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Boland CS. Performance analysis of solution-processed nanosheet strain sensors-a systematic review of graphene and MXene wearable devices. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:202001. [PMID: 38324912 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad272f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has led to the realisation of many potentialInternet of Thingsdevices that can be transformative with regards to future healthcare development. However, there is an over saturation of wearable sensor review articles that essentially quote paper abstracts without critically assessing the works. Reported metrics in many cases cannot be taken at face value, with researchers overly fixated on large gauge factors. These facts hurt the usefulness of such articles and the very nature of the research area, unintentionally misleading those hoping to progress the field. Graphene and MXenes are arguably the most exciting organic and inorganic nanomaterials for polymer nanocomposite strain sensing applications respectively. Due to their combination of cost-efficient, scalable production and device performances, their potential commercial usage is very promising. Here, we explain the methods for colloidal nanosheets suspension creation and the mechanisms, metrics and models which govern the electromechanical properties of the polymer-based nanocomposites they form. Furthermore, the many fabrication procedures applied to make these nanosheet-based sensing devices are discussed. With the performances of 70 different nanocomposite systems from recent (post 2020) publications critically assessed. From the evaluation of these works using universal modelling, the prospects of the field are considered. Finally, we argue that the realisation of commercial nanocomposite devices may in fact have a negative effect on the global climate crisis if current research trends do not change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor S Boland
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
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2
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Tariq H, Awan SU, Hussain D, Rizwan S, Shah SA, Zainab S, Riaz MB. Enhancing supercapacitor performance through design optimization of laser-induced graphene and MWCNT coatings for flexible and portable energy storage. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21116. [PMID: 38036611 PMCID: PMC10689738 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48518-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of supercapacitors consistently focuses on research and challenges to improve energy efficiency, capacitance, flexibility, and stability. Low-cost laser-induced graphene (LIG) offers a promising alternative to commercially available graphene for next-generation wearable and portable devices, thanks to its remarkable specific surface area, excellent mechanical flexibility, and exceptional electrical properties. We report on the development of LIG-based flexible supercapacitors with optimized geometries, which demonstrate high capacitance and energy density while maintaining flexibility and stability. Three-dimensional porous graphene films were synthesized, and devices with optimized parameters were fabricated and tested. One type of device utilized LIG, while two other types were fabricated on LIG by coating multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) at varying concentrations. Characterization techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and voltammetry, were employed to analyze the fabricated devices. AFM analysis revealed a surface roughness of 2.03 µm for LIG due to laser treatment. SEM images displayed compact, dense, and porous surface morphology. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of graphene and graphene oxide, which was further supported by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) data. Raman spectroscopy indicated that the fabricated samples exhibited distinct D and G bands at 1362 cm-1 and 1579 cm-1, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) results showed that LIG's capacitance, power density, and energy density were 6.09 mF cm-2, 0.199 mW cm-2, and 3.38 µWh cm-2, respectively, at a current density of 0.2 mA cm-2. The LIG-MWCNT coated electrode exhibited a higher energy density of 6.05 µWh cm-2 and an areal-specific capacitance of 51.975 mF cm-2 compared to the LIG-based devices. The fabricated device has potential applications in smart electronics, nanorobotics, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), and wearable and portable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Tariq
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Saif Ullah Awan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Danish Hussain
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, NUST College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Syed Rizwan
- Physics Characterization and Simulation Lab (PCSL), Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences (SNS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Saqlain A Shah
- Department of Physics, Forman Christian College (University), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sana Zainab
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - M Bilal Riaz
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
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Qian PF, Wang JQ, Wang T, Huai X, Geng WH, Zhu Q, Tian Y, Jing LC, Bao ZL, Geng HZ. Embedded ultra-high stability flexible transparent conductive films based on exfoliated graphene-silver nanowires-colorless polyimide. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 34:105203. [PMID: 36562516 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aca596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Transparent conductive films with high stability were prepared by embedding silver nanowires in colorless polyimide and adding a protective layer of exfoliated graphene. The films exhibit great light transmission and conductivity with a sheet resistance of 22 Ω sq-1at transmittance of 83%. Due to its special embedded structure, the conductive layer can withstand several peeling experiments without falling off. In addition, the most outstanding advantage is the ultra-high stability of the films, including high mechanical robustness, strong chemical corrosion resistance and high operating voltage capacity. The organic light-emitting diode devices prepared based on this transparent conductive electrode exhibit comparable efficiency to indium tin oxide (ITO) based devices, withC.E.max= 2.78 cd A-1,P-1.E.max= 1.89 lm W-1,EQEmax= 0.89%. Moreover, the efficiencies were even higher than that of ITO devices when the operating voltage of the device exceeds 5 V. The above performances show that the transparent conductive electrode based on this structure has high potential for application in organic electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Qian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Qi Wang
- TCL China Star Optoelectronics Technology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518132, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- Sinopec Petroleum Engineering Zhongyuan Corporation, Zhengzhou 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuguo Huai
- Center for Engineering Internship and Training, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Hao Geng
- Carbon Star Technology (Tianjin) Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300382, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiangxia Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Tian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Chao Jing
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze-Long Bao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Zhang Geng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, People's Republic of China
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Malik R, Joshi N, Tomer VK. Functional graphitic carbon (IV) nitride: A versatile sensing material. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Coupled Multiphysics Modelling of Sensors for Chemical, Biomedical, and Environmental Applications with Focus on Smart Materials and Low-Dimensional Nanostructures. CHEMOSENSORS 2022; 10:157. [PMID: 35909810 PMCID: PMC9171916 DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10050157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Low-dimensional nanostructures have many advantages when used in sensors compared to the traditional bulk materials, in particular in their sensitivity and specificity. In such nanostructures, the motion of carriers can be confined from one, two, or all three spatial dimensions, leading to their unique properties. New advancements in nanosensors, based on low-dimensional nanostructures, permit their functioning at scales comparable with biological processes and natural systems, allowing their efficient functionalization with chemical and biological molecules. In this article, we provide details of such sensors, focusing on their several important classes, as well as the issues of their designs based on mathematical and computational models covering a range of scales. Such multiscale models require state-of-the-art techniques for their solutions, and we provide an overview of the associated numerical methodologies and approaches in this context. We emphasize the importance of accounting for coupling between different physical fields such as thermal, electromechanical, and magnetic, as well as of additional nonlinear and nonlocal effects which can be salient features of new applications and sensor designs. Our special attention is given to nanowires and nanotubes which are well suited for nanosensor designs and applications, being able to carry a double functionality, as transducers and the media to transmit the signal. One of the key properties of these nanostructures is an enhancement in sensitivity resulting from their high surface-to-volume ratio, which leads to their geometry-dependant properties. This dependency requires careful consideration at the modelling stage, and we provide further details on this issue. Another important class of sensors analyzed here is pertinent to sensor and actuator technologies based on smart materials. The modelling of such materials in their dynamics-enabled applications represents a significant challenge as we have to deal with strongly nonlinear coupled problems, accounting for dynamic interactions between different physical fields and microstructure evolution. Among other classes, important in novel sensor applications, we have given our special attention to heterostructures and nucleic acid based nanostructures. In terms of the application areas, we have focused on chemical and biomedical fields, as well as on green energy and environmentally-friendly technologies where the efficient designs and opportune deployments of sensors are both urgent and compelling.
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Riyajuddin S, Pahuja M, Sachdeva PK, Azmi K, Kumar S, Afshan M, Ali F, Sultana J, Maruyama T, Bera C, Ghosh K. Super-Hydrophilic Leaflike Sn 4P 3 on the Porous Seamless Graphene-Carbon Nanotube Heterostructure as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for Solar-Driven Overall Water Splitting. ACS NANO 2022; 16:4861-4875. [PMID: 35188366 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Water splitting using renewable energy resources is an economic and green approach that is immensely enviable for the production of high-purity hydrogen fuel to resolve the currently alarming energy and environmental crisis. One of the effective routes to produce green fuel with the help of an integrated solar system is to develop a cost-effective, robust, and bifunctional electrocatalyst by complete water splitting. Herein, we report a superhydrophilic layered leaflike Sn4P3 on a graphene-carbon nanotube matrix which shows outstanding electrochemical performance in terms of low overpotential (hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), 62 mV@10 mA/cm2, and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), 169 mV@20 mA/cm2). The outstanding stability of HER at least for 15 days at a high applied current density of 400 mA/cm2 with a minimum loss of potential (1%) in acid medium infers its potential compatibility toward the industrial sector. Theoretical calculations indicate that the decoration of Sn4P3 on carbon nanotubes modulates the electronic structure by creating a higher density of state near Fermi energy. The catalyst also reveals an admirable overall water splitting performance by generating a low cell voltage of 1.482 V@10 mA/cm2 with a stability of at least 65 h without obvious degradation of potential in 1 M KOH. It exhibited unassisted solar energy-driven water splitting when coupled with a silicon solar cell by extracting a high stable photocurrent density of 8.89 mA/cm2 at least for 90 h with 100% retention that demonstrates a high solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of ∼10.82%. The catalyst unveils a footprint for pure renewable fuel production toward carbon-free future green energy innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk Riyajuddin
- Institute of Nano Science & Technology, Knowledge City, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, 140306 Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Mansi Pahuja
- Institute of Nano Science & Technology, Knowledge City, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, 140306 Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Parrydeep Kaur Sachdeva
- Institute of Nano Science & Technology, Knowledge City, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, 140306 Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Kashif Azmi
- Institute of Nano Science & Technology, Knowledge City, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, 140306 Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Institute of Nano Science & Technology, Knowledge City, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, 140306 Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Mohd Afshan
- Institute of Nano Science & Technology, Knowledge City, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, 140306 Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Firdaus Ali
- Institute of Nano Science & Technology, Knowledge City, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, 140306 Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Jenifar Sultana
- Institute of Nano Science & Technology, Knowledge City, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, 140306 Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Takahiro Maruyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
| | - Chandan Bera
- Institute of Nano Science & Technology, Knowledge City, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, 140306 Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Kaushik Ghosh
- Institute of Nano Science & Technology, Knowledge City, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, 140306 Mohali, Punjab, India
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Irani FS, Shafaghi AH, Tasdelen MC, Delipinar T, Kaya CE, Yapici GG, Yapici MK. Graphene as a Piezoresistive Material in Strain Sensing Applications. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:119. [PMID: 35056284 PMCID: PMC8779301 DOI: 10.3390/mi13010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
High accuracy measurement of mechanical strain is critical and broadly practiced in several application areas including structural health monitoring, industrial process control, manufacturing, avionics and the automotive industry, to name a few. Strain sensors, otherwise known as strain gauges, are fueled by various nanomaterials, among which graphene has attracted great interest in recent years, due to its unique electro-mechanical characteristics. Graphene shows not only exceptional physical properties but also has remarkable mechanical properties, such as piezoresistivity, which makes it a perfect candidate for strain sensing applications. In the present review, we provide an in-depth overview of the latest studies focusing on graphene and its strain sensing mechanism along with various applications. We start by providing a description of the fundamental properties, synthesis techniques and characterization methods of graphene, and then build forward to the discussion of numerous types of graphene-based strain sensors with side-by-side tabular comparison in terms of figures-of-merit, including strain range and sensitivity, otherwise referred to as the gauge factor. We demonstrate the material synthesis, device fabrication and integration challenges for researchers to achieve both wide strain range and high sensitivity in graphene-based strain sensors. Last of all, several applications of graphene-based strain sensors for different purposes are described. All in all, the evolutionary process of graphene-based strain sensors in recent years, as well as the upcoming challenges and future directions for emerging studies are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Sayar Irani
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul TR 34956, Turkey; (F.S.I.); (A.H.S.); (M.C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Ali Hosseinpour Shafaghi
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul TR 34956, Turkey; (F.S.I.); (A.H.S.); (M.C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Melih Can Tasdelen
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul TR 34956, Turkey; (F.S.I.); (A.H.S.); (M.C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Tugce Delipinar
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul TR 34956, Turkey; (F.S.I.); (A.H.S.); (M.C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Ceyda Elcin Kaya
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA;
| | - Guney Guven Yapici
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ozyegin University, Istanbul TR 34794, Turkey;
| | - Murat Kaya Yapici
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul TR 34956, Turkey; (F.S.I.); (A.H.S.); (M.C.T.); (T.D.)
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- SUNUM Nanotechnology Research Center, Istanbul TR 34956, Turkey
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8
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Zhang F, Yang K, Pei Z, Wu Y, Sang S, Zhang Q, Jiao H. A highly accurate flexible sensor system for human blood pressure and heart rate monitoring based on graphene/sponge. RSC Adv 2022; 12:2391-2398. [PMID: 35425225 PMCID: PMC8979096 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08608a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of wearable devices has shown tremendous dynamism, which places greater demands on the accuracy and consistency of sensors. This work reports a flexible sensing system for human health monitoring of parameters such as human pulse waveform, blood pressure and heart rate. The signal acquisition part is a vertically structured piezoresistive micro-pressure flexible sensor. To ensure accuracy, the sensors are filled with melamine sponge covered by graphene nanoconductive materials as the conductive layer, and ecoflex material acts as the flexible substrate. The flexible sensors fabricated under the 3D printing mold-assisted method exhibited high accuracy, good repeatability and remarkable response to micro-pressure. However, when used for human pulse signal measurement, the sensors are affected by unavoidable interference. In order to collect human health data accurately, signal acquisition and processing systems were constructed. The system allows for the accurate acquisition of human pulse signals, accompanied by the function of non-invasive, real-time and continuous detection of human blood pressure heart rate parameters. By comparing with an Omron blood pressure monitor, the blood pressure heart rate index error of the flexible sensing system does not exceed 3%. We fabricated a flexible sensing system, including the preparation of sensors and construction of the signal processing computing platform, which enabled human health monitoring by collecting pulse signals.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- MicroNano System Research Center, College of Information Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Kun Yang
- MicroNano System Research Center, College of Information Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Zhen Pei
- MicroNano System Research Center, College of Information Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yuguang Wu
- MicroNano System Research Center, College of Information Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Shengbo Sang
- MicroNano System Research Center, College of Information Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- MicroNano System Research Center, College of Information Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Huameng Jiao
- MicroNano System Research Center, College of Information Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
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Lu C, Chen X. Nanostructure Engineering of Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Electrochemical Applications. ACS NANO 2021; 15:18777-18793. [PMID: 34723464 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c06454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride with ordered two-dimensional structure displays multiple properties, including tunable structure, suitable bandgap, high stability, and facile synthesis. Many achievements on this material have been made in photocatalysis, but the advantages have not yet been fully explored in electrochemical fields. The bulk structure with low conductivity impedes charge-transfer kinetics during electrochemical processes. Excessive nitrogen content leads to insufficient charge transfer, while bulk structures produce tortuous channels for mass transport. Some attempts have been made to address these issues by nanostructure engineering, such as ultrathin structure design, heterogeneous composition, defect engineering, and morphology control. These structure-engineered nanomaterials have been successfully applied in electrochemical fields, including ionic actuators, flexible supercapacitors, lithium-ion batteries, and electrochemical sensors. Herein, a timely review on the latest advances in graphitic carbon nitride through various engineering strategies for electrochemical applications has been summarized. A perspective on critical challenges and future research directions is highlighted for graphitic carbon nitride in electrochemistry on the basis of existing research works and our experimental experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Lu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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Riyajuddin S, Azmi K, Pahuja M, Kumar S, Maruyama T, Bera C, Ghosh K. Super-Hydrophilic Hierarchical Ni-Foam-Graphene-Carbon Nanotubes-Ni 2P-CuP 2 Nano-Architecture as Efficient Electrocatalyst for Overall Water Splitting. ACS NANO 2021; 15:5586-5599. [PMID: 33625208 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Water splitting via an electrochemical process to generate hydrogen is an economic and green approach to resolve the looming energy and environmental crisis. The rational design of multicomponent materials with seamless interfaces having robust stability, facile scalability, and low-cost electrocatalysts is a grand challenge to produce hydrogen by water electrolysis. Herein, we report a superhydrophilic homogeneous bimetallic phosphide of Ni2P-CuP2 on Ni-foam-graphene-carbon nanotubes (CNTs) heterostructure using facile electrochemical metallization followed by phosphorization without any intervention of metal-oxides/hydroxides. This bimetallic phosphide shows ultralow overpotentials of 12 (HER, hydrogen evolution reaction) and 140 mV (OER, oxygen evolution reaction) at current densities of 10 and 20 mA/cm2 in acidic and alkaline mediums, respectively. The excellent stability lasts for at least for 10 days at a high current density of 500 mA/cm2 without much deviation, inferring the practical utilization of the catalyst toward green fuel production. Undoubtedly, the catalyst is capable enough for overall water splitting at a very low cell voltage of 1.45 V @10 mA/cm2 with an impressive stability of at least 40 h, showing a minimum loss of potential. Theoretical study has been performed to understand the reaction kinetics and d-band shifting among metal atoms in the heterostructure (Ni2P-CuP2) that favor the HER and OER activities, respectively. In addition, the catalyst demonstrates an alternate transformation of solar energy to green H2 production using a standard silicon solar cell. This work unveils a smart design and synthesizes a highly stable electrocatalyst against an attractive paradigm of commercial water electrolysis for renewable electrochemical energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk Riyajuddin
- Institute of Nano Science & Technology, Knowledge City, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Kashif Azmi
- Institute of Nano Science & Technology, Knowledge City, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Mansi Pahuja
- Institute of Nano Science & Technology, Knowledge City, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Institute of Nano Science & Technology, Knowledge City, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Takahiro Maruyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
| | - Chandan Bera
- Institute of Nano Science & Technology, Knowledge City, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Kaushik Ghosh
- Institute of Nano Science & Technology, Knowledge City, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO 140306, Punjab, India
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