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Cardone D, Cerritelli F, Chiacchiaretta P, Perpetuini D, Merla A. Facial functional networks during resting state revealed by thermal infrared imaging. Phys Eng Sci Med 2023; 46:1573-1588. [PMID: 37644362 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-023-01321-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, an increasing number of studies on psychophysiology and, in general, on clinical medicine has employed the technique of facial thermal infrared imaging (IRI), which allows to obtain information about the emotional and physical states of the subjects in a completely non-invasive and contactless fashion. Several regions of interest (ROIs) have been reported in literature as salient areas for the psychophysiological characterization of a subject (i.e. nose tip and glabella ROIs). There is however a lack of studies focusing on the functional correlation among these ROIs and about the physiological basis of the relation existing between thermal IRI and vital signals, such as the electrodermal activity, i.e. the galvanic skin response (GSR). The present study offers a new methodology able to assess the functional connection between salient seed ROIs of thermal IRI and all the pixel of the face. The same approach was also applied considering as seed signal the GSR and its phasic and tonic components. Seed correlation analysis on 63 healthy volunteers demonstrated the presence of a common pathway regulating the facial thermal functionality and the electrodermal activity. The procedure was also tested on a pathological case study, finding a completely different pattern compared to the healthy cases. The method represents a promising tool in neurology, physiology and applied neurosciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Cardone
- Department of Engineering and Geology, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 65127, Pescara, Italy.
| | - Francesco Cerritelli
- Clinical Human-Based Department, Foundation COME Collaboarion, 65121, Pescara, Italy
| | - Piero Chiacchiaretta
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Odontoiatry, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - David Perpetuini
- Department of Engineering and Geology, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 65127, Pescara, Italy
| | - Arcangelo Merla
- Department of Engineering and Geology, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 65127, Pescara, Italy
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Kretschmer SCA, Paul M, Heussen N, Leonhardt S, Orlikowsky T, Heimann K. Facial thermal response to non-painful stressor in premature and term neonates. Pediatr Res 2023; 94:1422-1427. [PMID: 37161075 PMCID: PMC10589090 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study is a preliminary clinical investigation with the objective to evaluate the facial thermal response of premature and term neonates to a non-painful stressor (hunger) using infrared thermography (IRT). The development of objective and reliable parameters to monitor pain and stress is of relevance for optimal neonatal outcome and achieving a better management of patient comfort. METHODS We enrolled 12 neonates ranging from 27 to 39 weeks gestation (median: 34) and aged 3-79 days (median: 13). Recordings were performed before and after feeding, with and without hunger. Six regions of interest were chosen for evaluation (nose tip, periorbital and corrugator region, forehead, perioral and chin region). RESULTS There was an increase in the facial temperature in infants immediately prior to their next feed relative to infants who were not hungry, with the nasal tip being the facial evaluation site with the greatest temperature change. CONCLUSIONS The IRT appears to be a feasible and suitable method to detect changes in the neonatal patient. The thermal variations observed seem to reflect an arousal mediated by the parasympathetic nervous system, which has been described in existing infant stress research. IMPACT This is the first study to examine the use of infrared thermography (IRT) in monitoring the facial thermal response to a mild stressor (hunger) in premature and term neonates. Hunger as a mild, non-pain-associated stressor showed a significant effect on the facial temperature. The thermal signature of the regions of interest chosen showed hunger-related thermal variations. Results suggest the feasibility and suitability of IRT as an objective diagnostic tool to approach stress and changes in the condition of the neonatal patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie C A Kretschmer
- Department of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Paul
- Philips Chair for Medical Information Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicole Heussen
- Department of Medical Statistics, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Center of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Medical School, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Steffen Leonhardt
- Philips Chair for Medical Information Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Orlikowsky
- Department of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Konrad Heimann
- Department of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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Goulart C, Valadão C, Delisle-Rodriguez D, Caldeira E, Bastos T. Emotion analysis in children through facial emissivity of infrared thermal imaging. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212928. [PMID: 30893343 PMCID: PMC6426206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological signals may be used as objective markers to identify emotions, which play relevant roles in social and daily life. To measure these signals, the use of contact-free techniques, such as Infrared Thermal Imaging (IRTI), is indispensable to individuals who have sensory sensitivity. The goal of this study is to propose an experimental design to analyze five emotions (disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise) from facial thermal images of typically developing (TD) children aged 7–11 years using emissivity variation, as recorded by IRTI. For the emotion analysis, a dataset considered emotional dimensions (valence and arousal), facial bilateral sides and emotion classification accuracy. The results evidence the efficiency of the experimental design with interesting findings, such as the correlation between the valence and the thermal decrement in nose; disgust and happiness as potent triggers of facial emissivity variations; and significant emissivity variations in nose, cheeks and periorbital regions associated with different emotions. Moreover, facial thermal asymmetry was revealed with a distinct thermal tendency in the cheeks, and classification accuracy reached a mean value greater than 85%. From the results, the emissivity variations were an efficient marker to analyze emotions in facial thermal images, and IRTI was confirmed to be an outstanding technique to study emotions. This study contributes a robust dataset to analyze the emotions of 7-11-year-old TD children, an age range for which there is a gap in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Goulart
- Northeast Network of Biotechnology (RENORBIO), Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Assistive Technology Group, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Carlos Valadão
- Postgraduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Assistive Technology Group, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Denis Delisle-Rodriguez
- Postgraduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Assistive Technology Group, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil
- Center of Medical Biophysics, University of Oriente, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | - Eliete Caldeira
- Postgraduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Assistive Technology Group, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Teodiano Bastos
- Northeast Network of Biotechnology (RENORBIO), Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Assistive Technology Group, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Assistive Technology Group, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil
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Leung B, Chau T. Single-Trial Analysis of Inter-Beat Interval Perturbations Accompanying Single-Switch Scanning: Case Series of Three Children With Severe Spastic Quadriplegic Cerebral Palsy. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2015; 24:261-71. [PMID: 26068545 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2015.2441737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Single-switch access in conjunction with scanning remains a fundamental solution in restoring communication for many children with profound physical disabilities. However, untimely switch inaction and unintentional switch activations can lead to user frustration and impede functional communication. A previous preliminary study, in the context of a case series with three single-switch users, reported that correct, accidental and missed switch activations could elicit cardiac deceleration and increased phasic skin conductance on average, while deliberate switch non-use was associated with autonomic nonresponse. The present study investigated the possibility of using blood volume pulse recordings from the same three pediatric single-switch users to track the aforementioned switch events on a single-trial basis. Peaks of the line length time series derived from the empirical mode decomposition of the inter-beat interval time series matched, on average, a high percentage (above 80%) of single-switch events, while unmatched peaks coincided moderately (below 37%) with idle time during scanning. These results encourage further study of autonomic measures as complementary information channels to enhance single-switch access.
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Muhei-aldin O, VanSwearingen J, Karim H, Huppert T, Sparto PJ, Erickson KI, Sejdić E. An investigation of fMRI time series stationarity during motor sequence learning foot tapping tasks. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 227:75-82. [PMID: 24530436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding complex brain networks using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is of great interest to clinical and scientific communities. To utilize advanced analysis methods such as graph theory for these investigations, the stationarity of fMRI time series needs to be understood as it has important implications on the choice of appropriate approaches for the analysis of complex brain networks. NEW METHOD In this paper, we investigated the stationarity of fMRI time series acquired from twelve healthy participants while they performed a motor (foot tapping sequence) learning task. Since prior studies have documented that learning is associated with systematic changes in brain activation, a sequence learning task is an optimal paradigm to assess the degree of non-stationarity in fMRI time-series in clinically relevant brain areas. We predicted that brain regions involved in a "learning network" would demonstrate non-stationarity and may violate assumptions associated with some advanced analysis approaches. Six blocks of learning, and six control blocks of a foot tapping sequence were performed in a fixed order. The reverse arrangement test was utilized to investigate the time series stationarity. RESULTS Our analysis showed some non-stationary signals with a time varying first moment as a major source of non-stationarity. We also demonstrated a decreased number of non-stationarities in the third block as a result of priming and repetition. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Most of the current literature does not examine stationarity prior to processing. CONCLUSIONS The implication of our findings is that future investigations analyzing complex brain networks should utilize approaches robust to non-stationarities, as graph-theoretical approaches can be sensitive to non-stationarities present in data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Othman Muhei-aldin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jessie VanSwearingen
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Helmet Karim
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Theodore Huppert
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Patrick J Sparto
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Kirk I Erickson
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Ervin Sejdić
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Zaproudina N, Närhi M, Lipponen JA, Tarvainen MP, Karjalainen PA, Karhu J, Airaksinen O, Giniatullin R. Nitroglycerin-induced changes in facial skin temperature: 'cold nose' as a predictor of headache? Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2013; 33:409-17. [PMID: 23701267 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nitroglycerin (NTG) often induces headaches when used to treat cardiac diseases. Such property of NTG has been widely used in modelling of migraine-like headaches. However, background reasons, predisposing to the development of NTG-headache, are less studied. The main aim of our study was to find, using NTG model, easily accessible markers of the vascular changes associated with headache. Because changes in the blood flow alter the local skin temperature (Tsk), we studied the relationship between the regional changes in the facial Tsk and NTG-induced headaches. Tsk was measured with infrared thermography in 11 healthy women during 3 h after sublingual NTG administration. NTG caused headache in five women, and four of them were the first-degree relatives of migraine patients. Notably, before NTG administration, subjects in the headache group had lower Tsk values, especially in the nose area, than women in the pain-free group (n = 6). NTG-induced headache was associated with a long-lasting increase of Tsk over the baseline. In sharp contrast, in the pain-free group, the Tsk reduced and returned rapidly to the baseline. Thus, the low baseline level and greater increase of regional Tsk correlated with the incidence of headache that supports a role of greater vascular changes in headache happening on the basis of the dissimilarities in vascular tone. An easily accessible phenomenon of 'cold nose' may indicate background vascular dysfunctions in individuals with predisposition to headache. Facial infrared thermography, coupled with NTG administration, suggests a novel temporally controlled approach for non-invasive investigation of vascular processes accompanying headaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Zaproudina
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Meyer J, Gorbach AM, Liu WM, Medic N, Young M, Nelson C, Arceo S, Desai A, Metcalfe DD, Komarow HD. Mast cell dependent vascular changes associated with an acute response to cold immersion in primary contact urticaria. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56773. [PMID: 23451084 PMCID: PMC3579929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While a number of the consequences of mast cell degranulation within tissues have been documented including tissue-specific changes such as bronchospasm and the subsequent cellular infiltrate, there is little known about the immediate effects of mast cell degranulation on the associated vasculature, critical to understanding the evolution of mast cell dependent inflammation. OBJECTIVE To characterize the microcirculatory events that follow mast cell degranulation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Perturbations in dermal blood flow, temperature and skin color were analyzed using laser-speckle contrast imaging, infrared and polarized-light colorimetry following cold-hand immersion (CHI) challenge in patients with cold-induced urticaria compared to the response in healthy controls. Evidence for mast cell degranulation was established by documentation of serum histamine levels and the localized release of tryptase in post-challenge urticarial biopsies. Laser-speckle contrast imaging quantified the attenuated response to cold challenge in patients on cetirizine. We found that the histamine-associated vascular response accompanying mast cell degranulation is rapid and extensive. At the tissue level, it is characterized by a uniform pattern of increased blood flow, thermal warming, vasodilation, and recruitment of collateral circulation. These vascular responses are modified by the administration of an antihistamine. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Monitoring the hemodynamic responses within tissues that are associated with mast cell degranulation provides additional insight into the evolution of the acute inflammatory response and offers a unique approach to assess the effectiveness of treatment intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Meyer
- Infrared Imaging and Thermometry Unit, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alexander M. Gorbach
- Infrared Imaging and Thermometry Unit, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wei-Min Liu
- Infrared Imaging and Thermometry Unit, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nevenka Medic
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael Young
- Clinical Research Directorate/CMRP, SAIC-Frederick, NCI Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Celeste Nelson
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sarah Arceo
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Avanti Desai
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dean D. Metcalfe
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hirsh D. Komarow
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Brian L, Jessica A. B, Tom C. Learning and mastery behaviours as risk factors to abandonment in a paediatric user of advanced single-switch access technology. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2013; 8:426-33. [DOI: 10.3109/17483107.2012.754955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Thermal imaging of the periorbital regions during the presentation of an auditory startle stimulus. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27268. [PMID: 22073302 PMCID: PMC3207841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infrared thermal imaging of the inner canthi of the periorbital regions of the face can potentially serve as an input signal modality for an alternative access system for individuals with conditions that preclude speech or voluntary movement, such as total locked-in syndrome. However, it is unknown if the temperature of these regions is affected by the human startle response, as changes in the facial temperature of the periorbital regions manifested during the startle response could generate false positives in a thermography-based access system. This study presents an examination of the temperature characteristics of the periorbital regions of 11 able-bodied adult participants before and after a 102 dB auditory startle stimulus. The results indicate that the startle response has no substantial effect on the mean temperature of the periorbital regions. This indicates that thermography-based access solutions would be insensitive to startle reactions in their user, an important advantage over other modalities being considered in the context of access solutions for individuals with a severe motor disability.
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Memarian N, Venetsanopoulos AN, Chau T. Body Functions and Structures Pertinent to Infrared Thermography-Based Access for Clients With Severe Motor Disabilities. Assist Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10400435.2011.567371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Fairley JA, Sejdić E, Chau T. An investigation of stride interval stationarity in a paediatric population. Hum Mov Sci 2010; 29:125-36. [PMID: 20060609 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Fluctuations in the stride interval of human gait have been found to exhibit statistical persistence over hundreds of strides, the extent of which changes with age, pathology, and speed-constrained walking. Thus, recent investigations have focused on quantifying this scaling behavior in order to gain insight into locomotor control. While the ability of a given analysis technique to provide an accurate scaling estimate depends largely on the stationary properties of the given series, direct investigation of stride interval stationarity has been largely overlooked. In the present study we test the stride interval time series obtained from able-bodied children for weak stationarity. Specifically, we analyze signals obtained during three distinct modes of self-paced locomotion: (i) overground walking, (ii) unsupported (hands-free) treadmill walking, and (iii) handrail-supported treadmill walking. Using the reverse arrangements test, we identify non-stationary signals in all three walking conditions and find the major known cause to be due to time-varying first and second moments. We further discuss our findings in terms of locomotor control and the differences between the locomotor modalities investigated. Overall, our results advocate against scaling analysis techniques that assume stationarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian A Fairley
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Leung B, Chau T. A multiple camera tongue switch for a child with severe spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2009; 5:58-68. [PMID: 19941441 DOI: 10.3109/17483100903254561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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13
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Nhan BR, Chau T. Classifying affective states using thermal infrared imaging of the human face. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2009; 57:979-87. [PMID: 19923040 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2009.2035926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, time, frequency, and time-frequency features derived from thermal infrared data are used to discriminate between self-reported affective states of an individual in response to visual stimuli drawn from the International Affective Pictures System. A total of six binary classification tasks were examined to distinguish baseline and affect states. Affect states were determined from subject-reported levels of arousal and valence. Mean adjusted accuracies of 70% to 80% were achieved for the baseline classifications tasks. Classification accuracies between high and low ratings of arousal and valence were between 50% and 60%, respectively. Our analysis showed that facial thermal infrared imaging data of baseline and other affective states may be separable. The results of this study suggest that classification of facial thermal infrared imaging data coupled with affect models can be used to provide information about an individual's affective state for potential use as a passive communication pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Nhan
- Bloorview Research Institute and the Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4G 1R8, Canada.
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