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Zhang Z, Li Z, Wei K, Cao Z, Zhu Z, Chen R. Sweat as a source of non-invasive biomarkers for clinical diagnosis: An overview. Talanta 2024; 273:125865. [PMID: 38452593 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Sweat has excellent potential as one of the sources of non-invasive biomarkers for clinical diagnosis. It is relatively easy to collect and process and may contain different disease-specific markers and drug metabolites, making it ideal for various clinical applications. This article discusses the anatomy of sweat glands and their role in sweat production, as well as the history and development of multiple sweat sample collection and analysis techniques. Another primary focus of this article is the application of sweat detection in clinical disease diagnosis and other life scenarios. Finally, the limitations and prospects of sweat analysis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Ningbo Hangzhou Bay Hospital, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhanhong Li
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Kunchen Wei
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zehui Cao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhigang Zhu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Saha T, Mukherjee S, Dickey MD, Velev OD. Harvesting and manipulating sweat and interstitial fluid in microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1244-1265. [PMID: 38197332 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00874f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices began to be used to facilitate sweat and interstitial fluid (ISF) sensing in the mid-2010s. Since then, numerous prototypes involving microfluidics have been developed in different form factors for sensing biomarkers found in these fluids under in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo (on-body) settings. These devices transport and manipulate biofluids using microfluidic channels composed of silicone, polymer, paper, or fiber. Fluid flow transport and sample management can be achieved by controlling the flow rate, surface morphology of the channel, and rate of fluid evaporation. Although many devices have been developed for estimating sweat rate, electrolyte, and metabolite levels, only a handful have been able to proceed beyond laboratory testing and reach the stage of clinical trials and commercialization. To further this technology, this review reports on the utilization of microfluidics towards sweat and ISF management and transport. The review is distinguished from other recent reviews by focusing on microfluidic principles of sweat and ISF generation, transport, extraction, and management. Challenges and prospects are highlighted, with a discussion on how to transition such prototypes towards personalized healthcare monitoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamoghna Saha
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Sneha Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Orlin D Velev
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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3
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Yang H, Ji Y, Shen K, Qian Y, Ye C. Simultaneous detection of urea and lactate in sweat based on a wearable sweat biosensor. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:14-27. [PMID: 38223175 PMCID: PMC10783907 DOI: 10.1364/boe.505004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Urea and lactate are biomarkers in sweat that is closely associated with human health. This study introduces portable, rapid, sensitive, stable, and high-throughput wearable sweat biosensors utilizing Au-Ag nanoshuttles (Au-Ag NSs) for the simultaneous detection of sweat urea and lactate. The Au-Ag NSs arrays within the biosensor's microfluidic cavity provide a substantial surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) enhancement effect. The limit of detection (LOD) for urea and lactate are 2.35 × 10-6 and 8.66 × 10-7 mol/L, respectively. This wearable sweat biosensor demonstrates high resistance to compression bending, repeatability, and stability and can be securely attached to various body parts. Real-time sweat analysis of volunteers wearing the biosensors during exercise demonstrated the method's practicality. This wearable sweat biosensor holds significant potential for monitoring sweat dynamics and serves as a valuable tool for assessing bioinformation in sweat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifan Yang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China
| | - Yangyang Ji
- Department of Science and Education, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Tongzhou District, Nantong, 226300, China
| | - Kang Shen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China
| | - Yayun Qian
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China
| | - Chenchen Ye
- Department of Science and Education, Yixing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Wuxi, 214200, China
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4
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Nunes MJ, Moura JJG, Noronha JP, Branco LC, Samhan-Arias A, Sousa JP, Rouco C, Cordas CM. Evaluation of Sweat-Sampling Procedures for Human Stress-Biomarker Detection. ANALYTICA 2022; 3:178-194. [DOI: 10.3390/analytica3020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Sweat is a potential biological fluid for the non-invasive analytical assessment of diverse molecules, including biomarkers. Notwithstanding, the sampling methodology is critical, and it must be assessed prior to using sweat for clinical diagnosis. In the current work, the analytical methodology was further developed taking into account the sampling step, in view of the identification and level variations of sweat components that have potential to be stress biomarkers using separation by liquid chromatography and detection by tandem mass spectrometry, in order to attain a screening profile of 26 molecules in just one stage. As such, the molecule identification was used as a test for the evaluation of the sampling procedures, including the location on the body, using patches for long-term sampling and vials for direct sampling, through a qualitative approach. From this evaluation it was possible to conclude that the sampling may be performed on the chest or back skin. Additionally, possible interference was evaluated. The long-term sampling with patches can be used under both rest and exercise conditions with variation of the detected molecule’s levels. The direct sampling, using vials, has the advantage of not having interferences but the disadvantage of only being effective after exercise in order to have enough sample for sweat analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Nunes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - José J. G. Moura
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Noronha
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Luís Cobra Branco
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Alejandro Samhan-Arias
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’ (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - João P. Sousa
- CINAMIL, Academia Militar, Rua Gomes Freire, 1150-244 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos Rouco
- CINAMIL, Academia Militar, Rua Gomes Freire, 1150-244 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cristina M. Cordas
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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Zhong B, Jiang K, Wang L, Shen G. Wearable Sweat Loss Measuring Devices: From the Role of Sweat Loss to Advanced Mechanisms and Designs. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103257. [PMID: 34713981 PMCID: PMC8728835 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sweat sensors have received significant research interest and have become popular as sweat contains considerable health information about physiological and psychological states. However, measured biomarker concentrations vary with sweat rates, which has a significant effect on the accuracy and reliability of sweat biosensors. Wearable sweat loss measuring devices (SLMDs) have recently been proposed to overcome the limitations of biomarker tracking and reduce inter- and intraindividual variability. In addition, they offer substantial potential for monitoring human body homeostasis, because sweat loss plays an indispensable role in thermoregulation and skin hydration. Previous studies have not carried out a comprehensive and systematic review of the principles, importance, and development of wearable SLMDs. This paper reviews wearable SLMDs with a new health perspective from the role of sweat loss to advanced mechanisms and designs. Two types of sweat and their measurement significance for practical applications are highlighted. Then, a comprehensive review of advances in different wearable SLMDs based on hygrometers, absorbent materials, and microfluidics is presented by describing their respective device architectures, present situations, and future directions. Finally, concluding remarks on opportunities for future application fields and challenges for future sweat sensing are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institution of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Faculty of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery of Chinese PLA, Key Laboratory of Digital Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institution of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Guozhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institution of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
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6
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Calamak S. Sodium polyacrylate microparticle containing multifunctional skin patch for sweat analysis. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ohashi T, Gerrett N, Shinkawa S, Sato T, Miyake R, Kondo N, Mitsuzawa S. Fluidic Patch Device to Sample Sweat for Accurate Measurement of Sweat Rate and Chemical Composition: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15534-15541. [PMID: 33169984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sweat sensors that can continuously sample sweat are critical for determining the time-dependent physiological responses occurring in normal daily life. Here, a new device, termed fluidic patch, for collecting human sweat samples at defined time intervals is developed, and the proof-of-concept is demonstrated. The device comprises micropumps and a disposable microfluidic patch attached to the human skin. The fluidic patch continuously collects aliquots of freshly secreted sweat accumulated in the fluidic pathway at accurately defined time windows (typically 5 min). By measuring the weight of the collected samples, the local sweat rate is calculated. The sweat sample collected can be directly subjected to a wide range of chemical analyses. For the proof-of-concept, we compared the sweat rates during passive heating in human trials using the fluidic patch and the conventional ventilated sweat capsule system. Although the sweat rate obtained using the fluidic patch highly correlated with that of the ventilated sweat capsule (R2 = 0.96, y = 1.4x - 0.05), the fluidic patch overestimated the sweat rate compared with the ventilated capsule system when the sweat rate exceeded 0.5 mg/(cm2·min). The sampled sweat was analyzed for sodium, potassium, chloride, lactate, pyruvate, and cortisol. The device could obtain the time courses of the concentrations of the abovementioned three ions; the concentrations of sodium and chloride increased linearly with the sweat rate during passive heating (R2 = 0.76 and 0.66, respectively). The device can reliably measure the sweat rate and collect sweat samples for chemical analysis. It can be utilized for real-time physiological investigations toward wider applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Ohashi
- Honda Research Institute Japan Co., Ltd., 8-1 Honcho, Wako 351-0188, Japan
| | - Nicola Gerrett
- Laboratory for Applied Human Physiology, Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, 3-11 Tsurukabuto, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.,Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7-9, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Satoru Shinkawa
- Honda Research Institute Japan Co., Ltd., 8-1 Honcho, Wako 351-0188, Japan
| | - Tomomi Sato
- Microfluidic Integrated Circuits Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-7 Shinkawasaki, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki 212-0032, Japan
| | - Ryo Miyake
- Microfluidic Integrated Circuits Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-7 Shinkawasaki, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki 212-0032, Japan
| | - Narihiko Kondo
- Laboratory for Applied Human Physiology, Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, 3-11 Tsurukabuto, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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8
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The role of sampling in wearable sweat sensors. Talanta 2020; 212:120801. [PMID: 32113563 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sweat sensors demonstrate outstanding performance in non-invasive, real-time monitoring of vital biomarkers in sweat, which offer an opportunity for individuals to achieve dynamic monitoring their own physiology in molecular-level. As a key step in sweat analysis that impact the accuracy of results, frequently-used sweat sampling methods are introduced in this review, and the emphasis is sweat sampling in wearable sensors including absorbent materials, superhydrophobic/superhydrophilic surface, sweat guidance and epidermal microfluidic systems. In the end, we also propose the remaining challenges in the practical, large-scale application of wearable sweat sensors and provide personal prospects on the future development.
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Ding R, Lisak G. Sponge-based microfluidic sampling for potentiometric ion sensing. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1091:103-111. [PMID: 31679563 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This work demonstrates an application of the new materials, sponges, for the use in microfluidic solution sampling integrated with ion-selective electrodes. The microfluidic sponge-based sampling was developed and studied as novel sampling and sample handling method to serve as alternative for microfluidic paper- and textile-based sampling for ion analysis in various environmental (Cd2+, Pb2+ and pH) and clinically (K+, Na+, Cl-) relevant samples. Three types of polyurethane, cellulose and natural sponges were used as substrates for microfluidic solution sampling. Polyurethane based sponge was found to have low heavy metal sorption capacity thus it was recognized as suitable for microfluidic sampling coupled with solid-state as well as solid-contact ion-selective electrodes. The application of sponge-based microfluidic sampling, contrary to previous findings of paper- and textile-based microfluidic sampling, allowed measurements of heavy metals without prior modification of the sampling substrate. Finally, the determination of potassium, sodium and chloride in wastewater sludge and sweat samples done with sponge-based microfluidic sampling integrated with ISEs was found similar to analysis done by ICP-OES and IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyu Ding
- College of Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Grzegorz Lisak
- College of Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore; Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Residues and Resource Reclamation Center, 1 Cleantech Loop, Cleantech, Singapore, 637141, Singapore.
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10
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Baker LB. Physiology of sweat gland function: The roles of sweating and sweat composition in human health. Temperature (Austin) 2019; 6:211-259. [PMID: 31608304 PMCID: PMC6773238 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2019.1632145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this comprehensive review is to: 1) review the physiology of sweat gland function and mechanisms determining the amount and composition of sweat excreted onto the skin surface; 2) provide an overview of the well-established thermoregulatory functions and adaptive responses of the sweat gland; and 3) discuss the state of evidence for potential non-thermoregulatory roles of sweat in the maintenance and/or perturbation of human health. The role of sweating to eliminate waste products and toxicants seems to be minor compared with other avenues of excretion via the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract; as eccrine glands do not adapt to increase excretion rates either via concentrating sweat or increasing overall sweating rate. Studies suggesting a larger role of sweat glands in clearing waste products or toxicants from the body may be an artifact of methodological issues rather than evidence for selective transport. Furthermore, unlike the renal system, it seems that sweat glands do not conserve water loss or concentrate sweat fluid through vasopressin-mediated water reabsorption. Individuals with high NaCl concentrations in sweat (e.g. cystic fibrosis) have an increased risk of NaCl imbalances during prolonged periods of heavy sweating; however, sweat-induced deficiencies appear to be of minimal risk for trace minerals and vitamins. Additional research is needed to elucidate the potential role of eccrine sweating in skin hydration and microbial defense. Finally, the utility of sweat composition as a biomarker for human physiology is currently limited; as more research is needed to determine potential relations between sweat and blood solute concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay B. Baker
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo R&D Physiology and Life Sciences, Barrington, IL, USA
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11
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Abstract
This research proposes a completely automated, computer-controlled fluid mixing and dispensing system, which is suitable for testing sweat sensing devices, as an alternative to requiring human trials during the development phase of a sweat sensor device. An arm mold was designed and implemented with dragon skin and pores to simulate sweating action. The relay controlled mixing tanks allow for the different concentration of fluid solutions at various rates of fluid dispensing through pores. The onboard single board computer controls a dozen electronic relays and it switches and presents an easy to use graphical user interface to allow end users to conduct the experiments with ease and not require further programming. With the recent advances in sweat sensors, this platform offers a unique way of testing sensing devices during development, allowing for researchers to focus on their design parameters one at a time before actual validation through human trials are conducted. The current device can provide sweat rates from 1 µL/min to 500 µL/min. Furthermore, concentrations of 10 mM up to 200 mM of salt concentrations were able to be repeatedly produced. In an ANOVA test with salt concentrations varying from 40–60 mM, a p-value of 0.365 shows that the concentration does not have any effect on the flow rate. Similarly, a p-value of 0.329 and 0.167 for different relative humidity and temperature shows that the system does not present a statistical difference. Lastly, when the interactions among all the factors were considered, a p-value of 0.416 clearly presents that the system performance is insensitive to different factors, thus validating the system reliability.
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Kaya T, Liu G, Ho J, Yelamarthi K, Miller K, Edwards J, Stannard A. Wearable Sweat Sensors: Background and Current Trends. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tolga Kaya
- School of Computer Science and Engineering; Sacred Heart University; Fairfield, CT 06825 USA
| | - Gengchen Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; University of California at Davis; Davis 95616 USA
| | - Jenny Ho
- Nexteer Automative Engineering; Saginaw, MI 48601 USA
| | - Kumar Yelamarthi
- School of Engineering and Technology; Central Michigan University; Mount Pleasant, MI 48859 USA
| | - Kevin Miller
- School of Health Sciences; Central Michigan University; Mount Pleasant 48859 USA
| | - Jeffrey Edwards
- School of Health Sciences; Central Michigan University; Mount Pleasant 48859 USA
| | - Alicja Stannard
- Exercise Science program; Sacred Heart University; Fairfield, CT 06825 USA
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Agrawal K, Hassoun LA, Foolad N, Pedersen TL, Sivamani RK, Newman JW. Sweat lipid mediator profiling: a noninvasive approach for cutaneous research. J Lipid Res 2016; 58:188-195. [PMID: 27875258 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m071738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in analytical and sweat collection techniques provide new opportunities to identify noninvasive biomarkers for the study of skin inflammation and repair. This study aims to characterize the lipid mediator profile including oxygenated lipids, endocannabinoids, and ceramides/sphingoid bases in sweat and identify differences in these profiles between sweat collected from nonlesional sites on the unflared volar forearm of subjects with and without atopic dermatitis (AD). Adapting routine procedures developed for plasma analysis, over 100 lipid mediators were profiled using LC-MS/MS and 58 lipid mediators were detected in sweat. Lipid mediator concentrations were not affected by sampling or storage conditions. Increases in concentrations of C30-C40 [NS] and [NdS] ceramides, and C18:1 sphingosine, were observed in the sweat of study participants with AD despite no differences being observed in transepidermal water loss between study groups, and this effect was strongest in men (P < 0.05, one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc HSD). No differences in oxylipins and endocannabinoids were observed between study groups. Sweat mediator profiling may therefore provide a noninvasive diagnostic for AD prior to the presentation of clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Agrawal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616.,National Institutes of Health West Coast Metabolomics Center, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Lauren A Hassoun
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95816
| | - Negar Foolad
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95816
| | - Theresa L Pedersen
- National Institutes of Health West Coast Metabolomics Center, Davis, CA 95616.,United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Raja K Sivamani
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95816
| | - John W Newman
- Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 .,National Institutes of Health West Coast Metabolomics Center, Davis, CA 95616.,United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA 95616
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15
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Matzeu G, Fay C, Vaillant A, Coyle S, Diamond D. A Wearable Device for Monitoring Sweat Rates via Image Analysis. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2015; 63:1672-80. [PMID: 26394409 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2015.2477676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A feasibility study on a new technique capable of monitoring localized sweat rate is explored in this paper. Wearable devices commonly used in clinical practice for sweat sampling (i.e., Macroducts) were positioned on the body of an athlete whose sweat rate was then monitored during cycling sessions. The position at which the sweat fills the Macroduct was indicated by a contrasting marker and captured via a series of time-stamped photos or a video recording of the device during an exercise period. Given that the time of each captured image/frame is known (either through time stamp on photos or the constant frame rate of the video capture), it was, therefore, possible to estimate the sweat flow rate through a simple calibration model. The importance of gathering such valuable information is described, together with the results from a number of exercise trials to investigate the viability of this approach.
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16
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Recent developments in sweat analysis and its applications. Int J Anal Chem 2015; 2015:164974. [PMID: 25838824 PMCID: PMC4369929 DOI: 10.1155/2015/164974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the clinical use of sweat as biofluid is limited. The collection of sweat and its analysis for determining ethanol, drugs, ions, and metals have been encompassed in this review article to assess the merits of sweat compared to other biofluids, for example, blood or urine. Moreover, sweat comprises various biomarkers of different diseases including cystic fibrosis and diabetes. Additionally, the normalization of sampled volume of sweat is also necessary for getting efficient and useful results.
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Mena-Bravo A, Luque de Castro M. Sweat: A sample with limited present applications and promising future in metabolomics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 90:139-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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