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Desmet CM, Tran LBA, Danhier P, Gallez B. Characterization of a clinically used charcoal suspension for in vivo EPR oximetry. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 32:205-212. [DOI: 10.1007/s10334-018-0704-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Gallez B. Contribution of Harold M. Swartz to In Vivo EPR and EPR Dosimetry. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2016; 172:16-37. [PMID: 27421469 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncw157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In 2015, we are celebrating half a century of research in the application of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) as a biodosimetry tool to evaluate the dose received by irradiated people. During the EPR Biodose 2015 meeting, a special session was organized to acknowledge the pioneering contribution of Harold M. (Hal) Swartz in the field. The article summarizes his main contribution in physiology and medicine. Four emerging themes have been pursued continuously along his career since its beginning: (1) radiation biology; (2) oxygen and oxidation; (3) measuring physiology in vivo; and (4) application of these measurements in clinical medicine. The common feature among all these different subjects has been the use of magnetic resonance techniques, especially EPR. In this article, you will find an impressionist portrait of Hal Swartz with the description of the 'making of' this pioneer, a time-line perspective on his career with the creation of three National Institutes of Health-funded EPR centers, a topic-oriented perspective on his career with a description of his major contributions to Science, his role as a mentor and his influence on his academic children, his active role as founder of scientific societies and organizer of scientific meetings, and the well-deserved international recognition received so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Gallez
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Research Group, Avenue Mounier 73.08, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium
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Abstract
EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) based biological oximetry is a powerful tool that accurately and repeatedly measures tissue oxygen levels. In vivo determination of oxygen in tissues is crucial for the diagnosis and treatment of a number of diseases. Here, we report the first successful fabrication and remarkable properties of nanofiber sensors for EPR-oximetry applications. Lithium octa-n-butoxynaphthalocyanine (LiNc- BuO), an excellent paramagnetic oxygen sensor, was successfully encapsulated in 300-500 nm diameter fibers consisting of a core of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and a shell of polycaprolactone (PCL) by electrospinning. This core-shell nanosensor (LiNc-BuO-PDMS-PCL) shows a linear dependence of linewidth versus oxygen partial pressure (pO2). The nanofiber sensors have response and recovery times of 0.35 s and 0.55 s, respectively, these response and recovery times are ~12 times and ~218 times faster than those previously reported for PDMS-LiNc-BuO chip sensors. This greater responsiveness is likely due to the high porosity and excellent oxygen permeability of the nanofibers. Electrospinning of the structurally flexible PDMS enabled the fabrication of fibers having tailored spin densities. Core-shell encapsulation ensures the non-exposure of embedded LiNc-BuO and mitigates potential biocompatibility concerns. In vitro evaluation of the fiber performed under exposure to cultured cells showed that it is both stable and biocompatible. The unique combination of biocompatibility due to the PCL 'shell,' the excellent oxygen transparency of the PDMS core, and the excellent oxygen-sensing properties of LiNc-BuO makes LiNc-BuO-PDMS-PCL platform promising for long-term oximetry and repetitive oxygen measurements in both biological systems and clinical applications.
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Swartz HM, Williams BB, Zaki BI, Hartford AC, Jarvis LA, Chen EY, Comi RJ, Ernstoff MS, Hou H, Khan N, Swarts SG, Flood AB, Kuppusamy P. Clinical EPR: unique opportunities and some challenges. Acad Radiol 2014; 21:197-206. [PMID: 24439333 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy has been well established as a viable technique for measurement of free radicals and oxygen in biological systems, from in vitro cellular systems to in vivo small animal models of disease. However, the use of EPR in human subjects in the clinical setting, although attractive for a variety of important applications such as oxygen measurement, is challenged with several factors including the need for instrumentation customized for human subjects, probe, and regulatory constraints. This article describes the rationale and development of the first clinical EPR systems for two important clinical applications, namely, measurement of tissue oxygen (oximetry) and radiation dose (dosimetry) in humans. The clinical spectrometers operate at 1.2 GHz frequency and use surface-loop resonators capable of providing topical measurements up to 1 cm depth in tissues. Tissue pO2 measurements can be carried out noninvasively and repeatedly after placement of an oxygen-sensitive paramagnetic material (currently India ink) at the site of interest. Our EPR dosimetry system is capable of measuring radiation-induced free radicals in the tooth of irradiated human subjects to determine the exposure dose. These developments offer potential opportunities for clinical dosimetry and oximetry, which include guiding therapy for individual patients with tumors or vascular disease by monitoring of tissue oxygenation. Further work is in progress to translate this unique technology to routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold M Swartz
- Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, 48 Lafayette Street, Lebanon, NH 03766.
| | - Benjamin B Williams
- Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, 48 Lafayette Street, Lebanon, NH 03766
| | - Bassem I Zaki
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
| | - Alan C Hartford
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
| | - Lesley A Jarvis
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
| | - Eunice Y Chen
- Department of Surgery, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
| | - Richard J Comi
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
| | - Marc S Ernstoff
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
| | - Huagang Hou
- Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, 48 Lafayette Street, Lebanon, NH 03766
| | - Nadeem Khan
- Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, 48 Lafayette Street, Lebanon, NH 03766
| | - Steven G Swarts
- Dept. of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Ann B Flood
- Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, 48 Lafayette Street, Lebanon, NH 03766
| | - Periannan Kuppusamy
- Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, 48 Lafayette Street, Lebanon, NH 03766
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Pandian RP, Meenakshisundaram G, Bratasz A, Eteshola E, Lee SC, Kuppusamy P. An implantable Teflon chip holding lithium naphthalocyanine microcrystals for secure, safe, and repeated measurements of pO2 in tissues. Biomed Microdevices 2010; 12:381-7. [PMID: 20058084 PMCID: PMC2860037 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-009-9394-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Lithium naphthalocyanine (LiNc) is a crystalline material that has significant potential as a probe for EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance)-based biological oximetry (Pandian et al. J. Mater. Chem. 19:4138-4147, 2009a). However, implantation of LiNc crystals in tissues in raw or neat form is undesirable since dispersion of crystals in tissue may lead to loss of EPR signal, while also exacerbating biocompatibility concerns due to tissue exposure. To overcome these concerns, we have encapsulated LiNc crystals in an oxygen-permeable polymer, Teflon AF 2400 (TAF). Fabrication of TAF films incorporating LiNc particles (denoted as LiNc:TAF chip) was carried out using solvent-evaporation techniques. The EPR linewidth of LiNc:TAF chip was linearly dependent on oxygen-partial pressure (pO(2)) and did not change significantly relative to neat LiNc crystals. LiNc:TAF chip responded to changes in pO(2) reproducibly, enabling dynamic measurements of oxygenation in real time. The LiNc:TAF chips were stable in tissues for more than 2 months and were capable of providing repeated measurements of tissue oxygenation for extended periods of time. The results demonstrated that the newly fabricated, highly oxygen-sensitive LiNc:TAF chip will enhance the applicability of EPR oximetry for long-term and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy P. Pandian
- Center for Biomedical and EPR Spectroscopy Imaging, Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, 420 West 12th Avenue, Room 114, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Guruguhan Meenakshisundaram
- Center for Biomedical and EPR Spectroscopy Imaging, Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, 420 West 12th Avenue, Room 114, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Anna Bratasz
- Center for Biomedical and EPR Spectroscopy Imaging, Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, 420 West 12th Avenue, Room 114, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Edward Eteshola
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, 420 West 12th Avenue, Room 114, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Stephen C. Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, 420 West 12th Avenue, Room 114, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Periannan Kuppusamy
- Center for Biomedical and EPR Spectroscopy Imaging, Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, 420 West 12th Avenue, Room 114, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,
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Ahmad R, Kuppusamy P. Theory, instrumentation, and applications of electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry. Chem Rev 2010; 110:3212-36. [PMID: 20218670 PMCID: PMC2868962 DOI: 10.1021/cr900396q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Ahmad
- Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Fabrication and physical evaluation of a polymer-encapsulated paramagnetic probe for biomedical oximetry. Biomed Microdevices 2009; 11:773-82. [PMID: 19291409 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-009-9292-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Lithium octa-n-butoxynaphthalocyanine (LiNc-BuO) is a promising probe for biological electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry and is being developed for clinical use. However, clinical applicability of LiNc-BuO may be hindered by potential limitations associated with biocompatibility, biodegradation, and migration of individual crystals in tissue. To overcome these limitations, we have encapsulated LiNc-BuO crystals in polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS), an oxygen-permeable and bioinert polymer, to fabricate conveniently implantable and retrievable oxygen-sensing chips. Encapsulation was performed by a simple cast-molding process, giving appreciable control over size, shape, thickness and spin density of chips. The in vitro oxygen response of the chip was linear, reproducible, and not significantly different from that of unencapsulated crystals. Cast-molding of the structurally-flexible PDMS enabled the fabrication of chips with tailored spin densities, and ensured non-exposure of embedded LiNc-BuO, mitigating potential biocompatibility/toxicological concerns. Our results establish PDMS-encapsulated LiNc-BuO as a promising candidate for further biological evaluation and potential clinical application.
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Abstract
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and imaging (EPRI) are deeply rooted in the basic and quantum physics, but the spectrum of their applications in modern experimental and clinical dermatology and cosmetology is surprisingly wide. The main aim of this review was to show the physical foundation, technical limitations and versatility of this method in skin studies. Free radical and metal ion detection, EPR dosimetry, melanin study, spin trapping, spin labelling, oximetry and NO-metry, EPR imaging, new generation methods of EPR and EPR/NMR hybrid technology used under ex vivo and in vivo regime are portrayed in the context of clinical and experimental skin research to study problems such as oxidative and nitrosative stress generated by UV or inflammation, skin oxygenation, hydration of corneal layer of epidermis, transport and metabolism of drugs and cosmeceutics, skin carcinogenesis, skin tumors and many others. A part of the paper is devoted to hair and nail research. The review of dermatological applications of EPR is supplemented with a handful of advice concerning practical aspects of EPR experimentation and usage of EPR reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw M Plonka
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
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Meenakshisundaram G, Eteshola E, Pandian RP, Bratasz A, Selvendiran K, Lee SC, Krishna MC, Swartz HM, Kuppusamy P. Oxygen sensitivity and biocompatibility of an implantable paramagnetic probe for repeated measurements of tissue oxygenation. Biomed Microdevices 2009; 11:817-26. [PMID: 19319683 PMCID: PMC2756533 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-009-9298-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of oxygen-sensing water-insoluble paramagnetic probes, such as lithium octa-n-butoxynaphthalocyanine (LiNc-BuO), enables repeated measurements of pO(2) from the same location in tissue by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. In order to facilitate direct in vivo application, and hence eventual clinical applicability, of LiNc-BuO, we encapsulated LiNc-BuO microcrystals in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), an oxygen-permeable and bioinert polymer, and developed an implantable chip. In vitro evaluation of the chip, performed under conditions of sterilization, high-energy irradiation, and exposure to cultured cells, revealed that it is biostable and biocompatible. Implantation of the chip in the gastrocnemius muscle tissue of mice showed that it is capable of repeated and real-time measurements of tissue oxygenation for an extended period. Functional evaluation using a murine tumor model established the suitability and applicability of the chip for monitoring tumor oxygenation. This study establishes PDMS-encapsulated LiNc-BuO as a promising choice of probe for clinical EPR oximetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guruguhan Meenakshisundaram
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, 420 West 12th Avenue, Room 114, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Edward Eteshola
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ramasamy P. Pandian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, 420 West 12th Avenue, Room 114, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Anna Bratasz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, 420 West 12th Avenue, Room 114, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Karuppaiyah Selvendiran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, 420 West 12th Avenue, Room 114, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Stephen C. Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Murali C. Krishna
- Biophysics Spectroscopy Section, Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Harold M. Swartz
- EPR Center for Viable Systems, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Periannan Kuppusamy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, 420 West 12th Avenue, Room 114, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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