1
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Awasthi S, Ying C, Li J, Mayer M. Simultaneous Determination of the Size and Shape of Single α-Synuclein Oligomers in Solution. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37327131 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Soluble oligomers of amyloid-forming proteins are implicated as toxic species in the context of several neurodegenerative diseases. Since the size and shape of these oligomers influence their toxicity, their biophysical characterization is essential for a better understanding of the structure-toxicity relationship. Amyloid oligomers are difficult to characterize by conventional approaches due to their heterogeneity in size and shape, their dynamic aggregation process, and their low abundance. This work demonstrates that resistive pulse measurements using polymer-coated solid-state nanopores enable single-particle-level characterization of the size and shape of individual αSyn oligomers in solution within minutes. A comparison of the resulting size distribution with single-particle analysis by transmission electron microscopy and mass photometry reveals good agreement with superior resolution by nanopore-based characterization. Moreover, nanopore-based analysis has the capability to combine rapid size analysis with an approximation of the oligomer shape. Applying this shape approximation to putatively toxic oligomeric species that range in size from 18 ± 7 aggregated monomers (10S) to 29 ± 10 aggregated monomers (15S) and in concentration from picomolar to nanomolar revealed oligomer shapes that agree well with previous estimates by cryo-EM with the added advantage that nanopore-based analysis occurs rapidly, in solution, and has the potential to become a widely accessible technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Awasthi
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Cuifeng Ying
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jiali Li
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Michael Mayer
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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2
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Soni N, Chandra Verma N, Talor N, Meller A. Over 30-Fold Enhancement in DNA Translocation Dynamics through Nanoscale Pores Coated with an Anionic Surfactant. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:4609-4616. [PMID: 37149783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state nanopores (ssNPs) are single-molecule sensors capable of label-free quantification of different biomolecules, which have become highly versatile with the introduction of different surface treatments. By modulating the surface charges of the ssNP, the electro-osmotic flow (EOF) can be controlled in turn affecting the in-pore hydrodynamic forces. Herein, we demonstrate that negative charge surfactant coating to ssNPs generates EOF that slows-down DNA translocation speed by >30-fold, without deterioration of the NP noise, hence significantly improving its performances. Consequently, surfactant-coated ssNPs can be used to reliably sense short DNA fragments at high voltage bias. To shed light on the EOF phenomena inside planar ssNPs, we introduce visualization of the electrically neutral fluorescent molecule's flow, hence decoupling the electrophoretic from EOF forces. Finite elements simulations are then used to show that EOF is likely responsible for in-pore drag and size-selective capture rate. This study broadens ssNPs use for multianalyte sensing in a single device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Soni
- Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion IIT, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion IIT, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | | | - Noam Talor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion IIT, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Amit Meller
- Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion IIT, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion IIT, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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3
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Watkins SL. Current Trends and Changes in Use of Membrane Molecular Dynamics Simulations within Academia and the Pharmaceutical Industry. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:148. [PMID: 36837651 PMCID: PMC9961006 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13020148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
There has been an almost exponential increase in the use of molecular dynamics simulations in basic research and industry over the last 5 years, with almost a doubling in the number of publications each year. Many of these are focused on neurological membranes, and biological membranes in general, applied to the medical industry. A smaller portion have utilized membrane simulations to answer more basic questions related to the function of specific proteins, chemicals or biological processes. This review covers some newer studies, alongside studies from the last two decades, to determine changes in the field. Some of these are basic, while others are more profound, such as multi-component embedded membrane machinery. It is clear that many facets of the discipline remain the same, while the focus on and uses of the technology are broadening in scope and utilization as a general research tool. Analysis of recent literature provides an overview of the current methodologies, covers some of the recent trends or advances and tries to make predictions of the overall path membrane molecular dynamics will follow in the coming years. In general, the overview presented is geared towards the general scientific community, who may wish to introduce the use of these methodologies in light of these changes, making molecular dynamic simulations more feasible for general scientific or medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan L Watkins
- Plant Pathology and CRGB, Oregon State University, 2701 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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4
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Ivanova KA, Bashkirov PV. Noise in Ultrashort Elastic Membrane Nanotube. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW), SUPPLEMENT SERIES A: MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990747822050063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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5
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Yang L, Hu J, Li MC, Xu M, Gu ZY. Solid-state nanopore: chemical modifications, interactions, and functionalities. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200775. [PMID: 36071031 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nanopore technology is a burgeoning detection technology for single-molecular sensing and ion rectification. Solid-state nanopores have attracted more and more attention because of their higher stability and tunability than biological nanopores. However, solid-state nanopores still suffer the drawbacks of low signal-to-noise ratio and low resolution, which hinders their practical applications. Thus, developing operatical and useful methods to overcome the shortages of solid-state nanopores is urgently needed. Here, we summarize the recent research on nanopore modification to achieve this goal. Modifying solid-state nanopores with different coating molecules can improve the selectivity, sensitivity, and stability of nanopores. The modified molecules can introduce different functions into the nanopores, greatly expanding the applications of this novel detection technology. We hope that this review of nanopore modification will provide new ideas for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Nanjing Normal University, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, CHINA
| | - Jun Hu
- Nanjing Normal University, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, CHINA
| | - Min-Chao Li
- Nanjing Normal University, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, CHINA
| | - Ming Xu
- Nanjing Normal University, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, CHINA
| | - Zhi-Yuan Gu
- Nanjing Normal University, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, 1 Wenyuan Rd, 210023, Nanjing, CHINA
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6
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Meyer N, Abrao-Nemeir I, Janot JM, Torrent J, Lepoitevin M, Balme S. Solid-state and polymer nanopores for protein sensing: A review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 298:102561. [PMID: 34768135 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In two decades, the solid state and polymer nanopores became attractive method for the protein sensing with high specificity and sensitivity. They also allow the characterization of conformational changes, unfolding, assembly and aggregation as well the following of enzymatic reaction. This review aims to provide an overview of the protein sensing regarding the technique of detection: the resistive pulse and ionic diodes. For each strategy, we report the most significant achievement regarding the detection of peptides and protein as well as the conformational change, protein-protein assembly and aggregation process. We discuss the limitations and the recent strategies to improve the nanopore resolution and accuracy. A focus is done about concomitant problematic such as protein adsorption and nanopore lifetime.
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7
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Akhtarian S, Miri S, Doostmohammadi A, Brar SK, Rezai P. Nanopore sensors for viral particle quantification: current progress and future prospects. Bioengineered 2021; 12:9189-9215. [PMID: 34709987 PMCID: PMC8810133 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1995991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid, inexpensive, and laboratory-free diagnostic of viral pathogens is highly critical in controlling viral pandemics. In recent years, nanopore-based sensors have been employed to detect, identify, and classify virus particles. By tracing ionic current containing target molecules across nano-scale pores, nanopore sensors can recognize the target molecules at the single-molecule level. In the case of viruses, they enable discrimination of individual viruses and obtaining important information on the physical and chemical properties of viral particles. Despite classical benchtop virus detection methods, such as amplification techniques (e.g., PCR) or immunological assays (e.g., ELISA), that are mainly laboratory-based, expensive and time-consuming, nanopore-based sensing methods can enable low-cost and real-time point-of-care (PoC) and point-of-need (PoN) monitoring of target viruses. This review discusses the limitations of classical virus detection methods in PoN virus monitoring and then provides a comprehensive overview of nanopore sensing technology and its emerging applications in quantifying virus particles and classifying virus sub-types. Afterward, it discusses the recent progress in the field of nanopore sensing, including integrating nanopore sensors with microfabrication technology, microfluidics and artificial intelligence, which have been demonstrated to be promising in developing the next generation of low-cost and portable biosensors for the sensitive recognition of viruses and emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Akhtarian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Saba Miri
- Department of Civil Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ali Doostmohammadi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Pouya Rezai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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8
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Qiao L, Ignacio M, Slater GW. An efficient kinetic Monte Carlo to study analyte capture by a nanopore: transients, boundary conditions and time-dependent fields. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:1489-1499. [PMID: 33400742 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03638b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the capture process by a nanopore, we introduce an efficient Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) algorithm that can simulate long times and large system sizes by mapping the dynamic of a point-like particle in a 3D spherically symmetric system onto the 1D biased random walk. Our algorithm recovers the steady-state analytical solution and allows us to study time-dependent processes such as transients. Simulation results show that the steady-state depletion zone near pore is barely larger than the pore radius and narrows at higher field intensities; as a result, the time to reach steady-state is much smaller than the time required to empty a zone of the size of the capture radius λe. When the sample reservoir has a finite size, a second depletion region propagates inward from the outer wall, and the capture rate starts decreasing when it reaches the capture radius λe. We also note that the flatness of the electric field near the pore, which is often neglected, induces a traffic jam that can increase the transient time by several orders of magnitude. Finally, we propose a new proof-of-concept scheme to separate two analytes of the same mobility but different diffusion coefficients using time-varying fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Qiao
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Maxime Ignacio
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Gary W Slater
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
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9
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Harb F, Tinland B. Toward Electrophoretic Separation of Membrane Proteins in Supported n-Bilayers. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:27741-27748. [PMID: 33163756 PMCID: PMC7643068 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Membrane proteins are key constituents of the proteome of cells but are poorly characterized, mainly because they are difficult to solubilize. Proteome analysis involves separating proteins as a preliminary step toward their characterization. Currently, the most common method is "solubilizing" them with sophisticated detergent and lipid mixtures for later separation via, for instance, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. However, this later step induces loss of 3D structure (denaturation). Migration in a medium that mimics the cell membrane should therefore be more appropriate. Here, we present a successful electrophoretic separation of a mixture first of two and then of three different membrane objects in supported n-bilayers. These "objects" are composed of membrane proteins sulfide quinone reductase and α-hemolysin. Sulfide quinone reductase forms an object from three monomers together and self-inserts into the upper leaflet. α-Hemolysin inserts as a spanning heptamer into a bilayer or can build stable dimers of α-hemolysin heptamers under certain conditions. By appropriately adjusting the pH, it proved possible to move them in different ways. This work holds promise for separating membrane proteins without losing their 3D structure, thus their bioactivity, within a lipidic environment that is closer to physiological conditions and for building drug/diagnostic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric
F. Harb
- Department
of Biology; Faculty of Sciences − Section II, Lebanese University, Beirut 90656, Lebanon
| | - Bernard Tinland
- Aix-Marseille
Université, CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325, Marseille 13288, France
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10
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Hu W, Feng S, Tong Y, Zhang H, Yang H. Adaptive defensive mechanism of bioleaching microorganisms under extremely environmental acid stress: Advances and perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 42:107580. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Hu R, Tong X, Zhao Q. Four Aspects about Solid-State Nanopores for Protein Sensing: Fabrication, Sensitivity, Selectivity, and Durability. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2000933. [PMID: 32734703 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state nanopores are a mimic of innate biological nanopores embedded on lipid membranes. They are fabricated on thin suspended layers of synthetic materials that provide superior thermal, mechanical, chemical stability, and geometry flexibility. As their counterpart biological nanopores reach the goal of DNA sequencing and become commercial, solid-state nanopores thrive in aspects of protein sensing and have become an important research component for clinical diagnostic technologies. This review focuses on resistive pulse sensing modes, which are versatile for low-cost, portable sensing devices and summarizes four main aspects toward commercially available resistive pulse-based protein sensing techniques using solid-state nanopores. In each aspect of fabrication, sensitivity, selectivity, and durability, brief fundamentals are introduced and the challenges and improvements are discussed. The rapid advance of a practical technique requires greater multidisciplinary cooperation. The review aims at clarifying existing obstacles in solid-state nanopore based protein sensing, intriguing readers with existing solutions and finally encouraging multidisciplinary researchers to advance the development of this promising protein sensing methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hu
- State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano‐optoelectronics School of Physics Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xin Tong
- State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano‐optoelectronics School of Physics Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Qing Zhao
- State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano‐optoelectronics School of Physics Peking University Beijing 100871 China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics Nantong Jiangsu 226010 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter Beijing 100084 China
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12
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Reynaud L, Bouchet-Spinelli A, Raillon C, Buhot A. Sensing with Nanopores and Aptamers: A Way Forward. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20164495. [PMID: 32796729 PMCID: PMC7472324 DOI: 10.3390/s20164495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the 90s, the development of a novel single molecule technique based on nanopore sensing emerged. Preliminary improvements were based on the molecular or biological engineering of protein nanopores along with the use of nanotechnologies developed in the context of microelectronics. Since the last decade, the convergence between those two worlds has allowed for biomimetic approaches. In this respect, the combination of nanopores with aptamers, single-stranded oligonucleotides specifically selected towards molecular or cellular targets from an in vitro method, gained a lot of interest with potential applications for the single molecule detection and recognition in various domains like health, environment or security. The recent developments performed by combining nanopores and aptamers are highlighted in this review and some perspectives are drawn.
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13
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Qiao L, Slater GW. Capture of rod-like molecules by a nanopore: Defining an "orientational capture radius". J Chem Phys 2020; 152:144902. [PMID: 32295359 DOI: 10.1063/5.0002044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Both the translational diffusion coefficient D and the electrophoretic mobility μ of a short rod-like molecule (such as dsDNA) that is being pulled toward a nanopore by an electric field should depend on its orientation. Since a charged rod-like molecule tends to orient in the presence of an inhomogeneous electric field, D and μ will change as the molecule approaches the nanopore, and this will impact the capture process. We present a simplified study of this problem using theoretical arguments and Langevin dynamics simulations. In particular, we introduce a new orientational capture radius, which we compare to the capture radius for the equivalent point-like particle, and we discuss the different physical regimes of orientation during capture and the impact of initial orientations on the capture time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Qiao
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Gary W Slater
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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14
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Zeng S, Li S, Utterström J, Wen C, Selegård R, Zhang SL, Aili D, Zhang Z. Mechanism and Kinetics of Lipid Bilayer Formation in Solid-State Nanopores. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:1446-1453. [PMID: 31971393 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state nanopores provide a highly versatile platform for rapid electrical detection and analysis of single molecules. Lipid bilayer coating of the nanopores can reduce nonspecific analyte adsorption to the nanopore sidewalls and increase the sensing selectivity by providing possibilities for tethering specific ligands in a cell-membrane mimicking environment. However, the mechanism and kinetics of lipid bilayer formation from vesicles remain unclear in the presence of nanopores. In this work, we used a silicon-based, truncated pyramidal nanopore array as the support for lipid bilayer formation. Lipid bilayer formation in the nanopores was monitored in real time by the change in ionic current through the nanopores. Statistical analysis revealed that a lipid bilayer is formed from the instantaneous rupture of individual vesicle upon adsorption in the nanopores, differing from the generally agreed mechanism that lipid bilayer forms at a high vesicle surface coverage on a planar support. The dependence of the lipid bilayer formation process on the applied bias, vesicle size, and concentration was systematically studied. In addition, the nonfouling properties of the lipid bilayer coated nanopores were demonstrated during long single-stranded DNA translocation through the nanopore array. The findings indicate that the lipid bilayer formation process can be modulated by introducing nanocavities intentionally on the planar surface to create active sites or changing the vesicle size and concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Zeng
- Division of Solid-State Electronics, Department of Electrical Engineering , Uppsala University , SE-751 21 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Shiyu Li
- Division of Solid-State Electronics, Department of Electrical Engineering , Uppsala University , SE-751 21 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Johanna Utterström
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials, Division of Molecular Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology , Linköping University , SE-581 83 Linköping , Sweden
| | - Chenyu Wen
- Division of Solid-State Electronics, Department of Electrical Engineering , Uppsala University , SE-751 21 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Robert Selegård
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials, Division of Molecular Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology , Linköping University , SE-581 83 Linköping , Sweden
| | - Shi-Li Zhang
- Division of Solid-State Electronics, Department of Electrical Engineering , Uppsala University , SE-751 21 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Daniel Aili
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials, Division of Molecular Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology , Linköping University , SE-581 83 Linköping , Sweden
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Division of Solid-State Electronics, Department of Electrical Engineering , Uppsala University , SE-751 21 Uppsala , Sweden
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15
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Eggenberger OM, Ying C, Mayer M. Surface coatings for solid-state nanopores. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:19636-19657. [PMID: 31603455 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05367k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Since their introduction in 2001, solid-state nanopores have been increasingly exploited for the detection and characterization of biomolecules ranging from single DNA strands to protein complexes. A major factor that enables the application of nanopores to the analysis and characterization of a broad range of macromolecules is the preparation of coatings on the pore wall to either prevent non-specific adhesion of molecules or to facilitate specific interactions of molecules of interest within the pore. Surface coatings can therefore be useful to minimize clogging of nanopores or to increase the residence time of target analytes in the pore. This review article describes various coatings and their utility for changing pore diameters, increasing the stability of nanopores, reducing non-specific interactions, manipulating surface charges, enabling interactions with specific target molecules, and reducing the noise of current recordings through nanopores. We compare the coating methods with respect to the ease of preparing the coating, the stability of the coating and the requirement for specialized equipment to prepare the coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M Eggenberger
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, Chemin des Verdiers 4, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Cuifeng Ying
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, Chemin des Verdiers 4, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Michael Mayer
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, Chemin des Verdiers 4, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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