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Phung TT, Huyen NT, Giang NT, Thu NM, Son NT, Tung NH, Lan NT, Ngo ST, Mai NT, Tung NT. Unraveling Hydrogen Adsorption on Transition Metal-Doped [Mo 3S 13] 2- Clusters: Insights from Density Functional Theory Calculations. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:20467-20476. [PMID: 38737022 PMCID: PMC11079903 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Molecular and dissociative hydrogen adsorption of transition metal (TM)-doped [Mo3S13]2- atomic clusters were investigated using density functional theory calculations. The introduced TM dopants form stable bonds with S atoms, preserving the geometric structure. The S-TM-S bridging bond emerges as the most stable configuration. The preferred adsorption sites were found to be influenced by various factors, such as the relative electronegativity, coordination number, and charge of the TM atom. Notably, the presence of these TM atoms remarkably improved the hydrogen adsorption activity. The dissociation of a single hydrogen molecule on TM[Mo3S13]2- clusters (TM = Sc, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni) is thermodynamically and kinetically favorable compared to their bare counterparts. The extent of favorability monotonically depends on the TM impurity, with a maximum activation barrier energy ranging from 0.62 to 1.58 eV, lower than that of the bare cluster (1.69 eV). Findings provide insights for experimental research on hydrogen adsorption using TM-doped molybdenum sulfide nanoclusters, with potential applications in the field of hydrogen energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Thi Phung
- Institute
of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of
Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11307, Vietnam
- University
of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam
Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11307, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Huyen
- Institute
of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of
Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11307, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Giang
- Institute
of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of
Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11307, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Minh Thu
- Institute
of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of
Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11307, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thanh Son
- Institute
of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of
Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11307, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hoang Tung
- Institute
of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of
Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11307, Vietnam
| | - Ngo Thi Lan
- Institute
of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of
Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11307, Vietnam
- Institute
of Science and Technology, TNU-University
of Sciences, Thai Nguyen City 250000, Vietnam
| | - Son Tung Ngo
- Laboratory
of Biophysics, Institute for Advanced Study in Technology, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 72915, Vietnam
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 72915, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Mai
- Institute
of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of
Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11307, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thanh Tung
- Institute
of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of
Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11307, Vietnam
- Graduate
University of Science and Technology, Vietnam
Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11307, Vietnam
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2
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Gallego M, Corma A, Boronat M. Sub-nanometer Copper Clusters as Alternative Catalysts for the Selective Oxidation of Methane to Methanol with Molecular O 2. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:4941-4951. [PMID: 35861145 PMCID: PMC10388348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c02895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The partial oxidation of methane to methanol with molecular O2 at mild reaction conditions is a challenging process, which is efficiently catalyzed in nature by enzymes. As an alternative to the extensively studied Cu-exchanged zeolites, small copper clusters composed by just a few atoms appear as potential specific catalysts for this transformation. Following previous work in our group that established that the reactivity of oxygen atoms adsorbed on copper clusters is closely linked to cluster size and morphology, we explore by means of DFT calculations the ability of bidimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) Cu5 and Cu7 clusters to oxidize partially methane to methanol. A highly selective Eley-Rideal pathway involving homolytic C-H bond dissociation and a non-adsorbed radical-like methyl intermediate is favored when bicoordinated oxygen atoms, preferentially stabilized at the edges of 2D clusters, are available. Cluster morphology arises as a key parameter determining the nature and reactivity of adsorbed oxygen atoms, opening the possibility to design efficient catalysts for partial methane oxidation based on copper clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Gallego
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Avelino Corma
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Mercedes Boronat
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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3
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Boronat M, Climent MJ, Concepción P, Díaz U, García H, Iborra S, Leyva-Pérez A, Liu L, Martínez A, Martínez C, Moliner M, Pérez-Pariente J, Rey F, Sastre E, Serna P, Valencia S. A Career in Catalysis: Avelino Corma. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Boronat
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Av. de los Naranjos s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Maria J. Climent
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Av. de los Naranjos s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Patricia Concepción
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Av. de los Naranjos s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Urbano Díaz
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Av. de los Naranjos s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Hermenegildo García
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Av. de los Naranjos s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Sara Iborra
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Av. de los Naranjos s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Antonio Leyva-Pérez
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Av. de los Naranjos s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Lichen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Agustin Martínez
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Av. de los Naranjos s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Cristina Martínez
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Av. de los Naranjos s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Manuel Moliner
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Av. de los Naranjos s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Joaquín Pérez-Pariente
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Marie Curie 2, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Fernando Rey
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Av. de los Naranjos s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Enrique Sastre
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Marie Curie 2, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Pedro Serna
- ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company, Catalysis Fundamentals, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Susana Valencia
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Av. de los Naranjos s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain
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5
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Lu Q, Wang X. Recent Progress of Sub-Nanometric Materials in Photothermal Energy Conversion. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104225. [PMID: 34837484 PMCID: PMC8728870 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sub-nanometric materials (SNMs) are an attractive scope in recent years due to their atomic-level size and unique properties. Among various performances of SNMs, photothermal energy conversion is one of the most important ones because it can efficiently utilize the light energy. Herein, the SNMs with photothermal energy conversion behaviors and their applications are reviewed. First, a hydrothermal/solvothermal method for the synthesis of SNMs is systematically discussed, including the LaMer pathway and the cluster-nuclei coassembly pathway. Based on this synthetic strategy, many kinds of SNMs with different morphologies are successfully prepared, such as nanorings, nanowires, nanosheets, and nanobelts. These SNMs exhibit excellent photothermal performance under the laser or solar irradiation according to their different light absorption ranges. These enhanced absorption performances of SNMs are induced by the mechanism of plasmonic localized heating or nonradiative relaxation. Finally, the applications of the photothermal SNMs are illustrated. The SNMs with photothermal behaviors can be widely applied in the fields of solar vapor generation, biomedicine, and light-responsive composites construction. It is hoped that this review can provide new viewpoints and profound understanding to the SNMs in photothermal energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichen Lu
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular EngineeringDepartment of ChemistryTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Xun Wang
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular EngineeringDepartment of ChemistryTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
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6
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Tsuji Y, Yoshioka Y, Hori M, Yoshizawa K. Exploring Metal Cluster Catalysts Using Swarm Intelligence: Start with Hydrogen Adsorption. Top Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-021-01512-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Das T, Tosoni S, Pacchioni G. Role of support in tuning the properties of single atom catalysts: Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, and Pt adsorption on SiO 2/Ru, SiO 2/Pt, and SiO 2/Si ultrathin films. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:134706. [PMID: 33832274 DOI: 10.1063/5.0048104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the support in tuning the properties of transition metal (TM) atoms is studied by means of density functional theory calculations. We have considered the adsorption of Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, and Pt atoms on crystalline silica bilayers, either free-standing or supported on Ru(0001) and Pt(111) metal surfaces. These systems have been compared with an hydroxylated SiO2/Si(100) film simulating the native oxide formed on a silicon wafer. The properties of the TM atoms change significantly on the various supports. While the unsupported silica bilayer weakly binds some of the TM atoms studied, the SiO2/Ru(0001) or SiO2/Pt(111) supports exhibit enhanced reactivity, sometimes resulting in a net electron transfer with the formation of charged species. Differences in the behavior of SiO2/Ru(0001) and SiO2/Pt(111) are rationalized in terms of different work functions and metal/oxide interfacial distances. No electron transfer is observed on the SiO2/Si(100) films. Here, the presence of hydroxyl groups on the surface provides relatively strong binding sites for the TM atoms that can be stabilized by the interaction with one or two OH groups. The final aspect that has been investigated is the porosity of the silica bilayer, at variance with the dense SiO2/Si(100) film. Depending on the atomic size, some TM atoms can penetrate spontaneously through the six-membered silica rings and become stabilized in the pores of the bilayer or at the SiO2/metal interface. This study shows how very different chemical properties can be obtained by depositing the same TM atom on different silica supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilak Das
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca, via R. Cozzi, 55-20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Sergio Tosoni
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca, via R. Cozzi, 55-20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Pacchioni
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca, via R. Cozzi, 55-20125 Milano, Italy
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8
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Peng M, Dong C, Gao R, Xiao D, Liu H, Ma D. Fully Exposed Cluster Catalyst (FECC): Toward Rich Surface Sites and Full Atom Utilization Efficiency. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:262-273. [PMID: 33655065 PMCID: PMC7908029 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Increasing attention has been paid to single-atom catalysts (SACs) in heterogeneous catalysis because of their unique electronic properties, maximized atomic utilization efficiency, and potential to serve as a bridge between the heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis. However, SACs can have limited advantages or even constrained applications for the reactions that require designated metallic states with multiple atoms or surface sites with metal-metal bonds. As a cross-dimensional extension to the concept of SACs, fully exposed cluster catalysts (FECCs) offer diverse surface sites formed by an ensemble of metal atoms, for the adsorption and transformation of reactants/intermediates. More importantly, FECCs have the advantage of maximized atom utilization efficiency. Thus, FECCs provide a novel platform to design effective and efficient catalysts for certain chemical processes. This outlook summarizes recent advances and proposes prospective research directions in the design of catalysts and characterizations of FECCs, together with potential challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Peng
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering and College of Engineering, and BIC-ESAT, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Chunyang Dong
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering and College of Engineering, and BIC-ESAT, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Rui Gao
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner
Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, P. R. China
| | - Dequan Xiao
- Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering Department, University
of New Haven, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Hongyang Liu
- Shenyang
National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Ding Ma
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering and College of Engineering, and BIC-ESAT, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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9
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Fan QY, Sun JJ, Wang F, Cheng J. Adsorption-Induced Liquid-to-Solid Phase Transition of Cu Clusters in Catalytic Dissociation of CO 2. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:7954-7959. [PMID: 32902999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Sub-nanometer metal clusters widely existing in catalysts have a large ensemble of metastable isomers that can interconvert during catalytic reactions, exhibiting complex dynamical catalytic effects. In this work, we systematically investigate the temperature dependent structural dynamics of the Cu13 cluster in CO2 dissociation using ab initio molecular dynamics and the free energy calculation method. We find an abnormal entropic effect due to adsorption-induced liquid-to-solid phase transition of the cluster during the course of the elementary dissociation step at transition temperatures. In the dissociation product, the formation of a rigid Cu3O unit decreases the dynamical fluidity of the cluster and increases the melting temperature, causing a decrease in the entropy of the dissociation product. Our work demonstrates the nontrivial effects of surface adsorption on phase transition behaviors of dynamic clusters and offers a new perspective to dynamic catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Yuan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Juan-Juan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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10
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Hou D, Grajciar L, Nachtigall P, Heard CJ. Origin of the Unusual Stability of Zeolite-Encapsulated Sub-Nanometer Platinum. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dianwei Hou
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague 2 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Grajciar
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague 2 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Nachtigall
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague 2 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Christopher J. Heard
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague 2 128 43, Czech Republic
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11
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Dynamic vs static behaviour of a supported nanoparticle with reaction-induced catalytic sites in a lattice model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2882. [PMID: 32076083 PMCID: PMC7031362 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59739-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern literature shows a rapidly growing interest to the supported nanocatalysts with dynamic behaviour under reaction conditions. This new frontier of heterogeneous catalysis is recognized as one of the most challenging and worthy of consideration from all possible angles. In this context, a previously suggested lattice model is used to get an insight, by means of kinetic Monte Carlo, into the influence of the mobility of reaction-induced catalytic sites of a two-dimensional supported nanoparticle on the system behaviour. The results speak in favour of feasibility of dynamic nanocatalysts with self-organized structures capable of robust functioning. This approach, from the macroscopic end, is believed to be a useful complement to ever developing experimental and first principle approaches.
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12
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Fernandes GFS, Machado FBC, Ferrão LFA. Identification of Magic Numbers in Homonuclear Clusters: The ε 3 Stability Ranking Function. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:454-463. [PMID: 31851825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b11264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
With the rise of cluster-assembled materials, an index that is able to rank and identify stable clusters or molecules is of great interest in materials sciences and engineering. In the present work, we applied a stability ranking function (ε3) in nanoclusters formed by simple metals (Na, Mg), main group elements (Al), or transition metals (Ti, Cu). The ε3 function parameters are molecular properties derived from the wave function. These parameters can be divided into kinetic and thermodynamic descriptors, in which the kinetic descriptors are the ionization potential and electronic excitation energy, while the atomization free Gibbs energy is the thermodynamic one. This simple ε3 function was able to identify the possible magic numbers of the studied clusters across the periodic table in a good agreement with previous experimental and theoretical works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel F S Fernandes
- Departamento de Química , Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica , São José dos Campos , SP 12228-900 , Brasil
| | - Francisco B C Machado
- Departamento de Química , Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica , São José dos Campos , SP 12228-900 , Brasil
| | - Luiz F A Ferrão
- Departamento de Química , Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica , São José dos Campos , SP 12228-900 , Brasil
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13
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Iyemperumal SK, Fenton TG, Gillingham SL, Carl AD, Grimm RL, Li G, Deskins NA. The stability and oxidation of supported atomic-size Cu catalysts in reactive environments. J Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5110300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Satish Kumar Iyemperumal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USA
| | - Thomas G. Fenton
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
| | | | - Alexander D. Carl
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USA
| | - Ronald L. Grimm
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USA
| | - Gonghu Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
| | - N. Aaron Deskins
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USA
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