1
|
Dubrovskii VG. Self-Consistent Model for the Compositional Profiles in Vapor-Liquid-Solid III-V Nanowire Heterostructures Based on Group V Interchange. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:821. [PMID: 38786777 PMCID: PMC11123684 DOI: 10.3390/nano14100821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Due to the very efficient relaxation of elastic stress on strain-free sidewalls, III-V nanowires offer almost unlimited possibilities for bandgap engineering in nanowire heterostructures by using material combinations that are attainable in epilayers. However, axial nanowire heterostructures grown using the vapor-liquid-solid method often suffer from the reservoir effect in a catalyst droplet. Control over the interfacial abruptness in nanowire heterostructures based on the group V interchange is more difficult than for group-III-based materials, because the low concentrations of highly volatile group V atoms cannot be measured after or during growth. Here, we develop a self-consistent model for calculations of the coordinate-dependent compositional profiles in the solid and liquid phases during the vapor-liquid-solid growth of the axial nanowire heterostructure Ax0B1-x0C/Ax1B1-x1C with any stationary compositions x0 and x1. The only assumption of the model is that the growth rates of both binaries AC and BC are proportional to the concentrations of group V atoms A and B in a catalyst droplet, requiring high enough supersaturations in liquid phase. The model contains a minimum number of parameters and fits quite well the data on the interfacial abruptness across double heterostructures in GaP/GaAsxP1-x/GaP nanowires. It can be used for any axial III-V nanowire heterostructures obtained through the vapor-liquid-solid method. It forms a basis for further developments in modeling the complex growth process and suppression of the interfacial broadening caused by the reservoir effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir G Dubrovskii
- Faculty of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 13B, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Asgari M, Coquillat D, Menichetti G, Zannier V, Diakonova N, Knap W, Sorba L, Viti L, Vitiello MS. Quantum-Dot Single-Electron Transistors as Thermoelectric Quantum Detectors at Terahertz Frequencies. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:8587-8594. [PMID: 34618458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Low-dimensional nanosystems are promising candidates for manipulating, controlling, and capturing photons with large sensitivities and low noise. If quantum engineered to tailor the energy of the localized electrons across the desired frequency range, they can allow devising of efficient quantum sensors across any frequency domain. Here, we exploit the rich few-electron physics to develop millimeter-wave nanodetectors employing as a sensing element an InAs/InAs0.3P0.7 quantum-dot nanowire, embedded in a single-electron transistor. Once irradiated with light, the deeply localized quantum element exhibits an extra electromotive force driven by the photothermoelectric effect, which is exploited to efficiently sense radiation at 0.6 THz with a noise equivalent power <8 pWHz-1/2 and almost zero dark current. The achieved results open intriguing perspectives for quantum key distributions, quantum communications, and quantum cryptography at terahertz frequencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Asgari
- National Enterprise for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (NEST), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Dominique Coquillat
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon CC074, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Guido Menichetti
- Graphene Laboratories, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Universit di Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Zannier
- National Enterprise for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (NEST), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Nina Diakonova
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon CC074, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Wojciech Knap
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon CC074, F-34095 Montpellier, France
- CENTERA Laboratories, Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lucia Sorba
- National Enterprise for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (NEST), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Leonardo Viti
- National Enterprise for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (NEST), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Miriam Serena Vitiello
- National Enterprise for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (NEST), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dorsch S, Svilans A, Josefsson M, Goldozian B, Kumar M, Thelander C, Wacker A, Burke A. Heat Driven Transport in Serial Double Quantum Dot Devices. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:988-994. [PMID: 33459021 PMCID: PMC7875509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Studies of thermally induced transport in nanostructures provide access to an exciting regime where fluctuations are relevant, enabling the investigation of fundamental thermodynamic concepts and the realization of thermal energy harvesters. We study a serial double quantum dot formed in an InAs/InP nanowire coupled to two electron reservoirs. By means of a specially designed local metallic joule-heater, the temperature of the phonon bath in the vicinity of the double quantum dot can be enhanced. This results in phonon-assisted transport, enabling the conversion of local heat into electrical power in a nanosized heat engine. Simultaneously, the electron temperatures of the reservoirs are affected, resulting in conventional thermoelectric transport. By detailed modeling and experimentally tuning the interdot coupling, we disentangle both effects. Furthermore, we show that phonon-assisted transport is sensitive to excited states. Our findings demonstrate the versatility of our design to study fluctuations and fundamental nanothermodynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Dorsch
- Solid
State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Artis Svilans
- Solid
State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Josefsson
- Solid
State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Bahareh Goldozian
- Mathematical
Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Solid
State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Claes Thelander
- Solid
State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Andreas Wacker
- Mathematical
Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Adam Burke
- Solid
State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Arif O, Zannier V, Rossi F, Ercolani D, Beltram F, Sorba L. Self-Catalyzed InSb/InAs Quantum Dot Nanowires. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11010179. [PMID: 33450840 PMCID: PMC7828319 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The nanowire platform offers great opportunities for improving the quality and range of applications of semiconductor quantum wells and dots. Here, we present the self-catalyzed growth of InAs/InSb/InAs axial heterostructured nanowires with a single defect-free InSb quantum dot, on Si substrates, by chemical beam epitaxy. A systematic variation of the growth parameters for the InAs top segment has been investigated and the resulting nanowire morphology analyzed. We found that the growth temperature strongly influences the axial and radial growth rates of the top InAs segment. As a consequence, we can reduce the InAs shell thickness around the InSb quantum dot by increasing the InAs growth temperature. Moreover, we observed that both axial and radial growth rates are enhanced by the As line pressure as long as the In droplet on the top of the nanowire is preserved. Finally, the time evolution of the diameter along the entire length of the nanowires allowed us to understand that there are two In diffusion paths contributing to the radial InAs growth and that the interplay of these two mechanisms together with the total length of the nanowires determine the final shape of the nanowires. This study provides insights in understanding the growth mechanisms of self-catalyzed InSb/InAs quantum dot nanowires, and our results can be extended also to the growth of other self-catalyzed heterostructured nanowires, providing useful guidelines for the realization of quantum structures with the desired morphology and properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omer Arif
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze–CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy; (O.A.); (D.E.); (F.B.); (L.S.)
| | - Valentina Zannier
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze–CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy; (O.A.); (D.E.); (F.B.); (L.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-509-123(474)
| | - Francesca Rossi
- IMEM–CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy;
| | - Daniele Ercolani
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze–CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy; (O.A.); (D.E.); (F.B.); (L.S.)
| | - Fabio Beltram
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze–CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy; (O.A.); (D.E.); (F.B.); (L.S.)
| | - Lucia Sorba
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze–CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy; (O.A.); (D.E.); (F.B.); (L.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sadre Momtaz Z, Servino S, Demontis V, Zannier V, Ercolani D, Rossi F, Rossella F, Sorba L, Beltram F, Roddaro S. Orbital Tuning of Tunnel Coupling in InAs/InP Nanowire Quantum Dots. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:1693-1699. [PMID: 32048854 PMCID: PMC7997631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We report results on the control of barrier transparency in InAs/InP nanowire quantum dots via the electrostatic control of the device electron states. Recent works demonstrated that barrier transparency in this class of devices displays a general trend just depending on the total orbital energy of the trapped electrons. We show that a qualitatively different regime is observed at relatively low filling numbers, where tunneling rates are rather controlled by the axial configuration of the electron orbital. Transmission rates versus filling are further modified by acting on the radial configuration of the orbitals by means of electrostatic gating, and the barrier transparency for the various orbitals is found to evolve as expected from numerical simulations. The possibility to exploit this mechanism to achieve a controlled continuous tuning of the tunneling rate of an individual Coulomb blockade resonance is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sadre Momtaz
- NEST, Instituto Nanoscienze CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
- E-mail:
| | - Stefano Servino
- Department
of Physics “E.Fermi”, Università
di Pisa, Largo Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Valeria Demontis
- NEST, Instituto Nanoscienze CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Zannier
- NEST, Instituto Nanoscienze CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniele Ercolani
- NEST, Instituto Nanoscienze CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Rossi
- IMEM-CNR
Institute, Parco Area delle Scienze, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Francesco Rossella
- NEST, Instituto Nanoscienze CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Sorba
- NEST, Instituto Nanoscienze CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Beltram
- NEST, Instituto Nanoscienze CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Roddaro
- NEST, Instituto Nanoscienze CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
- Department
of Physics “E.Fermi”, Università
di Pisa, Largo Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
- E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cornia S, Rossella F, Demontis V, Zannier V, Beltram F, Sorba L, Affronte M, Ghirri A. Microwave-Assisted Tunneling in Hard-Wall InAs/InP Nanowire Quantum Dots. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19523. [PMID: 31863018 PMCID: PMC6925118 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
With downscaling of electronic circuits, components based on semiconductor quantum dots are assuming increasing relevance for future technologies. Their response under external stimuli intrinsically depend on their quantum properties. Here we investigate single-electron tunneling in hard-wall InAs/InP nanowires in the presence of an off-resonant microwave drive. Our heterostructured nanowires include InAs quantum dots (QDs) and exhibit different tunnel-current regimes. In particular, for source-drain bias up to few mV Coulomb diamonds spread with increasing contrast as a function of microwave power and present multiple current polarity reversals. This behavior can be modelled in terms of voltage fluctuations induced by the microwave field and presents features that depend on the interplay of the discrete energy levels that contribute to the tunneling process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Cornia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche Informatiche e Matematiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 213/A, 41125, Modena, Italy.,Istituto Nanoscienze - CNR, via G. Campi 213/A, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesco Rossella
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze - CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valeria Demontis
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze - CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Zannier
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze - CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Beltram
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze - CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Sorba
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze - CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Affronte
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche Informatiche e Matematiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 213/A, 41125, Modena, Italy.,Istituto Nanoscienze - CNR, via G. Campi 213/A, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Alberto Ghirri
- Istituto Nanoscienze - CNR, via G. Campi 213/A, 41125, Modena, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Thomas FS, Baumgartner A, Gubser L, Jünger C, Fülöp G, Nilsson M, Rossi F, Zannier V, Sorba L, Schönenberger C. Highly symmetric and tunable tunnel couplings in InAs/InP nanowire heterostructure quantum dots. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 31:135003. [PMID: 31778992 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab5ce6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive electrical characterization of an InAs/InP nanowire (NW) heterostructure, comprising of two InP barriers forming a quantum dot (QD), two adjacent lead segments and two metallic contacts. We demonstrate how to extract valuable quantitative information of the QD. The QD shows very regular Coulomb blockade resonances over a large gate voltage range. By analyzing the resonance line shapes, we map the evolution of the tunnel couplings from the few to the many electron regime, with electrically tunable tunnel couplings from <1 μeV to >600 μeV, and a transition from the temperature to the lifetime broadened regime. The InP segments form tunnel barriers with almost fully symmetric tunnel couplings and a barrier height of ∼350 meV. All of these findings can be understood in great detail based on the deterministic material composition and geometry. Our results demonstrate that integrated InAs/InP QDs provide a promising platform for electron tunneling spectroscopy in InAs NWs, which can readily be contacted by a variety of superconducting materials to investigate subgap states in proximitized NW regions, or be used to characterize thermoelectric nanoscale devices in the quantum regime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederick S Thomas
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Prete D, Erdman PA, Demontis V, Zannier V, Ercolani D, Sorba L, Beltram F, Rossella F, Taddei F, Roddaro S. Thermoelectric Conversion at 30 K in InAs/InP Nanowire Quantum Dots. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:3033-3039. [PMID: 30935206 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate high-temperature thermoelectric conversion in InAs/InP nanowire quantum dots by taking advantage of their strong electronic confinement. The electrical conductance G and the thermopower S are obtained from charge transport measurements and accurately reproduced with a theoretical model accounting for the multilevel structure of the quantum dot. Notably, our analysis does not rely on the estimate of cotunnelling contributions, since electronic thermal transport is dominated by multilevel heat transport. By taking into account two spin-degenerate energy levels we are able to evaluate the electronic thermal conductance K and investigate the evolution of the electronic figure of merit ZT as a function of the quantum dot configuration and demonstrate ZT ≈ 35 at 30 K, corresponding to an electronic efficiency at maximum power close to the Curzon-Ahlborn limit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domenic Prete
- NEST , Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR , Piazza S. Silvestro 12 , I-56127 Pisa , Italy
| | - Paolo Andrea Erdman
- NEST , Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR , Piazza S. Silvestro 12 , I-56127 Pisa , Italy
| | - Valeria Demontis
- NEST , Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR , Piazza S. Silvestro 12 , I-56127 Pisa , Italy
| | - Valentina Zannier
- NEST , Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR , Piazza S. Silvestro 12 , I-56127 Pisa , Italy
| | - Daniele Ercolani
- NEST , Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR , Piazza S. Silvestro 12 , I-56127 Pisa , Italy
| | - Lucia Sorba
- NEST , Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR , Piazza S. Silvestro 12 , I-56127 Pisa , Italy
| | - Fabio Beltram
- NEST , Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR , Piazza S. Silvestro 12 , I-56127 Pisa , Italy
| | - Francesco Rossella
- NEST , Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR , Piazza S. Silvestro 12 , I-56127 Pisa , Italy
| | - Fabio Taddei
- NEST , Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR , Piazza S. Silvestro 12 , I-56127 Pisa , Italy
| | - Stefano Roddaro
- NEST , Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR , Piazza S. Silvestro 12 , I-56127 Pisa , Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "E. Fermi" , Università di Pisa , Largo Pontecorvo 3 , I-56127 Pisa , Italy
| |
Collapse
|