimers and homodimers or oligomers tagged with GFP or mCherry. We demonstrate that the system can detect interactions at a broad range of concentrations, from low nanomolar up to micromolar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Moustaqil
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia (EMBL Australia) Node in Single Molecule Science, Sydney NSW 2031, Australia.
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2031, Australia.
| | - Akshay Bhumkar
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia (EMBL Australia) Node in Single Molecule Science, Sydney NSW 2031, Australia.
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2031, Australia.
| | - Laura Gonzalez
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia (EMBL Australia) Node in Single Molecule Science, Sydney NSW 2031, Australia.
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2031, Australia.
| | - Lisa Raoul
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2031, Australia.
| | - Dominic J B Hunter
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia (EMBL Australia) Node in Single Molecule Science, Sydney NSW 2031, Australia.
| | - Pascal Carrive
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2031, Australia.
| | - Emma Sierecki
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia (EMBL Australia) Node in Single Molecule Science, Sydney NSW 2031, Australia.
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2031, Australia.
| | - Yann Gambin
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia (EMBL Australia) Node in Single Molecule Science, Sydney NSW 2031, Australia.
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2031, Australia.
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19
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Cicatiello P, Dardano P, Pirozzi M, Gravagnuolo AM, De Stefano L, Giardina P. Self-assembly of two hydrophobins from marine fungi affected by interaction with surfaces. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:2173-2186. [PMID: 28543036 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobins are amphiphilic fungal proteins endowed with peculiar characteristics, such as a high surface activity and an interface triggered self-assembly. Several applications of these proteins have been proposed in the food, cosmetics and biomedical fields. Moreover, their use as proteinaceous coatings can be effective for materials and nanomaterials applications. The discovery of novel hydrophobins with diverse properties may be advantageous from both the scientific and industrial points of view. Stressful environmental conditions of fungal growth may induce the production of proteins with peculiar features. Two Class I hydrophobins from fungi isolated from marine environment have been recently purified. Herein, their propensity to aggregate forming nanometric fibrillar structures has been compared, using different techniques, such as circular dichroism, dynamic light scattering and Thioflavin T fluorescence assay. Furthermore, TEM and AFM images indicate that the interaction of these proteins with specific surfaces, are crucial in the formation of amyloid fibrils and in the assembly morphologies. These self-assembling proteins show promising properties as bio-coating for different materials via a green process. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 2173-2186. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Cicatiello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia 4, Naples, I-80126, Italy
| | - Principia Dardano
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, Unit of Naples-National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Marinella Pirozzi
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Unit of Naples-National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Alfredo M Gravagnuolo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia 4, Naples, I-80126, Italy.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Luca De Stefano
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, Unit of Naples-National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Giardina
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia 4, Naples, I-80126, Italy
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20
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Krauss U, Jäger VD, Diener M, Pohl M, Jaeger KE. Catalytically-active inclusion bodies-Carrier-free protein immobilizates for application in biotechnology and biomedicine. J Biotechnol 2017; 258:136-147. [PMID: 28465211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial inclusion bodies (IBs) consist of unfolded protein aggregates and represent inactive waste products often accumulating during heterologous overexpression of recombinant genes in Escherichia coli. This general misconception has been challenged in recent years by the discovery that IBs, apart from misfolded polypeptides, can also contain substantial amounts of active and thus correctly or native-like folded protein. The corresponding catalytically-active inclusion bodies (CatIBs) can be regarded as a biologically-active sub-micrometer sized biomaterial or naturally-produced carrier-free protein immobilizate. Fusion of polypeptide (protein) tags can induce CatIB formation paving the way towards the wider application of CatIBs in synthetic chemistry, biocatalysis and biomedicine. In the present review we summarize the history of CatIBs, present the molecular-biological tools that are available to induce CatIB formation, and highlight potential lines of application. In the second part findings regarding the formation, architecture, and structure of (Cat)IBs are summarized. Finally, an overview is presented about the available bioinformatic tools that potentially allow for the prediction of aggregation and thus (Cat)IB formation. This review aims at demonstrating the potential of CatIBs for biotechnology and hopefully contributes to a wider acceptance of this promising, yet not widely utilized, protein preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Krauss
- Institut für Molekulare Enzymtechnologie, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Vera D Jäger
- Institut für Molekulare Enzymtechnologie, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Martin Diener
- Institut für Molekulare Enzymtechnologie, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Martina Pohl
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Institut für Molekulare Enzymtechnologie, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany; IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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21
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Yin L, Yuvienco C, Montclare JK. Protein based therapeutic delivery agents: Contemporary developments and challenges. Biomaterials 2017; 134:91-116. [PMID: 28458031 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As unique biopolymers, proteins can be employed for therapeutic delivery. They bear important features such as bioavailability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability with low toxicity serving as a platform for delivery of various small molecule therapeutics, gene therapies, protein biologics and cells. Depending on size and characteristic of the therapeutic, a variety of natural and engineered proteins or peptides have been developed. This, coupled to recent advances in synthetic and chemical biology, has led to the creation of tailor-made protein materials for delivery. This review highlights strategies employing proteins to facilitate the delivery of therapeutic matter, addressing the challenges for small molecule, gene, protein and cell transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Yin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States
| | - Carlo Yuvienco
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States
| | - Jin Kim Montclare
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States; Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, United States; Department of Biomaterials, NYU College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, United States; Department of Biochemistry, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States.
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22
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Rinas U, Garcia-Fruitós E, Corchero JL, Vázquez E, Seras-Franzoso J, Villaverde A. Bacterial Inclusion Bodies: Discovering Their Better Half. Trends Biochem Sci 2017; 42:726-737. [PMID: 28254353 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial inclusion bodies (IBs) are functional, non-toxic amyloids occurring in recombinant bacteria showing analogies with secretory granules of the mammalian endocrine system. The scientific interest in these mesoscale protein aggregates has been historically masked by their status as a hurdle in recombinant protein production. However, progressive understanding of how the cell handles the quality of recombinant polypeptides and the main features of their intriguing molecular organization has stimulated the interest in inclusion bodies and spurred their use in diverse technological fields. The engineering and tailoring of IBs as functional protein particles for materials science and biomedicine is a good example of how formerly undesired bacterial byproducts can be rediscovered as promising functional materials for a broad spectrum of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Rinas
- Leibniz University of Hannover, Technical Chemistry and Life Science, Hannover, Germany; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Elena Garcia-Fruitós
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Corchero
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Esther Vázquez
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Joaquin Seras-Franzoso
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Research Center for Nanomedicine (Cibbim-Nanomedicine), Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Villaverde
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
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