1
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Yue WC, Yuan Z, Huang P, Sun Y, Gao T, Lyu YY, Tu X, Dong S, He L, Dong Y, Cao X, Kang L, Wang H, Wu P, Nisoli C, Wang YL. Toroidic phase transitions in a direct-kagome artificial spin ice. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 19:1101-1107. [PMID: 38684808 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01666-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Ferrotoroidicity-the fourth form of primary ferroic order-breaks both space and time-inversion symmetry. So far, direct observation of ferrotoroidicity in natural materials remains elusive, which impedes the exploration of ferrotoroidic phase transitions. Here we overcome the limitations of natural materials using an artificial nanomagnet system that can be characterized at the constituent level and at different effective temperatures. We design a nanomagnet array as to realize a direct-kagome spin ice. This artificial spin ice exhibits robust toroidal moments and a quasi-degenerate ground state with two distinct low-temperature toroidal phases: ferrotoroidicity and paratoroidicity. Using magnetic force microscopy and Monte Carlo simulation, we demonstrate a phase transition between ferrotoroidicity and paratoroidicity, along with a cross-over to a non-toroidal paramagnetic phase. Our quasi-degenerate artificial spin ice in a direct-kagome structure provides a model system for the investigation of magnetic states and phase transitions that are inaccessible in natural materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Cheng Yue
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zixiong Yuan
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peiyuan Huang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yizhe Sun
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- National Key Laboratory of Spintronics, Nanjing University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tan Gao
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang-Yang Lyu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuecou Tu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sining Dong
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Spintronics, Nanjing University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Liang He
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- National Key Laboratory of Spintronics, Nanjing University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Dong
- College of Metrology Measurement and Instrument, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xun Cao
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Kang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huabing Wang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China.
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Peiheng Wu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cristiano Nisoli
- Theoretical Division and Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA.
| | - Yong-Lei Wang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China.
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Spintronics, Nanjing University, Suzhou, China.
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2
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Li C, Lyu YY, Yue WC, Huang P, Li H, Li T, Wang CG, Yuan Z, Dong Y, Ma X, Tu X, Tao T, Dong S, He L, Jia X, Sun G, Kang L, Wang H, Peeters FM, Milošević MV, Wu P, Wang YL. Unconventional Superconducting Diode Effects via Antisymmetry and Antisymmetry Breaking. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:4108-4116. [PMID: 38536003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c05008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Symmetry breaking plays a pivotal role in unlocking intriguing properties and functionalities in material systems. For example, the breaking of spatial and temporal symmetries leads to a fascinating phenomenon: the superconducting diode effect. However, generating and precisely controlling the superconducting diode effect pose significant challenges. Here, we take a novel route with the deliberate manipulation of magnetic charge potentials to realize unconventional superconducting flux-quantum diode effects. We achieve this through suitably tailored nanoengineered arrays of nanobar magnets on top of a superconducting thin film. We demonstrate the vital roles of inversion antisymmetry and its breaking in evoking unconventional superconducting effects, namely a magnetically symmetric diode effect and an odd-parity magnetotransport effect. These effects are nonvolatilely controllable through in situ magnetization switching of the nanobar magnets. Our findings promote the use of antisymmetry (breaking) for initiating unconventional superconducting properties, paving the way for exciting prospects and innovative functionalities in superconducting electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Li
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Yang-Yang Lyu
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Wen-Cheng Yue
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Peiyuan Huang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Haojie Li
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tianyu Li
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chen-Guang Wang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Zixiong Yuan
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ying Dong
- College of Metrology & Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ma
- Microsoft, One Microsoft Way, Redmond, Washington 98052, United States
| | - Xuecou Tu
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tao Tao
- National Key Laboratory of Spintronics, Nanjing University, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Sining Dong
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- National Key Laboratory of Spintronics, Nanjing University, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Liang He
- National Key Laboratory of Spintronics, Nanjing University, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Xiaoqing Jia
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Guozhu Sun
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Lin Kang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huabing Wang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Francois M Peeters
- Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará́, Campus do Pici, 60455-900 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Milorad V Milošević
- Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Peiheng Wu
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Yong-Lei Wang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
- National Key Laboratory of Spintronics, Nanjing University, Suzhou 215163, China
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3
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Magnetic Force Microscopy on Nanofibers—Limits and Possible Approaches for Randomly Oriented Nanofiber Mats. MAGNETOCHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry7110143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) belongs to the methods that enable spatially resolved magnetization measurements on common thin-film samples or magnetic nanostructures. The lateral resolution can be much higher than in Kerr microscopy, another spatially resolved magnetization imaging technique, but since MFM commonly necessitates positioning a cantilever tip typically within a few nanometers from the surface, it is often more complicated than other techniques. Here, we investigate the progresses in MFM on magnetic nanofibers that can be found in the literature during the last years. While MFM measurements on magnetic nanodots or thin-film samples can often be found in the scientific literature, reports on magnetic force microscopy on single nanofibers or chaotic nanofiber mats are scarce. The aim of this review is to show which MFM investigations can be conducted on magnetic nanofibers, where the recent borders are, and which ideas can be transferred from MFM on other rough surfaces towards nanofiber mats.
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4
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Realization of macroscopic ratchet effect based on nonperiodic and uneven potentials. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16617. [PMID: 34400750 PMCID: PMC8368205 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96192-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ratchet devices allow turning an ac input signal into a dc output signal. A ratchet device is set by moving particles driven by zero averages forces on asymmetric potentials. Hybrid nanostructures combining artificially fabricated spin ice nanomagnet arrays with superconducting films have been identified as a good choice to develop ratchet nanodevices. In the current device, the asymmetric potentials are provided by charged Néel walls located in the vertices of spin ice magnetic honeycomb array, whereas the role of moving particles is played by superconducting vortices. We have experimentally obtained ratchet effect for different spin ice I configurations and for vortex lattice moving parallel or perpendicular to magnetic easy axes. Remarkably, the ratchet magnitudes are similar in all the experimental runs; i. e. different spin ice I configurations and in both relevant directions of the vortex lattice motion. We have simulated the interplay between vortex motion directions and a single asymmetric potential. It turns out vortices interact with uneven asymmetric potentials, since they move with trajectories crossing charged Néel walls with different orientations. Moreover, we have found out the asymmetric pair potentials which generate the local ratchet effect. In this rocking ratchet the particles (vortices) on the move are interacting each other (vortex lattice); therefore, the ratchet local effect turns into a global macroscopic effect. In summary, this ratchet device benefits from interacting particles moving in robust and topological protected type I spin ice landscapes.
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5
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Lyu YY, Jiang J, Wang YL, Xiao ZL, Dong S, Chen QH, Milošević MV, Wang H, Divan R, Pearson JE, Wu P, Peeters FM, Kwok WK. Superconducting diode effect via conformal-mapped nanoholes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2703. [PMID: 33976211 PMCID: PMC8113273 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A superconducting diode is an electronic device that conducts supercurrent and exhibits zero resistance primarily for one direction of applied current. Such a dissipationless diode is a desirable unit for constructing electronic circuits with ultralow power consumption. However, realizing a superconducting diode is fundamentally and technologically challenging, as it usually requires a material structure without a centre of inversion, which is scarce among superconducting materials. Here, we demonstrate a superconducting diode achieved in a conventional superconducting film patterned with a conformal array of nanoscale holes, which breaks the spatial inversion symmetry. We showcase the superconducting diode effect through switchable and reversible rectification signals, which can be three orders of magnitude larger than that from a flux-quantum diode. The introduction of conformal potential landscapes for creating a superconducting diode is thereby proven as a convenient, tunable, yet vastly advantageous tool for superconducting electronics. This could be readily applicable to any superconducting materials, including cuprates and iron-based superconductors that have higher transition temperatures and are desirable in device applications. A superconducting diode is dissipationless and desirable for electronic circuits with ultralow power consumption, yet it remains challenging to realize it. Here, the authors achieve a superconducting diode in a conventional superconducting film patterned with a conformal array of nanoscale holes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Yang Lyu
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Ji Jiang
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,NANOlab Center of Excellence and Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Yong-Lei Wang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zhi-Li Xiao
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA. .,Department of Physics, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA.
| | - Sining Dong
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing-Hu Chen
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Milorad V Milošević
- NANOlab Center of Excellence and Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Huabing Wang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China
| | - Ralu Divan
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - John E Pearson
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Peiheng Wu
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China
| | - Francois M Peeters
- NANOlab Center of Excellence and Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wai-Kwong Kwok
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
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6
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Lyu YY, Ma X, Xu J, Wang YL, Xiao ZL, Dong S, Janko B, Wang H, Divan R, Pearson JE, Wu P, Kwok WK. Reconfigurable Pinwheel Artificial-Spin-Ice and Superconductor Hybrid Device. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:8933-8939. [PMID: 33252230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control the potential landscape in a medium of interacting particles could lead to intriguing collective behavior and innovative functionalities. Here, we utilize spatially reconfigurable magnetic potentials of a pinwheel artificial-spin-ice (ASI) structure to tailor the motion of superconducting vortices. The reconstituted chain structures of the magnetic charges in the pinwheel ASI and the strong interaction between magnetic charges and superconducting vortices allow significant modification of the transport properties of the underlying superconducting thin film, resulting in a reprogrammable resistance state that enables a reversible and switchable vortex Hall effect. Our results highlight an effective and simple method of using ASI as an in situ reconfigurable nanoscale energy landscape to design reprogrammable superconducting electronics, which could also be applied to the in situ control of properties and functionalities in other magnetic particle systems, such as magnetic skyrmions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Yang Lyu
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Ma
- Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame 46556, Indiana United States
| | - Jing Xu
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Yong-Lei Wang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhi-Li Xiao
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Physics, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - Sining Dong
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Boldizsar Janko
- Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame 46556, Indiana United States
| | - Huabing Wang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Ralu Divan
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - John E Pearson
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Peiheng Wu
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wai-Kwong Kwok
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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