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Prigent G, Aminian K, Rodrigues T, Vesin JM, Millet GP, Falbriard M, Meyer F, Paraschiv-Ionescu A. Indirect Estimation of Breathing Rate from Heart Rate Monitoring System during Running. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21165651. [PMID: 34451093 PMCID: PMC8402314 DOI: 10.3390/s21165651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in wearable technologies integrating multi-modal sensors have enabled the in-field monitoring of several physiological metrics. In sport applications, wearable devices have been widely used to improve performance while minimizing the risk of injuries and illness. The objective of this project is to estimate breathing rate (BR) from respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) using heart rate (HR) recorded with a chest belt during physical activities, yielding additional physiological insight without the need of an additional sensor. Thirty-one healthy adults performed a run at increasing speed until exhaustion on an instrumented treadmill. RR intervals were measured using the Polar H10 HR monitoring system attached to a chest belt. A metabolic measurement system was used as a reference to evaluate the accuracy of the BR estimation. The evaluation of the algorithms consisted of exploring two pre-processing methods (band-pass filters and relative RR intervals transformation) with different instantaneous frequency tracking algorithms (short-term Fourier transform, single frequency tracking, harmonic frequency tracking and peak detection). The two most accurate BR estimations were achieved by combining band-pass filters with short-term Fourier transform, and relative RR intervals transformation with harmonic frequency tracking, showing 5.5% and 7.6% errors, respectively. These two methods were found to provide reasonably accurate BR estimation over a wide range of breathing frequency. Future challenges consist in applying/validating our approaches during in-field endurance running in the context of fatigue assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Prigent
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (K.A.); (T.R.); (M.F.); (A.P.-I.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kamiar Aminian
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (K.A.); (T.R.); (M.F.); (A.P.-I.)
| | - Tiago Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (K.A.); (T.R.); (M.F.); (A.P.-I.)
| | - Jean-Marc Vesin
- Applied Signal Processing Group, Institute of Electrical Engineering of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Grégoire P. Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (G.P.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Mathieu Falbriard
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (K.A.); (T.R.); (M.F.); (A.P.-I.)
| | - Frédéric Meyer
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (G.P.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Anisoara Paraschiv-Ionescu
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (K.A.); (T.R.); (M.F.); (A.P.-I.)
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Scebba G, Da Poian G, Karlen W. Multispectral Video Fusion for Non-Contact Monitoring of Respiratory Rate and Apnea. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2020; 68:350-359. [PMID: 32396069 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2020.2993649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Continuous monitoring of respiratory activity is desirable in many clinical applications to detect respiratory events. Non-contact monitoring of respiration can be achieved with near- and far-infrared spectrum cameras. However, current technologies are not sufficiently robust to be used in clinical applications. For example, they fail to estimate an accurate respiratory rate (RR) during apnea. We present a novel algorithm based on multispectral data fusion that aims at estimating RR also during apnea. The algorithm independently addresses the RR estimation and apnea detection tasks. Respiratory information is extracted from multiple sources and fed into an RR estimator and an apnea detector whose results are fused into a final respiratory activity estimation. We evaluated the system retrospectively using data from 30 healthy adults who performed diverse controlled breathing tasks while lying supine in a dark room and reproduced central and obstructive apneic events. Combining multiple respiratory information from multispectral cameras improved the root mean square error (RMSE) accuracy of the RR estimation from up to 4.64 monospectral data down to 1.60 breaths/min. The median F1 scores for classifying obstructive (0.75 to 0.86) and central apnea (0.75 to 0.93) also improved. Furthermore, the independent consideration of apnea detection led to a more robust system (RMSE of 4.44 vs. 7.96 breaths/min). Our findings may represent a step towards the use of cameras for vital sign monitoring in medical applications.
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Nicolò A, Massaroni C, Passfield L. Respiratory Frequency during Exercise: The Neglected Physiological Measure. Front Physiol 2017; 8:922. [PMID: 29321742 PMCID: PMC5732209 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of wearable sensor technology for athlete training monitoring is growing exponentially, but some important measures and related wearable devices have received little attention so far. Respiratory frequency (fR), for example, is emerging as a valuable measurement for training monitoring. Despite the availability of unobtrusive wearable devices measuring fR with relatively good accuracy, fR is not commonly monitored during training. Yet fR is currently measured as a vital sign by multiparameter wearable devices in the military field, clinical settings, and occupational activities. When these devices have been used during exercise, fR was used for limited applications like the estimation of the ventilatory threshold. However, more information can be gained from fR. Unlike heart rate, V˙O2, and blood lactate, fR is strongly associated with perceived exertion during a variety of exercise paradigms, and under several experimental interventions affecting performance like muscle fatigue, glycogen depletion, heat exposure and hypoxia. This suggests that fR is a strong marker of physical effort. Furthermore, unlike other physiological variables, fR responds rapidly to variations in workload during high-intensity interval training (HIIT), with potential important implications for many sporting activities. This Perspective article aims to (i) present scientific evidence supporting the relevance of fR for training monitoring; (ii) critically revise possible methodologies to measure fR and the accuracy of currently available respiratory wearables; (iii) provide preliminary indication on how to analyze fR data. This viewpoint is expected to advance the field of training monitoring and stimulate directions for future development of sports wearables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nicolò
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Massaroni
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Departmental Faculty of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Louis Passfield
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Kent, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Charlton PH, Birrenkott DA, Bonnici T, Pimentel MAF, Johnson AEW, Alastruey J, Tarassenko L, Watkinson PJ, Beale R, Clifton DA. Breathing Rate Estimation From the Electrocardiogram and Photoplethysmogram: A Review. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2017; 11:2-20. [PMID: 29990026 PMCID: PMC7612521 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2017.2763681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Breathing rate (BR) is a key physiological parameter used in a range of clinical settings. Despite its diagnostic and prognostic value, it is still widely measured by counting breaths manually. A plethora of algorithms have been proposed to estimate BR from the electrocardiogram (ECG) and pulse oximetry (photoplethysmogram, PPG) signals. These BR algorithms provide opportunity for automated, electronic, and unobtrusive measurement of BR in both healthcare and fitness monitoring. This paper presents a review of the literature on BR estimation from the ECG and PPG. First, the structure of BR algorithms and the mathematical techniques used at each stage are described. Second, the experimental methodologies that have been used to assess the performance of BR algorithms are reviewed, and a methodological framework for the assessment of BR algorithms is presented. Third, we outline the most pressing directions for future research, including the steps required to use BR algorithms in wearable sensors, remote video monitoring, and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H. Charlton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, U.K., and also with the Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Drew A. Birrenkott
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Timothy Bonnici
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, U.K., and also with the Department of Asthma, Allergy, and Lung Biology, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, U.K
| | | | - Alistair E. W. Johnson
- Laboratory for Computational Physiology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Jordi Alastruey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, U.K
| | - Lionel Tarassenko
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Peter J. Watkinson
- Kadoorie Centre for Critical Care Research and Education, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, U.K
| | - Richard Beale
- Department of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, U.K
| | - David A. Clifton
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
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Traverso G, Ciccarelli G, Schwartz S, Hughes T, Boettcher T, Barman R, Langer R, Swiston A. Physiologic Status Monitoring via the Gastrointestinal Tract. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141666. [PMID: 26580216 PMCID: PMC4651338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reliable, real-time heart and respiratory rates are key vital signs used in evaluating the physiological status in many clinical and non-clinical settings. Measuring these vital signs generally requires superficial attachment of physically or logistically obtrusive sensors to subjects that may result in skin irritation or adversely influence subject performance. Given the broad acceptance of ingestible electronics, we developed an approach that enables vital sign monitoring internally from the gastrointestinal tract. Here we report initial proof-of-concept large animal (porcine) experiments and a robust processing algorithm that demonstrates the feasibility of this approach. Implementing vital sign monitoring as a stand-alone technology or in conjunction with other ingestible devices has the capacity to significantly aid telemedicine, optimize performance monitoring of athletes, military service members, and first-responders, as well as provide a facile method for rapid clinical evaluation and triage.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Traverso
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - G. Ciccarelli
- Bioengineering Systems and Technologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, 02420, United States of America
| | - S. Schwartz
- Bioengineering Systems and Technologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, 02420, United States of America
| | - T. Hughes
- Bioengineering Systems and Technologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, 02420, United States of America
| | - T. Boettcher
- Bioengineering Systems and Technologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, 02420, United States of America
| | - R. Barman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - R. Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - A. Swiston
- Bioengineering Systems and Technologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, 02420, United States of America
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Niederhauser T, Wyss-Balmer T, Haeberlin A, Marisa T, Wildhaber RA, Goette J, Jacomet M, Vogel R. Graphics-processor-unit-based parallelization of optimized baseline wander filtering algorithms for long-term electrocardiography. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2015; 62:1576-84. [PMID: 25675449 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2015.2395456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Long-term electrocardiogram (ECG) often suffers from relevant noise. Baseline wander in particular is pronounced in ECG recordings using dry or esophageal electrodes, which are dedicated for prolonged registration. While analog high-pass filters introduce phase distortions, reliable offline filtering of the baseline wander implies a computational burden that has to be put in relation to the increase in signal-to-baseline ratio (SBR). Here, we present a graphics processor unit (GPU)-based parallelization method to speed up offline baseline wander filter algorithms, namely the wavelet, finite, and infinite impulse response, moving mean, and moving median filter. Individual filter parameters were optimized with respect to the SBR increase based on ECGs from the Physionet database superimposed to autoregressive modeled, real baseline wander. A Monte-Carlo simulation showed that for low input SBR the moving median filter outperforms any other method but negatively affects ECG wave detection. In contrast, the infinite impulse response filter is preferred in case of high input SBR. However, the parallelized wavelet filter is processed 500 and four times faster than these two algorithms on the GPU, respectively, and offers superior baseline wander suppression in low SBR situations. Using a signal segment of 64 mega samples that is filtered as entire unit, wavelet filtering of a seven-day high-resolution ECG is computed within less than 3 s. Taking the high filtering speed into account, the GPU wavelet filter is the most efficient method to remove baseline wander present in long-term ECGs, with which computational burden can be strongly reduced.
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An ultrasonic contactless sensor for breathing monitoring. SENSORS 2014; 14:15371-86. [PMID: 25140632 PMCID: PMC4179033 DOI: 10.3390/s140815371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The monitoring of human breathing activity during a long period has multiple fundamental applications in medicine. In breathing sleep disorders such as apnea, the diagnosis is based on events during which the person stops breathing for several periods during sleep. In polysomnography, the standard for sleep disordered breathing analysis, chest movement and airflow are used to monitor the respiratory activity. However, this method has serious drawbacks. Indeed, as the subject should sleep overnight in a laboratory and because of sensors being in direct contact with him, artifacts modifying sleep quality are often observed. This work investigates an analysis of the viability of an ultrasonic device to quantify the breathing activity, without contact and without any perception by the subject. Based on a low power ultrasonic active source and transducer, the device measures the frequency shift produced by the velocity difference between the exhaled air flow and the ambient environment, i.e., the Doppler effect. After acquisition and digitization, a specific signal processing is applied to separate the effects of breath from those due to subject movements from the Doppler signal. The distance between the source and the sensor, about 50 cm, and the use of ultrasound frequency well above audible frequencies, 40 kHz, allow monitoring the breathing activity without any perception by the subject, and therefore without any modification of the sleep quality which is very important for sleep disorders diagnostic applications. This work is patented (patent pending 2013-7-31 number FR.13/57569).
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Nam Y, Lee J, Chon KH. Respiratory Rate Estimation from the Built-in Cameras of Smartphones and Tablets. Ann Biomed Eng 2013; 42:885-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-013-0944-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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