1
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Cascales-Sandoval MA, Hierro-Rodriguez A, Ruiz-Gómez S, Skoric L, Donnelly C, Niño MA, McGrouther D, McVitie S, Flewett S, Jaouen N, Belkhou R, Foerster M, Fernandez-Pacheco A. Determination of optimal experimental conditions for accurate 3D reconstruction of the magnetization vector via XMCD-PEEM. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2024; 31:336-342. [PMID: 38372673 PMCID: PMC10914169 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577524001073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
This work presents a detailed analysis of the performance of X-ray magnetic circular dichroism photoemission electron microscopy (XMCD-PEEM) as a tool for vector reconstruction of magnetization. For this, 360° domain wall ring structures which form in a synthetic antiferromagnet are chosen as the model to conduct the quantitative analysis. An assessment is made of how the quality of the results is affected depending on the number of projections that are involved in the reconstruction process, as well as their angular distribution. For this a self-consistent error metric is developed which allows an estimation of the optimum azimuthal rotation angular range and number of projections. This work thus proposes XMCD-PEEM as a powerful tool for vector imaging of complex 3D magnetic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Cascales-Sandoval
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8–10, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - A. Hierro-Rodriguez
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, 33007 Oviedo, Spain
- CINN, CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo, 33940 El Entrego, Spain
| | - S. Ruiz-Gómez
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - L. Skoric
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - C. Donnelly
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - M. A. Niño
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Facility, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - D. McGrouther
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - S. McVitie
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - S. Flewett
- Instituto de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - N. Jaouen
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, 91192 Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - R. Belkhou
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, 91192 Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - M. Foerster
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Facility, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - A. Fernandez-Pacheco
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8–10, 1040 Vienna, Austria
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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2
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Guslienko K. 3D Magnetization Textures: Toroidal Magnetic Hopfion Stability in Cylindrical Samples. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:125. [PMID: 38202580 PMCID: PMC10780626 DOI: 10.3390/nano14010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Topologically non-trivial magnetization configurations in ferromagnetic materials on the nanoscale, such as hopfions, skyrmions, and vortices, have attracted considerable attention of researchers during the last few years. In this article, by applying the theory of micromagnetism, I demonstrate that the toroidal hopfion magnetization configuration is a metastable state of a thick cylindrical ferromagnetic nanodot or a nanowire of a finite radius. The existence of this state is a result of the competition among exchange, magnetostatic, and magnetic anisotropy energies. The Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya exchange interaction and surface magnetic anisotropy are of second importance for the hopfion stabilization. The toroidal hopfion metastable magnetization configuration may be reached in the process of remagnetizing the sample by applying an external magnetic field along the cylindrical axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Guslienko
- Departamento de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física, Química y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain;
- EHU Quantum Center, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, The Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
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3
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Lang M, Pathak SA, Holt SJR, Beg M, Fangohr H. Controlling stable Bloch points with electric currents. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18934. [PMID: 37919352 PMCID: PMC10622520 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45111-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Bloch point is a point singularity in the magnetisation configuration, where the magnetisation vanishes. It can exist as an equilibrium configuration and plays an important role in many magnetisation reversal processes. In the present work, we focus on manipulating Bloch points in a system that can host stable Bloch points-a two-layer FeGe nanostrip with opposite chirality of the two layers. We drive Bloch points using spin-transfer torques and find that Bloch points can move collectively without any Hall effect and report that Bloch points are repelled from the sample boundaries and each other. We study pinning of Bloch points at wedge-shaped constrictions (notches) in the nanostrip and demonstrate that arrays of Bloch points can be moved past a series of notches in a controlled manner by applying consecutive current pulses of different strength. Finally, we simulate a T-shaped geometry and demonstrate that a Bloch point can be moved along different paths by applying current between suitable strip ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lang
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Swapneel Amit Pathak
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Samuel J R Holt
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marijan Beg
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Hans Fangohr
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
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4
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Burgos-Parra E, Sassi Y, Legrand W, Ajejas F, Léveillé C, Gargiani P, Valvidares M, Reyren N, Cros V, Jaouen N, Flewett S. Probing of three-dimensional spin textures in multilayers by field dependent X-ray resonant magnetic scattering. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11711. [PMID: 37474533 PMCID: PMC10359410 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In multilayers of magnetic thin films with perpendicular anisotropy, domain walls can take on hybrid configurations in the vertical direction which minimize the domain wall energy, with Néel walls in the top or bottom layers and Bloch walls in some central layers. These types of textures are theoretically predicted, but their observation has remained challenging until recently, with only a few techniques capable of realizing a three dimensional characterization of their magnetization distribution. Here we perform a field dependent X-ray resonant magnetic scattering measurements on magnetic multilayers exploiting circular dichroism contrast to investigate such structures. Using a combination of micromagnetic and X-ray resonant magnetic scattering simulations along with our experimental results, we characterize the three-dimensional magnetic texture of domain walls, notably the thickness resolved characterization of the size and position of the Bloch part in hybrid walls. We also take a step in advancing the resonant scattering methodology by using measurements performed off the multilayer Bragg angle in order to calibrate the effective absorption of the X-rays, and permitting a quantitative evaluation of the out of plane (z) structure of our samples. Beyond hybrid domain walls, this approach can be used to characterize other periodic chiral structures such as skyrmions, antiskyrmions or even magnetic bobbers or hopfions, in both static and dynamic experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Burgos-Parra
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767, Palaiseau, France.
- University of Santiago de Chile, Avenida Víctor Jara 3493, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Yanis Sassi
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767, Palaiseau, France
| | - William Legrand
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767, Palaiseau, France
| | - Fernando Ajejas
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767, Palaiseau, France
| | - Cyril Léveillé
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pierluigi Gargiani
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08290, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Valvidares
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08290, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicolas Reyren
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767, Palaiseau, France
| | - Vincent Cros
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767, Palaiseau, France
| | - Nicolas Jaouen
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Samuel Flewett
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, Valparaiso, Chile
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5
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Seki S, Suzuki M, Ishibashi M, Takagi R, Khanh ND, Shiota Y, Shibata K, Koshibae W, Tokura Y, Ono T. Direct visualization of the three-dimensional shape of skyrmion strings in a noncentrosymmetric magnet. NATURE MATERIALS 2022; 21:181-187. [PMID: 34764432 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-01141-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic skyrmions are topologically stable swirling spin textures that appear as particle-like objects in two-dimensional (2D) systems. Here, utilizing scalar magnetic X-ray tomography under applied magnetic fields, we report the direct visualization of the three-dimensional (3D) shape of individual skyrmion strings in the room-temperature skyrmion-hosting non-centrosymmetric compound Mn1.4Pt0.9Pd0.1Sn. Through the tomographic reconstruction of the 3D distribution of the [001] magnetization component on the basis of transmission images taken at various angles, we identify a skyrmion string running through the entire thickness of the sample, as well as various defect structures, such as the interrupted and Y-shaped strings. The observed point defect may represent the Bloch point serving as an emergent magnetic monopole, as proposed theoretically. Our tomographic approach with a tunable magnetic field paves the way for direct visualization of the structural dynamics of individual skyrmion strings in 3D space, which will contribute to a better understanding of the creation, annihilation and transfer of these topological objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Seki
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Japan.
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Japan.
| | - M Suzuki
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo, Japan.
- School of Engineering, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan.
| | - M Ishibashi
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| | - R Takagi
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - N D Khanh
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Japan
| | - Y Shiota
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| | - K Shibata
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - W Koshibae
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Japan
| | - Y Tokura
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Japan
- Tokyo College, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Ono
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan.
- Center for Spintronics Research Network, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan.
- Center for Spintronics Research Network, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan.
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6
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Makarov D, Volkov OM, Kákay A, Pylypovskyi OV, Budinská B, Dobrovolskiy OV. New Dimension in Magnetism and Superconductivity: 3D and Curvilinear Nanoarchitectures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2101758. [PMID: 34705309 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, the primary field, where curvature has been at the heart of research, is the theory of general relativity. In recent studies, however, the impact of curvilinear geometry enters various disciplines, ranging from solid-state physics over soft-matter physics, chemistry, and biology to mathematics, giving rise to a plethora of emerging domains such as curvilinear nematics, curvilinear studies of cell biology, curvilinear semiconductors, superfluidity, optics, 2D van der Waals materials, plasmonics, magnetism, and superconductivity. Here, the state of the art is summarized and prospects for future research in curvilinear solid-state systems exhibiting such fundamental cooperative phenomena as ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and superconductivity are outlined. Highlighting the recent developments and current challenges in theory, fabrication, and characterization of curvilinear micro- and nanostructures, special attention is paid to perspective research directions entailing new physics and to their strong application potential. Overall, the perspective is aimed at crossing the boundaries between the magnetism and superconductivity communities and drawing attention to the conceptual aspects of how extension of structures into the third dimension and curvilinear geometry can modify existing and aid launching novel functionalities. In addition, the perspective should stimulate the development and dissemination of research and development oriented techniques to facilitate rapid transitions from laboratory demonstrations to industry-ready prototypes and eventual products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denys Makarov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oleksii M Volkov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Attila Kákay
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oleksandr V Pylypovskyi
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Kyiv Academic University, Kyiv, 03142, Ukraine
| | - Barbora Budinská
- Superconductivity and Spintronics Laboratory, Nanomagnetism and Magnonics, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Oleksandr V Dobrovolskiy
- Superconductivity and Spintronics Laboratory, Nanomagnetism and Magnonics, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
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7
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Neu V, Soldatov I, Schäfer R, Karnaushenko DD, Mirhajivarzaneh A, Karnaushenko D, Schmidt OG. Creating Ferroic Micropatterns through Geometrical Transformation. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:9889-9895. [PMID: 34807625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The functionality of a ferroic device is intimately coupled to the configuration of domains, domain boundaries, and the possibility for tailoring them. Exemplified with a ferromagnetic system, we present a novel approach which allows the creation of new, metastable multidomain patterns with tailored wall configurations through a self-assembled geometrical transformation. By preparing a magnetic layer system on a polymeric platform including swelling layer, a repeated self-assembled rolling into a multiwinding tubular structure and unrolling of the functional membrane is obtained. When polarizing the rolled-up 3D structure in a simple homogeneous magnetic field, the imprinted configuration translates into a regularly arranged multidomain configuration once the tubular structure is unwound. The process is linked to the employed magnetic anisotropy with respect to the surface normal, and the geometrical transformation connects the angular with the lateral degrees of freedom. This combination offers unparalleled possibilities for designing new magnetic or other ferroic micropatterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Neu
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069Dresden, Germany
| | - Ivan Soldatov
- Institute for Metallic Materials, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematic, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg620075, Russia
| | - Rudolf Schäfer
- Institute for Metallic Materials, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Materials Science, TU Dresden, D-01062Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Daniil Karnaushenko
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069Dresden, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, TU Chemnitz, 09107Chemnitz, Germany
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), TU Chemnitz, 09126Chemnitz, Germany
- Nanophysics, Faculty of Physics, TU Dresden, 01062Dresden, Germany
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8
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The Bloch point 3D topological charge induced by the magnetostatic interaction. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21714. [PMID: 34741091 PMCID: PMC8571372 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A hedgehog or Bloch point is a point-like 3D magnetization configuration in a ferromagnet. Regardless of widely spread treatment of a Bloch point as a topological defect, its 3D topological charge has never been calculated. Here, applying the concepts of the emergent magnetic field and Dirac string, we calculate the 3D topological charge (Hopf index) of a Bloch point and show that due to the magnetostatic energy contribution it has a finite, non-integer value. Thus, Bloch points form a new class of hopfions-3D topological magnetization configurations. The calculated Bloch point non-zero gyrovector leads to important dynamical consequences such as the appearance of topological Hall effect.
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9
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Bran C, Fernandez-Roldan JA, del Real RP, Asenjo A, Chubykalo-Fesenko O, Vazquez M. Magnetic Configurations in Modulated Cylindrical Nanowires. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:600. [PMID: 33670880 PMCID: PMC7997473 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cylindrical magnetic nanowires show great potential for 3D applications such as magnetic recording, shift registers, and logic gates, as well as in sensing architectures or biomedicine. Their cylindrical geometry leads to interesting properties of the local domain structure, leading to multifunctional responses to magnetic fields and electric currents, mechanical stresses, or thermal gradients. This review article is summarizing the work carried out in our group on the fabrication and magnetic characterization of cylindrical magnetic nanowires with modulated geometry and anisotropy. The nanowires are prepared by electrochemical methods allowing the fabrication of magnetic nanowires with precise control over geometry, morphology, and composition. Different routes to control the magnetization configuration and its dynamics through the geometry and magnetocrystalline anisotropy are presented. The diameter modulations change the typical single domain state present in cubic nanowires, providing the possibility to confine or pin circular domains or domain walls in each segment. The control and stabilization of domains and domain walls in cylindrical wires have been achieved in multisegmented structures by alternating magnetic segments of different magnetic properties (producing alternative anisotropy) or with non-magnetic layers. The results point out the relevance of the geometry and magnetocrystalline anisotropy to promote the occurrence of stable magnetochiral structures and provide further information for the design of cylindrical nanowires for multiple applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bran
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.F.-R.); (R.P.d.R.); (A.A.); (O.C.-F.); (M.V.)
| | - Jose Angel Fernandez-Roldan
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.F.-R.); (R.P.d.R.); (A.A.); (O.C.-F.); (M.V.)
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, 33007 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Rafael P. del Real
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.F.-R.); (R.P.d.R.); (A.A.); (O.C.-F.); (M.V.)
| | - Agustina Asenjo
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.F.-R.); (R.P.d.R.); (A.A.); (O.C.-F.); (M.V.)
| | - Oksana Chubykalo-Fesenko
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.F.-R.); (R.P.d.R.); (A.A.); (O.C.-F.); (M.V.)
| | - Manuel Vazquez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.F.-R.); (R.P.d.R.); (A.A.); (O.C.-F.); (M.V.)
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10
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Pip P, Donnelly C, Döbeli M, Gunderson C, Heyderman LJ, Philippe L. Electroless Deposition of Ni-Fe Alloys on Scaffolds for 3D Nanomagnetism. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2004099. [PMID: 33025737 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202004099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
3D magnetic nanostructures are of great interest due to the possibility to design novel properties and the benefits for both technological applications such as high-density data storage, as well as more fundamental studies. One of the main challenges facing the realization of these three-dimensional systems is their fabrication, which includes the deposition of magnetic materials on 3D surfaces. In this work, the electroless deposition of Ni-Fe on a 3D-printed, non-conductive microstructure is presented. The deposited films exhibit low coercivity, with the saturation magnetization and composition corresponding to the archetypal soft magnetic material permalloy. For fundamental studies of 3D micromagnetism, this new development in fabrication offers the possibility to combine the flexibility of 3D nanofabrication techniques such as two-photon lithography for the fabrication of 3D scaffolds with a homogeneous soft ferromagnetic thin film, and thus represents an important step toward exploring the rich physics of complex 3D magnetic architectures with tailored properties and the development of advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petai Pip
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa (Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research), Thun, 3602, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Mesoscopic Systems, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Multiscale Materials Experiments, Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Claire Donnelly
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0HT, UK
| | - Max Döbeli
- Ion Beam Physics, Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Gunderson
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa (Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research), Thun, 3602, Switzerland
| | - Laura J Heyderman
- Laboratory for Mesoscopic Systems, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Multiscale Materials Experiments, Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Laetitia Philippe
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa (Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research), Thun, 3602, Switzerland
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11
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Perspective: Ferromagnetic Liquids. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13122712. [PMID: 32549201 PMCID: PMC7345949 DOI: 10.3390/ma13122712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical jamming of nanoparticles at liquid-liquid interfaces has evolved into a versatile approach to structure liquids with solid-state properties. Ferromagnetic liquids obtain their physical and magnetic properties, including a remanent magnetization that distinguishes them from ferrofluids, from the jamming of magnetic nanoparticles assembled at the interface between two distinct liquids to minimize surface tension. This perspective provides an overview of recent progress and discusses future directions, challenges and potential applications of jamming magnetic nanoparticles with regard to 3D nano-magnetism. We address the formation and characterization of curved magnetic geometries, and spin frustration between dipole-coupled nanostructures, and advance our understanding of particle jamming at liquid-liquid interfaces.
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