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Rehhagen C, Argüello Cordero MA, Kamounah FS, Deneva V, Angelov I, Krupp M, Svenningsen SRW, Pittelkow M, Lochbrunner S, Antonov L. Reversible Switching Based on Truly Intramolecular Long-Range Proton Transfer─Turning the Theoretical Concept into Experimental Reality. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2043-2053. [PMID: 38214997 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate a working prototype of a conjugated proton crane, a reversible tautomeric switching molecule in which truly intramolecular long-range proton transfer occurs in solution at room temperature. The system consists of a benzothiazole rotor attached to a 7-hydroxy quinoline stator. According to the experimental and theoretical results, the OH proton is delivered under irradiation to the quinolyl nitrogen atom through a series of consecutive proton transfer and twisting steps. The use of a rigid rotor prevents undesired side processes that decrease the switching performance in previously described proton cranes and provides an unprecedented switching efficiency and fatigue resistance. The newly designed system confirms the theoretical concept for the application of proton transfer-initiated intramolecular twisting as the switching mechanism, developed more than 10 years ago, and provides unique insights for the further development of tautomeric molecular switches and motors, molecular logic gates, and new molecular-level energy storage systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Rehhagen
- Institute for Physics and Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Miguel A Argüello Cordero
- Institute for Physics and Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Fadhil S Kamounah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Vera Deneva
- Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivan Angelov
- Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Marvin Krupp
- Institute for Physics and Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - So Ren W Svenningsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Michael Pittelkow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Stefan Lochbrunner
- Institute for Physics and Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Liudmil Antonov
- Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Rentschler M, Boden PJ, Argüello Cordero MA, Steiger ST, Schmid MA, Yang Y, Niedner-Schatteburg G, Karnahl M, Lochbrunner S, Tschierlei S. Unexpected Boost in Activity of a Cu(I) Photosensitizer by Stabilizing a Transient Excited State. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:12249-12261. [PMID: 35877171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we present a slight but surprisingly successful structural modification of the previously reported heteroleptic Cu(I) photosensitizer Cubiipo ([(xantphos)Cu(biipo)]PF6; biipo = 16H-benzo-[4',5']-isoquinolino-[2',1':1,2]-imidazo-[4,5-f]-[1,10]-phenanthrolin-16-one). As a key feature, biipo bears a naphthalimide unit at the back, which is directly fused to a phenanthroline moiety to extend the conjugated π-system. This ligand was now altered to include two additional methyl groups at the 2,9-positions at the phenanthroline scaffold. Comparing the novel Cudmbiipo complex to its predecessor, ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy reveals the efficient suppression of a major deactivation pathway by stabilization of a transient triplet state. Furthermore, quantitative measurements of singlet oxygen evolution in solution confirmed that a larger fraction of the excited-state population is transferred to the photocatalytically active ligand-centered triplet 3LC state with a much longer lifetime of ∼30 μs compared to Cubiipo (2.6 μs). In addition, Cudmbiipo was compared with the well-established reference complex Cubcp ([(xantphos)Cu(bathocuproine)]PF6) in terms of its photophysical and photocatalytic properties by applying time-resolved femto- and nanosecond absorption, step-scan Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and emission spectroscopies. Superior light-harvesting properties and a greatly enhanced excited-state lifetime with respect to Cubcp enable Cudmbiipo to be more active in exemplary photocatalytic applications, i.e., in the formation of singlet oxygen and the isomerization of (E)-stilbene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rentschler
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 31, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Pit Jean Boden
- Chemistry Department and State Research Center Optimas, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Miguel A Argüello Cordero
- Institute for Physics and Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sophie Theres Steiger
- Chemistry Department and State Research Center Optimas, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Marie-Ann Schmid
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 31, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Yingya Yang
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 31, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gereon Niedner-Schatteburg
- Chemistry Department and State Research Center Optimas, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Michael Karnahl
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 31, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Lochbrunner
- Institute for Physics and Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefanie Tschierlei
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 31, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Argüello Cordero MA, Boden PJ, Rentschler M, Di Martino-Fumo P, Frey W, Yang Y, Gerhards M, Karnahl M, Lochbrunner S, Tschierlei S. Comprehensive Picture of the Excited State Dynamics of Cu(I)- and Ru(II)-Based Photosensitizers with Long-Lived Triplet States. Inorg Chem 2021; 61:214-226. [PMID: 34908410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ru(II)- and Cu(I)-based photosensitizers featuring the recently developed biipo ligand (16H-benzo-[4',5']-isoquinolino-[2',1',:1,2]-imidazo-[4,5-f]-[1,10]-phenanthrolin-16-one) were comprehensively investigated by X-ray crystallography, electrochemistry, and especially several time-resolved spectroscopic methods covering all time scales from femto- to milliseconds. The analysis of the experimental results is supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The biipo ligand consists of a coordinating 1,10-phenanthroline moiety fused with a 1,8-naphthalimide unit, which results in an extended π-system with an incorporated electron acceptor moiety. In a previous study, it was shown that this ligand enabled a Ru(II) complex that is an efficient singlet oxygen producer and of potential use for other light-driven applications due to its long emission lifetime. The goal of our here presented research is to provide a full spectroscopic picture of the processes that follow optical excitation. Interestingly, the Ru(II) and Cu(I) complexes differ in their characteristics even though the lowest electronically excited states involve in both cases the biipo ligand. The combined spectroscopic results indicate that an emissive 3MLCT state and a rather dark 3LC state are populated, each to some extent. For the Cu(I) complex, most of the excited population ends up in the 3LC state with an extraordinary lifetime of 439 μs in the solid state at 20 K, while a significant population of the 3MLCT state causes luminescence for the Ru(II) complex. Hence, there is a balance between these two states, which can be tuned by altering the metal center or even by thermal energy, as suggested by the temperature-dependent experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Argüello Cordero
- Institute for Physics and Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Pit Jean Boden
- Chemistry Department and Research Center Optimas, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Martin Rentschler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Gaußstraße 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Patrick Di Martino-Fumo
- Chemistry Department and Research Center Optimas, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yingya Yang
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Gaußstraße 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Markus Gerhards
- Chemistry Department and Research Center Optimas, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Michael Karnahl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Gaußstraße 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Lochbrunner
- Institute for Physics and Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefanie Tschierlei
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Gaußstraße 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Britz A, Bokarev SI, Assefa TA, Bajnóczi ÈG, Németh Z, Vankó G, Rockstroh N, Junge H, Beller M, Doumy G, March AM, Southworth SH, Lochbrunner S, Kühn O, Bressler C, Gawelda W. Site-Selective Real-Time Observation of Bimolecular Electron Transfer in a Photocatalytic System Using L-Edge X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy*. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:693-700. [PMID: 33410580 PMCID: PMC8048488 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy has been utilized to monitor the bimolecular electron transfer in a photocatalytic water splitting system. This has been possible by uniting the local probe and element specific character of X-ray transitions with insights from high-level ab initio calculations. The specific target has been a heteroleptic [IrIII (ppy)2 (bpy)]+ photosensitizer, in combination with triethylamine as a sacrificial reductant and Fe 3 ( CO ) 12 as a water reduction catalyst. The relevant molecular transitions have been characterized via high-resolution Ir L-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy on the picosecond time scale and restricted active space self-consistent field calculations. The presented methods and results will enhance our understanding of functionally relevant bimolecular electron transfer reactions and thus will pave the road to rational optimization of photocatalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Britz
- European XFELHolzkoppel 422869SchenefeldGermany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast ImagingLuruper Chaussee 14922761HamburgGermany
- Department of Experimental Physics, Universität HamburgJungiusstraße 920355HamburgGermany
| | - Sergey I. Bokarev
- Institut für PhysikUniversität RostockAlbert-Einstein-Str. 23–2418059RostockGermany
| | - Tadesse A. Assefa
- European XFELHolzkoppel 422869SchenefeldGermany
- Department of Experimental Physics, Universität HamburgJungiusstraße 920355HamburgGermany
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy SciencesSLAC National Accelerator LaboratoryMenlo ParkCA94025USA
| | | | - Zoltán Németh
- Wigner Research Centre for PhysicsH-1525BudapestHungary
| | - György Vankó
- Wigner Research Centre for PhysicsH-1525BudapestHungary
| | - Nils Rockstroh
- Leibniz-Institut für KatalyseAlbert-Einstein-Str. 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Henrik Junge
- Leibniz-Institut für KatalyseAlbert-Einstein-Str. 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für KatalyseAlbert-Einstein-Str. 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Gilles Doumy
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering DivisionArgonne National Laboratory9700 S. Cass Ave60439LemontILUSA
| | - Anne Marie March
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering DivisionArgonne National Laboratory9700 S. Cass Ave60439LemontILUSA
| | - Stephen H. Southworth
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering DivisionArgonne National Laboratory9700 S. Cass Ave60439LemontILUSA
| | - Stefan Lochbrunner
- Institut für PhysikUniversität RostockAlbert-Einstein-Str. 23–2418059RostockGermany
| | - Oliver Kühn
- Institut für PhysikUniversität RostockAlbert-Einstein-Str. 23–2418059RostockGermany
| | - Christian Bressler
- European XFELHolzkoppel 422869SchenefeldGermany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast ImagingLuruper Chaussee 14922761HamburgGermany
- Department of Experimental Physics, Universität HamburgJungiusstraße 920355HamburgGermany
| | - Wojciech Gawelda
- European XFELHolzkoppel 422869SchenefeldGermany
- Faculty of PhysicsAdam Mickiewicz Universityul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2Poznań61-614Poland
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of SciencesUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid and IMDEA-NanoscienceCiudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
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Chábera P, Lindh L, Rosemann NW, Prakash O, Uhlig J, Yartsev A, Wärnmark K, Sundström V, Persson P. Photofunctionality of iron(III) N-heterocyclic carbenes and related d transition metal complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Dierks P, Päpcke A, Bokareva OS, Altenburger B, Reuter T, Heinze K, Kühn O, Lochbrunner S, Bauer M. Ground- and Excited-State Properties of Iron(II) Complexes Linked to Organic Chromophores. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:14746-14761. [PMID: 32935979 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Two new bichromophoric complexes, [Fe(bim-ant)2]2+ and [Fe(bim-pyr)2]2+ ([H2-bim]2+ = 1,1'-(pyridine-2,6-diyl)bis(3-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium); ant = 9-anthracenyl; pyr = 1-pyrenyl), are investigated to explore the possibility of tuning the excited-state behavior in photoactive iron(II) complexes to design substitutes for noble-metal compounds. The ground-state properties of both complexes are characterized thoroughly by electrochemical methods and optical absorption spectroscopy, complemented by time-dependent density functional theory calculations. The excited states are investigated by static and time-resolved luminescence and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Both complexes exhibit room temperature luminescence, which originates from singlet states dominated by the chromophore (1Chrom). In the cationic pro-ligands and in the iron(II) complexes, the emission is shifted to red by up to 110 nm (5780 cm-1). This offers the possibility of tuning the organic chromophore emission by metal-ion coordination. The fluorescence lifetimes of the complexes are in the nanosecond range, while triplet metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (3MLCT) lifetimes are around 14 ps. An antenna effect as in ruthenium(II) polypyridine complexes connected to an organic chromophore is found in the form of an internal conversion within 3.4 ns from the 1Chrom to the 1MLCT states. Because no singlet oxygen forms from triplet oxygen in the presence of the iron(II) complexes and light, efficient intersystem crossing to the triplet state of the organic chromophore (3Chrom) is not promoted in the iron(II) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Dierks
- Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department and Center for Sustainable Systems Design, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Ayla Päpcke
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 23-24, 18059 Rostock, Germany.,Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Olga S Bokareva
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 23-24, 18059 Rostock, Germany.,Department of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Strasse 18, 420008, Kazan, Russia
| | - Björn Altenburger
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 23-24, 18059 Rostock, Germany.,Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Fysikgränd 3, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Thomas Reuter
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Oliver Kühn
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 23-24, 18059 Rostock, Germany.,Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefan Lochbrunner
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 23-24, 18059 Rostock, Germany.,Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Matthias Bauer
- Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department and Center for Sustainable Systems Design, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
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Giamello E, Pacchioni G. Applied vs fundamental research in heterogeneous photocatalysis: problems and perspectives. An introduction to 'physical principles of photocatalysis'. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:360301. [PMID: 32396884 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab926b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
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8
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Vukadinovic Y, Burkhardt L, Päpcke A, Miletic A, Fritsch L, Altenburger B, Schoch R, Neuba A, Lochbrunner S, Bauer M. When Donors Turn into Acceptors: Ground and Excited State Properties of FeII Complexes with Amine-Substituted Tridentate Bis-imidazole-2-ylidene Pyridine Ligands. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:8762-8774. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yannik Vukadinovic
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Systems Design (CSSD), Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Lukas Burkhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Systems Design (CSSD), Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Ayla Päpcke
- Institute for Physics and Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Anabel Miletic
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Systems Design (CSSD), Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Lorena Fritsch
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Systems Design (CSSD), Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Björn Altenburger
- Institute for Physics and Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Roland Schoch
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Systems Design (CSSD), Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Adam Neuba
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Systems Design (CSSD), Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Stefan Lochbrunner
- Institute for Physics and Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Matthias Bauer
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Systems Design (CSSD), Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
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Photophysics and Photochemistry of Iron Carbene Complexes for Solar Energy Conversion and Photocatalysis. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10030315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Earth-abundant first row transition metal complexes are important for the development of large-scale photocatalytic and solar energy conversion applications. Coordination compounds based on iron are especially interesting, as iron is the most common transition metal element in the Earth’s crust. Unfortunately, iron-polypyridyl and related traditional iron-based complexes generally suffer from poor excited state properties, including short excited-state lifetimes, that make them unsuitable for most light-driven applications. Iron carbene complexes have emerged in the last decade as a new class of coordination compounds with significantly improved photophysical and photochemical properties, that make them attractive candidates for a range of light-driven applications. Specific aspects of the photophysics and photochemistry of these iron carbenes discussed here include long-lived excited state lifetimes of charge transfer excited states, capabilities to act as photosensitizers in solar energy conversion applications like dye-sensitized solar cells, as well as recent demonstrations of promising progress towards driving photoredox and photocatalytic processes. Complementary advances towards photofunctional systems with both Fe(II) complexes featuring metal-to-ligand charge transfer excited states, and Fe(III) complexes displaying ligand-to-metal charge transfer excited states are discussed. Finally, we outline emerging opportunities to utilize the improved photochemical properties of iron carbenes and related complexes for photovoltaic, photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic applications.
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