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Shen Y, Chen W, Sun B. Research progress of out-of-plane GeSn nanowires. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:242002. [PMID: 38467062 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad3250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
With the increasing integration density of silicon-based circuits, traditional electrical interconnections have shown their technological limitations. In recent years, GeSn materials have attracted great interest due to their potential direct bandgap transition and compatibility with silicon-based technologies. GeSn materials, including GeSn films, GeSn alloys, and GeSn nanowires, are adjustable, scalable, and compatible with silicon. GeSn nanowires, as one-dimensional (1D) nanomaterials, including out-of-plane GeSn nanowires and in-plane GeSn nanowires, have different properties from those of bulk materials due to their distinctive structures. However, the synthesis and potential applications of out of plane GeSn nanowires are rarely compared to highlighting their current development status and research trends in relevant review papers. In this article, we present the preparation of out-of-plane GeSn nanowires using top-down (etching and lithography) and bottom-up (vapor-liquid-solid) growth mechanism in the vapor-phase method and supercritical fluid-liquid-solid, solution-liquid-solid, and solvent vapor growth mechanisms in the liquid-phase method) methods. Specifically, the research progress on typical out of plane GeSn nanowires are discussed, while some current development bottlenecks are also been identified. Finally, it is also provided a brief description of the applications of out-of-plane GeSn nanowires with various Sn contents and morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Shen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanghua Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Bai Sun
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, People's Republic of China
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2
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Garcia A, Biswas S, McNulty D, Roy A, Raha S, Trabesinger S, Nicolosi V, Singha A, Holmes JD. One-Step Grown Carbonaceous Germanium Nanowires and Their Application as Highly Efficient Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2022; 5:1922-1932. [PMID: 35252775 PMCID: PMC8889535 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.1c03404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Developing a simple, cheap, and scalable synthetic method for the fabrication of functional nanomaterials is crucial. Carbon-based nanowire nanocomposites could play a key role in integrating group IV semiconducting nanomaterials as anodes into Li-ion batteries. Here, we report a very simple, one-pot solvothermal-like growth of carbonaceous germanium (C-Ge) nanowires in a supercritical solvent. C-Ge nanowires are grown just by heating (380-490 °C) a commercially sourced Ge precursor, diphenylgermane (DPG), in supercritical toluene, without any external catalysts or surfactants. The self-seeded nanowires are highly crystalline and very thin, with an average diameter between 11 and 19 nm. The amorphous carbonaceous layer coating on Ge nanowires is formed from the polymerization and condensation of light carbon compounds generated from the decomposition of DPG during the growth process. These carbonaceous Ge nanowires demonstrate impressive electrochemical performance as an anode material for Li-ion batteries with high specific charge values (>1200 mAh g-1 after 500 cycles), greater than most of the previously reported for other "binder-free" Ge nanowire anode materials, and exceptionally stable capacity retention. The high specific charge values and impressively stable capacity are due to the unique morphology and composition of the nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Garcia
- School
of Chemistry & Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
- AMBER
Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland
| | - Subhajit Biswas
- School
of Chemistry & Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
- AMBER
Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland
- . Tel: +353 (0)21 4905143
| | - David McNulty
- Battery
Electrodes and Cells, Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Bernal
Institute & Chemical Sciences Department, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Ahin Roy
- School
of Chemistry and CRANN, AMBER Centre, Trinity
College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sreyan Raha
- Department
of Physics, Bose Institute, 93/1, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Sigita Trabesinger
- Battery
Electrodes and Cells, Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Nicolosi
- School
of Chemistry and CRANN, AMBER Centre, Trinity
College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Achintya Singha
- Department
of Physics, Bose Institute, 93/1, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Justin D. Holmes
- School
of Chemistry & Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
- AMBER
Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland
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Kulova TL, Skundin AM. Germanium in Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion Batteries (A Review). RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193521110057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Garcia-Gil A, Biswas S, Holmes JD. A Review of Self-Seeded Germanium Nanowires: Synthesis, Growth Mechanisms and Potential Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2002. [PMID: 34443831 PMCID: PMC8398625 DOI: 10.3390/nano11082002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ge nanowires are playing a big role in the development of new functional microelectronic modules, such as gate-all-around field-effect transistor devices, on-chip lasers and photodetectors. The widely used three-phase bottom-up growth method utilising a foreign catalyst metal or metalloid is by far the most popular for Ge nanowire growth. However, to fully utilise the potential of Ge nanowires, it is important to explore and understand alternative and functional growth paradigms such as self-seeded nanowire growth, where nanowire growth is usually directed by the in situ-formed catalysts of the growth material, i.e., Ge in this case. Additionally, it is important to understand how the self-seeded nanowires can benefit the device application of nanomaterials as the additional metal seeding can influence electron and phonon transport, and the electronic band structure in the nanomaterials. Here, we review recent advances in the growth and application of self-seeded Ge and Ge-based binary alloy (GeSn) nanowires. Different fabrication methods for growing self-seeded Ge nanowires are delineated and correlated with metal seeded growth. This review also highlights the requirement and advantage of self-seeded growth approach for Ge nanomaterials in the potential applications in energy storage and nanoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Garcia-Gil
- School of Chemistry, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (A.G.-G.); (J.D.H.)
- AMBER Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, T23 XE10 Cork, Ireland
| | - Subhajit Biswas
- School of Chemistry, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (A.G.-G.); (J.D.H.)
- AMBER Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, T23 XE10 Cork, Ireland
| | - Justin D. Holmes
- School of Chemistry, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (A.G.-G.); (J.D.H.)
- AMBER Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, T23 XE10 Cork, Ireland
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Zhang W, Zheng M, Li F, You Y, Jiang D, Yuan H, Ma L, Shen W. SnO x /graphene anode material with multiple oxidation states for high-performance Li-ion batteries. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:195407. [PMID: 33535192 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abe2c9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tin and its oxides are promising anode materials owing to their high theoretical capacity, rich resource, and environmental benignity. To achieve low cost and green synthesis, a facile synthetic route of SnO x /graphene composites is proposed, using a simple galvanic replacement method to quickly obtain abundant foamed tin as raw material and ball milling method to realize a mechanochemical reaction between SnO x (0 ≤ x ≤ 2) and graphene. Under different annealing conditions, the foamed tin is converted to tin oxides with multiple oxidation states (Sn3O4, SnO, and SnO2). These unique components can greatly affect the electrochemical performance of the electrode in LIBs. The as-prepared electrode (SnO x -300/G) obtained by annealing foamed tin at 300 °C for 4 h and combining SnO x powders with graphene via ball milling shows great cycling stability, retaining a high capacity of 786 mA h g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 after 150 cycles, and its initial Coulombic efficiency can reach 84.03%. Thus, this facile synthesis can provide an environmentally friendly route for commercial production of high-performance energy storage materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Maojun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanggang Li
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiu You
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongkai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
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Gavrilin I, Kudryashova Y, Kuz'mina A, Kulova T, Skundin A, Emets V, Volkov R, Dronov A, Borgardt N, Gavrilov S. High-rate and low-temperature performance of germanium nanowires anode for lithium-ion batteries. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Collins G, McNamara K, Kilian S, Geaney H, Ryan KM. Alloying Germanium Nanowire Anodes Dramatically Outperform Graphite Anodes in Full-Cell Chemistries over a Wide Temperature Range. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2021; 4:1793-1804. [PMID: 34296064 PMCID: PMC8288911 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.0c02928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical performance of Ge, an alloying anode in the form of directly grown nanowires (NWs), in Li-ion full cells (vs LiCoO2) was analyzed over a wide temperature range (-40 to 40 °C). LiCoO2||Ge cells in a standard electrolyte exhibited specific capacities 30× and 50× those of LiCoO2||C cells at -20 and -40 °C, respectively. We further show that propylene carbonate addition further improved the low-temperature performance of LiCoO2||Ge cells, achieving a specific capacity of 1091 mA h g-1 after 400 cycles when charged/discharged at -20 °C. At 40 °C, an additive mixture of ethyl methyl carbonate and lithium bis(oxalato)borate stabilized the capacity fade from 0.22 to 0.07% cycle-1. Similar electrolyte additives in LiCoO2||C cells did not allow for any gains in performance. Interestingly, the capacity retention of LiCoO2||Ge improved at low temperatures due to delayed amorphization of crystalline NWs, suppressing complete lithiation and high-order Li15Ge4 phase formation. The results show that alloying anodes in suitably configured electrolytes can deliver high performance at the extremes of temperature ranges where electric vehicles operate, conditions that are currently not viable for commercial batteries without energy-inefficient temperature regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gearoid
A. Collins
- Department
of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Karrina McNamara
- Department
of Physics, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Seamus Kilian
- Department
of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Hugh Geaney
- Department
of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Kevin M. Ryan
- Department
of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
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