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Lu YX, Lin CT, Tsai MH, Lin KC. Review-Hysteresis in Carbon Nano-Structure Field Effect Transistor. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13040509. [PMID: 35457813 PMCID: PMC9029578 DOI: 10.3390/mi13040509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, the research of nano-structure devices (e.g., carbon nanotube and graphene) has experienced rapid growth. These materials have supreme electronic, thermal, optical and mechanical properties and have received widespread concern in different fields. It is worth noting that gate hysteresis behavior of field effect transistors can always be found in ambient conditions, which may influence the transmission appearance. Many researchers have put forward various views on this question. Here, we summarize and discuss the mechanisms behind hysteresis, different influencing factors and improvement methods which help decrease or eliminate unevenness and asymmetry.
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2
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Substrate-Driven Atomic Layer Deposition of High-κ Dielectrics on 2D Materials. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112211052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of high-κ dielectrics on two-dimensional (2D) materials (including graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides) still represents a challenge due to the lack of out-of-plane bonds on the pristine surfaces of 2D materials, thus making the nucleation process highly disadvantaged. The typical methods to promote the nucleation (i.e., the predeposition of seed layers or the surface activation via chemical treatments) certainly improve the ALD growth but can affect, to some extent, the electronic properties of 2D materials and the interface with high-κ dielectrics. Hence, direct ALD on 2D materials without seed and functionalization layers remains highly desirable. In this context, a crucial role can be played by the interaction with the substrate supporting the 2D membrane. In particular, metallic substrates such as copper or gold have been found to enhance the ALD nucleation of Al2O3 and HfO2 both on monolayer (1 L) graphene and MoS2. Similarly, uniform ALD growth of Al2O3 on the surface of 1 L epitaxial graphene (EG) on SiC (0001) has been ascribed to the peculiar EG/SiC interface properties. This review provides a detailed discussion of the substrate-driven ALD growth of high-κ dielectrics on 2D materials, mainly on graphene and MoS2. The nucleation mechanism and the influence of the ALD parameters (namely the ALD temperature and cycle number) on the coverage as well as the structural and electrical properties of the deposited high-κ thin films are described. Finally, the open challenges for applications are discussed.
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3
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Langston X, Whitener KE. Graphene Transfer: A Physical Perspective. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2837. [PMID: 34835602 PMCID: PMC8625831 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Graphene, synthesized either epitaxially on silicon carbide or via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on a transition metal, is gathering an increasing amount of interest from industrial and commercial ventures due to its remarkable electronic, mechanical, and thermal properties, as well as the ease with which it can be incorporated into devices. To exploit these superlative properties, it is generally necessary to transfer graphene from its conductive growth substrate to a more appropriate target substrate. In this review, we analyze the literature describing graphene transfer methods developed over the last decade. We present a simple physical model of the adhesion of graphene to its substrate, and we use this model to organize the various graphene transfer techniques by how they tackle the problem of modulating the adhesion energy between graphene and its substrate. We consider the challenges inherent in both delamination of graphene from its original substrate as well as relamination of graphene onto its target substrate, and we show how our simple model can rationalize various transfer strategies to mitigate these challenges and overcome the introduction of impurities and defects into the graphene. Our analysis of graphene transfer strategies concludes with a suggestion of possible future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keith E. Whitener
- Chemistry Division, US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA;
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4
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Stewart JC, Fan Y, Danial JSH, Goetz A, Prasad AS, Burton OJ, Alexander-Webber JA, Lee SF, Skoff SM, Babenko V, Hofmann S. Quantum Emitter Localization in Layer-Engineered Hexagonal Boron Nitride. ACS NANO 2021; 15:13591-13603. [PMID: 34347438 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c04467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is a promising host material for room-temperature, tunable solid-state quantum emitters. A key technological challenge is deterministic and scalable spatial emitter localization, both laterally and vertically, while maintaining the full advantages of the 2D nature of the material. Here, we demonstrate emitter localization in hBN in all three dimensions via a monolayer (ML) engineering approach. We establish pretreatment processes for hBN MLs to either fully suppress or activate emission, thereby enabling such differently treated MLs to be used as select building blocks to achieve vertical (z) emitter localization at the atomic layer level. We show that emitter bleaching of ML hBN can be suppressed by sandwiching between two protecting hBN MLs, and that such thin stacks retain opportunities for external control of emission. We exploit this to achieve lateral (x-y) emitter localization via the addition of a patterned graphene mask that quenches fluorescence. Such complete emitter site localization is highly versatile, compatible with planar, scalable processing, allowing tailored approaches to addressable emitter array designs for advanced characterization, monolithic device integration, and photonic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Callum Stewart
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Ye Fan
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - John S H Danial
- The Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Goetz
- Institute of Atomic and Subatomic Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria
| | - Adarsh S Prasad
- Institute of Atomic and Subatomic Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver J Burton
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Jack A Alexander-Webber
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Steven F Lee
- The Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah M Skoff
- Institute of Atomic and Subatomic Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vitaliy Babenko
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Hofmann
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
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5
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Hu Q, Wang P, Yin J, Liu Y, Lv B, Zhu JL, Dong Z, Zhang W, Ma W, Sun J. High-Responsivity Photodetector Based on a Suspended Monolayer Graphene/RbAg 4I 5 Composite Nanostructure. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:50763-50771. [PMID: 33136365 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has excellent electrical, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties that make it an ideal optoelectronic material. However, it still has some problems, such as a very low light absorption rate, which means it cannot meet the application requirements of high-performance optoelectronic devices. Here, we produce a high-responsivity photodetector based on a monolayer graphene/RbAg4I5 composite nanostructure. With the aid of poly(methyl methacrylate), we suspend the monolayer graphene on a hollow carving groove with a width of 100 μm. A RbAg4I5 film evaporated on the back of the graphene causes the composite nanostructure to generate a large photocurrent under periodic illumination. Experimental results show that the dissociation and recombination of ion-electron bound states (IEBSs) are responsible for the excellent photoresponse. The device has very high (>1 A W-1) responsivity in wide-band illumination wavelength from 375 nm to 808 nm, especially at 375 nm, where it shows a responsivity of up to ∼5000 A W-1. We designed the dimensions of the carving groove to allow the light spot to cover the entire groove, and we cut the graphene sheet to match the length of the carving groove. With the structural optimizations, the energy of light can be used more efficiently to dissociate the IEBSs, which greatly improves the photoresponse of optoelectronic devices based on the proposed monolayer graphene/RbAg4I5 composite nanostructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Bocheng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhanmin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, P.O. Box 8009 (28), Beijing 100088, P. R. China
| | - Wanyun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jialin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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Hossain MA, Khoo KT, Cui X, Poduval GK, Zhang T, Li X, Li WM, Hoex B. Atomic layer deposition enabling higher efficiency solar cells: A review. NANO MATERIALS SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoms.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Atomic Layer Deposition of High-k Insulators on Epitaxial Graphene: A Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10072440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Due to its excellent physical properties and availability directly on a semiconductor substrate, epitaxial graphene (EG) grown on the (0001) face of hexagonal silicon carbide is a material of choice for advanced applications in electronics, metrology and sensing. The deposition of ultrathin high-k insulators on its surface is a key requirement for the fabrication of EG-based devices, and, in this context, atomic layer deposition (ALD) is the most suitable candidate to achieve uniform coating with nanometric thickness control. This paper presents an overview of the research on ALD of high-k insulators on EG, with a special emphasis on the role played by the peculiar electrical/structural properties of the EG/SiC (0001) interface in the nucleation step of the ALD process. The direct deposition of Al2O3 thin films on the pristine EG surface will be first discussed, demonstrating the critical role of monolayer EG uniformity to achieve a homogeneous Al2O3 coverage. Furthermore, the ALD of several high-k materials on EG coated with different seeding layers (oxidized metal films, directly deposited metal-oxides and self-assembled organic monolayers) or subjected to various prefunctionalization treatments (e.g., ozone or fluorine treatments) will be presented. The impact of the pretreatments and of thermal ALD growth on the defectivity and electrical properties (doping and carrier mobility) of the underlying EG will be discussed.
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Miao P, Wang J, Zhang C, Sun M, Cheng S, Liu H. Graphene Nanostructure-Based Tactile Sensors for Electronic Skin Applications. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2019; 11:71. [PMID: 34138011 PMCID: PMC7770800 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-019-0302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ of the human body and can perceive and respond to complex environmental stimulations. Recently, the development of electronic skin (E-skin) for the mimicry of the human sensory system has drawn great attention due to its potential applications in wearable human health monitoring and care systems, advanced robotics, artificial intelligence, and human-machine interfaces. Tactile sense is one of the most important senses of human skin that has attracted special attention. The ability to obtain unique functions using diverse assembly processible methods has rapidly advanced the use of graphene, the most celebrated two-dimensional material, in electronic tactile sensing devices. With a special emphasis on the works achieved since 2016, this review begins with the assembly and modification of graphene materials and then critically and comprehensively summarizes the most advanced material assembly methods, device construction technologies and signal characterization approaches in pressure and strain detection based on graphene and its derivative materials. This review emphasizes on: (1) the underlying working principles of these types of sensors and the unique roles and advantages of graphene materials; (2) state-of-the-art protocols recently developed for high-performance tactile sensing, including representative examples; and (3) perspectives and current challenges for graphene-based tactile sensors in E-skin applications. A summary of these cutting-edge developments intends to provide readers with a deep understanding of the future design of high-quality tactile sensing devices and paves a path for their future commercial applications in the field of E-skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Miao
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, University of Jinan, 336 Nanxinzhuang West Road, Jinan, 250011, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, 336 Nanxinzhuang West Road, Jinan, 250011, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, University of Jinan, 336 Nanxinzhuang West Road, Jinan, 250011, People's Republic of China
| | - Congcong Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, University of Jinan, 336 Nanxinzhuang West Road, Jinan, 250011, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mingyuan Sun
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, University of Jinan, 336 Nanxinzhuang West Road, Jinan, 250011, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, School of Science, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, University of Jinan, 336 Nanxinzhuang West Road, Jinan, 250011, People's Republic of China.
- Center of Bio and Micro/Nano Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
Transfer of graphene, grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), to a substrate of choice, typically involves the deposition of a polymeric layer (for example, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), or polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS). These polymers are quite hard to remove without leaving some residues behind. One method to improve the graphene transfer is to coat the graphene with a thin protective oxide layer, followed by the deposition of a very thin polymer layer on top of the oxide layer (much thinner than the usual thickness), followed by a more aggressive polymeric removal method, thus leaving the graphene intact. At the same time, having an oxide layer on graphene may serve applications, such as channeled transistors or sensing devices. Here, we study the transfer of graphene with a protective thin oxide layer grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD). We follow the transfer process from the graphene growth stage through oxide deposition until completion. We report on the nucleation growth process of oxides on graphene, their resultant strain and their optical transmission.
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