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Putjuso T, Putjuso S, Karaphun A, Swatsitang E. Influence of Li concentration on structural, morphological and electrochemical properties of anatase-TiO 2 nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11200. [PMID: 38755425 PMCID: PMC11098815 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61985-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Lithium-doped anatase-TiO2 nanoparticles (LixTi1-xO2 NPs, x = 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20) could be synthesized by a simple sol-gel process. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results displayed the tetragonal (space group: I41/amd) of polycrystalline TiO2 anatase phase. The spectroscopy results of Raman and FT-IR confirmed the anatase phase of TiO2 through the specific modes of metal oxides vibration in the crystalline TiO2. Surfaces micrographs by scanning electron microscope (SEM) of agglomerated LixTi1-xO2 NPs showed a spongy like morphology. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) illustrated a cuboidal shape of dispersed NPs with particle size distributed in a narrow range 5-10 nm. Bruanauer Emmett-Teller (BET) results showed the increased surface area of LixTi1-xO2 NPs with increasing Li content. LixTi1-xO2 NPs (x = 0.05-0.20) working electrodes illustrated a pseudocapacitive behavior with excellent electrochemical properties through the whole cycles of GCD test. Interestingly, Li0.1Ti0.9O2 NPs electrode illustrated a high performance in terms of maximum specific capacitance 822 F g-1 at 1.5 A g-1 in 0.5 M Li2SO4 electrolyte, with excellent capacitive retention 92.6% after 5000 cycles GCD test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanin Putjuso
- Department of General Education (Physics and Mathematics), Faculty of Liberal Arts, Rajamangala University of Technology Rattanakosin, Wang Klai Kangwon Campus, Hua Hin , Prachuap Khiri Khan, 77110, Thailand
| | - Sasitorn Putjuso
- Department of General Education (Physics and Mathematics), Faculty of Liberal Arts, Rajamangala University of Technology Rattanakosin, Wang Klai Kangwon Campus, Hua Hin , Prachuap Khiri Khan, 77110, Thailand
| | - Attaphol Karaphun
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Ekaphan Swatsitang
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
- Institute of Nanomaterials Research and Innovation for Energy (IN-RIE), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
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2
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Ko WY, Wu TC, He SY, Lin KJ. Phosphorus-doped TiO 2mesoporous nanocrystals for anodes in high-current-rate lithium ion batteries. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:175403. [PMID: 38271726 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad22aa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Limited by the intrinsic low electronic conductivity and inferior electrode kinetics, the use of TiO2as an anode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) is hampered. Nanoscale surface-engineering strategies of morphology control and particle size reduction have been devoted to increase the lithium storage performances. It is found that the ultrafine nanocrystal with mesoporous framework plays a crucial role in achieving the excellent electrochemical performances due to the surface area effect. Herein, a promising anode material for LIBs consisting of phosphorus-doped TiO2mesoporous nanocrystals (P-TMC) with ultrafine size of 2-8 nm and high specific surface area (234.164 m2g-1) has been synthesized. It is formed through a hydrothermal process and NaBH4assisted heat treatment for anatase defective TiO2(TiO2-x) formation followed by a simple gas phosphorylation process in a low-cost reactor for P-doping. Due to the merits of the large specific surface area for providing more reaction sites for Li+ions to increase the storage capacity and the presence of oxygen vacancies and P-doping for enhancing material's electronic conductivity and diffusion coefficient of ions, the as-designed P-TMC can display improved electrochemical properties. As a LIB anode, it can deliver a high reversible discharge capacity of 187 mAh g-1at 0.2 C and a good long cycling performance with ∼82.6% capacity retention (101 mAh g-1) after 2500 cycles at 10 C with an average capacity loss of only 0.007% per cycle. Impressively, even the current rate increases to 100 times of the original rate, a satisfactory capacity of 104 mAh g-1can be delivered, displaying good rate capacity. These results suggest the P-TMC a viable choice for application as an anode material in LIB applications. Also, the strategy in this work can be easily extended to the design of other high-performance electrode materials with P-doping for energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yin Ko
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung (402), Taiwan
| | - Tung-Ching Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung (402), Taiwan
| | - Sin-Yu He
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung (402), Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Jiuh Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung (402), Taiwan
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3
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Wang H, Zhang H, Zhang D, Chen J, Zhang S, Zhang S, Yu J, Wu Q, Li Q. Toward Enhanced Electrochemical Performance by Investigation of the Electrochemical Reconstruction Mechanism in Co 2V 2O 7 Hexagonal Nanosheets for Hybrid Supercapacitors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:8106-8114. [PMID: 35073042 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As for hybrid supercapacitors, it is important to enhance the long cycling performance and high specific capacitance. In this paper, cobalt vanadate (Co2V2O7) hexagonal nanosheets on nickel foam are manufactured by a facile hydrothermal method and then transformed into numerous smaller size interconnected hierarchical nanosheets without any shape change via electrochemical reconstruction. Benefiting from the favorable architecture of hierarchical nanosheets via electrochemical reconstruction, the Co2V2O7 hexagonal nanosheet electrode exhibits a remarkable long cycling performance with 272% specific capacitance retention after 100,000 cycles at a current density of 5 A g-1 and then displays an increasing specific capacitance of 1834 F g-1 (tested at 1 A g-1). Furthermore, an aqueous hybrid supercapacitor device based on the Co2V2O7 hexagonal nanosheet electrode exhibits a high energy density of 35.2 Wh kg-1 at a power density of 1.01 kW kg-1 and an excellent cyclic stability with 71.4% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles at 5 A g-1. These results offer a practicable pathway for enhancing the electrochemical properties of other metal oxides through electrochemical reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowei Wang
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Danfeng Zhang
- School of Computers, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianfei Chen
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shuqi Zhang
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shangshang Zhang
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiale Yu
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qibai Wu
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qingyu Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
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4
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Shaikh NS, Kanjanaboos P, Lokhande VC, Praserthdam S, Lokhande CD, Shaikh JS. Engineering of Battery Type Electrodes for High Performance Lithium Ion Hybrid Supercapacitors. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Navajsharif S. Shaikh
- School of Materials Science and Innovation Faculty of Science Mahidol University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Pongsakorn Kanjanaboos
- School of Materials Science and Innovation Faculty of Science Mahidol University Bangkok Thailand
| | - V. C. Lokhande
- Department of Electronics Communication and Computer Engineering Chonnam National University Gwangju 500 757 South Korea
| | - Supareak Praserthdam
- Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
- High-performance Computing Unit (CECC-HCU) Center of Excellence on Catalysis and Catalytic Reaction Engineering (CECC) Chulalongkorn University Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Chandrakant D. Lokhande
- Centre of Interdisciplinary Research D. Y. Patil University Kolhapur 416006 Maharashtra India
| | - Jasmin S. Shaikh
- Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
- High-performance Computing Unit (CECC-HCU) Center of Excellence on Catalysis and Catalytic Reaction Engineering (CECC) Chulalongkorn University Bangkok 10330 Thailand
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A Combination of EPR, Microscopy, Electrophoresis and Theory to Elucidate the Chemistry of W- and N-Doped TiO2 Nanoparticle/Water Interfaces. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11111305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The doping of TiO2-based nanomaterials for semiconductor-sensitised photoreactions has been a practice extensively studied and applied for many years. The main goal remains the improvement of light harvesting capabilities under passive solar irradiation, that in the case of undoped TiO2 is limited and restricted to relatively low latitudes. The activity and selectivity of doped TiO2 photocatalysts are generally discussed on the basis of the modified band structure; energetics of intrinsic or extrinsic band gaps including trapping states; redox potentials of band edges, including band bending at solid/fluid interfaces; and charge carriers scavenging/transfer by/to adsorbed species. Electron (and hole) transfer to adsorbates is often invoked to justify the formation of highly reactive species (e.g., HO. from water); however, a complete description of the nanoparticle surface chemistry dictating adsorption/desorption events is often missing or overlooked. Here, we show that by employing a surface electrochemical triple-layer (TLM) approach for the nanoparticles/water interface, in combination with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR), transmission electron microscopy and electrophoretic measurements, we can elucidate the surface chemistry of doped TiO2 nanoparticles and link it to the nature of the dopants. Exemplifying it for the cases of undoped, as well as W- and N-doped and codoped TiO2 nanoparticles, we show how surface charge density; surface, Stern and ζ potentials; surface acidity constants; and speciation of surface sites are influenced by the nature of the dopants and their loading.
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Or T, Kaliyappan K, Li G, Abureden S, Bai Z, Chen Z. Na2CoPO4F as a pseudocapacitive anode for high-performance and ultrastable hybrid sodium-ion capacitors. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Zhang M, Xiong Z, Jia J, Zhou Z, Wu B, Ni Y, Zhou X, Cao L. Improving electrochemical performance of hollow Cr2O3/CrN nanoshells as electrode materials for supercapacitors. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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8
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Bauer D, Ashton TE, Brett DJ, Shearing PR, Matsumi N, Darr JA. Mixed molybdenum and vanadium oxide nanoparticles with excellent high-power performance as Li-ion battery negative electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.134695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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9
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Parangi T, Mishra MK. Titania Nanoparticles as Modified Photocatalysts: A Review on Design and Development. COMMENT INORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/02603594.2019.1592751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Parangi
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Manish Kumar Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
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10
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Cui J, Cao L, Zeng D, Wang X, Li W, Lin Z, Zhang P. Surface Characteristic Effect of Ag/TiO 2 Nanoarray Composite Structure on Supercapacitor Electrode Properties. SCANNING 2018; 2018:2464981. [PMID: 30140359 PMCID: PMC6081553 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2464981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ag-ion-modified titanium nanotube (Ag/TiO2-NT) arrays were designed and fabricated as the electrode material of supercapacitors for electrochemical energy storage. TiO2 nanotube (NT) arrays were prepared by electrochemical anodic oxidation and then treated by Ag metal vapor vacuum arc (MEVVA) implantation. The Ag amount was controlled via adjusting ion implantation parameters. The morphology, crystallinity, and electrochemistry properties of as-obtained Ag/TiO2-NT electrodes were distinguished based on various characterizations. Compared with different doses of Ag/TiO2-NTs, the electrode with the dose of 5.0 × 1017 ions·cm-2 exhibited much higher electrode capacity and greatly enhanced activity in comparison to the pure TiO2-NTs. The modified electrode showed a high capacitance of 9324.6 mF·cm-3 (86.9 mF·g, 1.2 mF·cm-2), energy density of 82.8 μWh·cm-3 (0.8 μWh·g, 0.0103 μWh·cm-2), and power density of 161.0 mW·cm-3 (150.4 μW·g, 2.00 μW·cm-2) at the current density of 0.05 mA. Therefore, Ag/TiO2-NTs could act as a feasible electrode material of supercapacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cui
- Analytical and Testing Center of SCUT, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lin Cao
- Institute of Advanced Wear & Corrosion Resistant and Functional Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Dahai Zeng
- Institute of Advanced Wear & Corrosion Resistant and Functional Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaojian Wang
- Institute of Advanced Wear & Corrosion Resistant and Functional Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Advanced Wear & Corrosion Resistant and Functional Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhidan Lin
- Institute of Advanced Wear & Corrosion Resistant and Functional Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Wear & Corrosion Resistant and Functional Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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11
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Chen Z, Li H, Lu X, Wu L, Jiang J, Jiang S, Wang J, Dou H, Zhang X. Nitrogenated Urchin-like Nb2
O5
Microspheres with Extraordinary Pseudocapacitive Properties for Lithium-Ion Capacitors. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201701390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies; College of Material Science and Engineering; Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Nanjing 210016 P.R. China
| | - Hongsen Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies; College of Material Science and Engineering; Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Nanjing 210016 P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies; College of Material Science and Engineering; Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Nanjing 210016 P.R. China
| | - Langyuan Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies; College of Material Science and Engineering; Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Nanjing 210016 P.R. China
| | - Jiangmin Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies; College of Material Science and Engineering; Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Nanjing 210016 P.R. China
| | - Songbai Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies; College of Material Science and Engineering; Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Nanjing 210016 P.R. China
| | - Junjun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies; College of Material Science and Engineering; Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Nanjing 210016 P.R. China
| | - Hui Dou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies; College of Material Science and Engineering; Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Nanjing 210016 P.R. China
| | - Xiaogang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies; College of Material Science and Engineering; Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Nanjing 210016 P.R. China
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12
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Lv Y, Cai B, Ma Q, Wang Z, Liu J, Zhang WH. Highly crystalline Nb-doped TiO2 nanospindles as superior electron transporting materials for high-performance planar structured perovskite solar cells. RSC Adv 2018; 8:20982-20989. [PMID: 35542345 PMCID: PMC9080882 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03559h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Planar-structured perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have received tremendous attention due to their high power conversion efficiency (PCE), simple process and low-cost fabrication. A compact thin film of electron transport materials (ETMs) plays a key role in these PSCs. However, the traditional ETMs of PSCs, TiO2 nanoparticulate films, suffer from low conductivity and high trap state density. Herein, we exploited TiO2 nanospindles as a compact ETM in planar PSCs for the first time, and achieved an efficient device with a PCE of 19.1%. By optimization with Nb doping into the TiO2 nanospindles, the PCE of the PSC was further improved up to 20.8%. The carrier transfer and collection efficiency were significantly improved after Nb5+ doping, revealed by Mott–Schottky (MS) analysis, space charge limited current (SCLC), photoluminence (PL), time-resolved photoluminence (TRPL) spectra, electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) and so forth. Moreover, the hysteresis behavior was effectively inhibited and the stability was significantly enhanced. This work may provide a new avenue towards the rational design of efficient ETMs for perovskite solar cells. Highly crystalline Nb:TiO2 nanospindles have been successfully exploited as efficient ETMs in planar perovskite solar cells, achieving a power conversion efficiency of 20.8%, superior to that of the undoped one (19.1%).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhua Lv
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Dalian 116023
- China
| | - Bing Cai
- Sichuan Research Center of New Materials
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Chengdu 610200
- China
| | - Qingshan Ma
- Sichuan Research Center of New Materials
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Chengdu 610200
- China
| | - Zenghua Wang
- Sichuan Research Center of New Materials
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Chengdu 610200
- China
| | - Jingyue(Jimmy) Liu
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Dalian 116023
- China
| | - Wen-Hua Zhang
- Sichuan Research Center of New Materials
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Chengdu 610200
- China
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Li K, Li B, Wu J, Kang F, Kim JK, Zhang TY. Ultrafast-Charging and Long-Life Li-Ion Battery Anodes of TiO 2-B and Anatase Dual-Phase Nanowires. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:35917-35926. [PMID: 28952316 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b11652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ideal lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) should possess a high power density, be charged extremely fast (e.g., 100C), and have a long service life. To achieve them all, all battery components, including anodes, cathodes, and electrolytes should have excellent structural and functional characteristics. The present work reports ultrafast-charging and long-life LIB anodes made from TiO2-B/anatase dual-phase nanowires. The dual-phase nanowires are fabricated with anatase TiO2 nanoparticles through a facile and cost-effective hydrothermal process, which can be easily scaled up for mass production. The anodes exhibit remarkable electrochemical performance with reversible capacities of ∼225, 172, and 140 mAh g-1 at current rates of 1C, 10C, and 60C, respectively. They deliver exceptional capacity retention of not less than 126 and 93 mAh g-1 after 1000 cycles at 60C and 100C, respectively, potentially worthwhile for high-power applications. These values are among the best when the high-rate capabilities are compared with the literature data for similar TiO2-based anodes. The Ragone plot confirms both the exceptionally high energy and power densities of the devices prepared using the dual-phase nanowires. The electrochemical tests and operando Raman spectra present fast electrochemical kinetics for both Li+ and electron transports in the TiO2 dual-phase nanowires than in anatase nanoparticles due to the excellent Li+ diffusion coefficient and electronic conductivity of nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaikai Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Baohua Li
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Junxiong Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feiyu Kang
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jang-Kyo Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tong-Yi Zhang
- Shanghai University Materials Genome Institute and Shanghai Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444, China
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