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Peis L, He G, Jost D, Rager G, Hackl R. Polarized tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy at liquid He temperature in ultrahigh vacuum using an off-axis parabolic mirror. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:063701. [PMID: 37862477 DOI: 10.1063/5.0139667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) combines inelastic light scattering well below the diffraction limit down to the nanometer range and scanning probe microscopy and, possibly, spectroscopy. In this way, topographic and spectroscopic as well as single- and two-particle information may simultaneously be collected. While single molecules can now be studied successfully, bulk solids are still not meaningfully accessible. It is the purpose of the work presented here to outline approaches toward this objective. We describe a home-built, liquid helium cooled, ultrahigh vacuum TERS. The setup is based on a scanning tunneling microscope and, as an innovation, an off-axis parabolic mirror having a high numerical aperture of ∼0.85 and a large working distance. The system is equipped with a fast load-lock chamber, a chamber for the in situ preparation of tips, substrates, and samples, and a TERS chamber. Base pressure and temperature in the TERS chamber were ∼3 × 10-11 mbar and 15 K, respectively. Polarization dependent tip-enhanced Raman spectra of the vibration modes of carbon nanotubes were successfully acquired at cryogenic temperature. The new features described here including very low pressure and temperature and the external access to the light polarizations, thus the selection rules, may pave the way toward the investigation of bulk and surface materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Peis
- Walther Meissner Institut, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 85748 Garching, Germany
- School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
- IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - G He
- Walther Meissner Institut, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D Jost
- Walther Meissner Institut, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 85748 Garching, Germany
- School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G Rager
- Walther Meissner Institut, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 85748 Garching, Germany
- School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - R Hackl
- Walther Meissner Institut, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 85748 Garching, Germany
- School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
- IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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Umakoshi T, Kawashima K, Moriyama T, Kato R, Verma P. Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy with amplitude-controlled tapping-mode AFM. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12776. [PMID: 35896604 PMCID: PMC9329313 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) is a powerful tool for analyzing chemical compositions at the nanoscale owing to near-field light localized at a metallic tip. In TERS, atomic force microscopy (AFM) is commonly used for tip position control. AFM is often controlled under the contact mode for TERS, whereas the tapping mode, which is another major operation mode, has not often been employed despite several advantages, such as low sample damage. One of the reasons is the low TERS signal intensity because the tip is mostly away from the sample during the tapping motion. In this study, we quantitatively investigated the effect of the tapping amplitude on the TERS signal. We numerically evaluated the dependence of the TERS signal on tapping amplitude. We found that the tapping amplitude had a significant effect on the TERS signal, and an acceptable level of TERS signal was obtained by reducing the amplitude to a few nanometers. We further demonstrated amplitude-controlled tapping-mode TERS measurement. We observed a strong dependence of the TERS intensity on the tapping amplitude, which is in agreement with our numerical calculations. This practical but essential study encourages the use of the tapping mode for further advancing TERS and related optical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Umakoshi
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. .,Institute for Advanced Co-creation Studies, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. .,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Koji Kawashima
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toki Moriyama
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryo Kato
- Institute of Post-LED Photonics, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan
| | - Prabhat Verma
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Kato R, Moriyama T, Umakoshi T, Yano TA, Verma P. Ultrastable tip-enhanced hyperspectral optical nanoimaging for defect analysis of large-sized WS 2 layers. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo4021. [PMID: 35857514 PMCID: PMC9286508 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo4021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Optical nanoimaging techniques, such as tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), are nowadays indispensable for chemical and optical characterization in the entire field of nanotechnology and have been extensively used for various applications, such as visualization of nanoscale defects in two-dimensional (2D) materials. However, it is still challenging to investigate micrometer-sized sample with nanoscale spatial resolution because of severe limitation of measurement time due to drift of the experimental system. Here, we achieved long-duration TERS imaging of a micrometer-sized WS2 sample for 6 hours in a reproducible manner. Our ultrastable TERS system enabled to reveal the defect density on the surface of tungsten disulfide layers in large area equivalent to the device scale. It also helped us to detect rare defect-related optical signals from the sample. The present study paves ways to evaluate nanoscale defects of 2D materials in large area and to unveil remarkable optical and chemical properties of large-sized nanostructured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kato
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Institute of Post-LED Photonics, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Toki Moriyama
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takayuki Umakoshi
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Taka-aki Yano
- Institute of Post-LED Photonics, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Prabhat Verma
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Pienpinijtham P, Kitahama Y, Ozaki Y. Progress of tip-enhanced Raman scattering for the last two decades and its challenges in very recent years. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:5265-5288. [PMID: 35332899 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr00274d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) has recently attracted remarkable attention as a novel nano-spectroscopy technique. TERS, which provides site-specific information, can be performed on any material surface regardless of morphology. Moreover, it can be applied in various environments, such as ambient air, ultrahigh vacuum (UHV), solutions, and electrochemical environments. This review reports on one hand progress of TERS for the last two decades, and on the other hand, its challenges in very recent years. Part of the progress of TERS starts with the prehistory and history of TERS, and then, the characteristics and advantages of TERS are described. Significant emphasis is put on the development of TERS instrumentation and equipment such as ultrahigh vacuum TERS, liquid TERS, electrochemical-TERS, and tip-preparations. Applications of TERS, particularly those with nanocarbons, biological materials, and surface and interface analysis, are mentioned in some detail. In the part on challenges, we focus on the very recent advances in TERS; progress in spatial resolution to the angstrom scale is the hottest topic. Recent TERS studies performed under UHV, for example chemical imaging at the angstrom scale and Raman detection of bond breaking and making of a chemisorbed up-standing single molecules at single-bond level, are reviewed. Of course, there is no clear border between the two parts. In the last part the perspective of TERS is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prompong Pienpinijtham
- Sensor Research Unit (SRU), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
- National Nanotechnology Center of Advanced Structural and Functional Nanomaterials, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Bioactive Resources for Innovative Clinical Applications, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Yasutaka Kitahama
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Yukihiro Ozaki
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan.
- Toyota Physical and Chemical Research Institute, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
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Shi H, Zhu X, Zhang S, Wen G, Zheng M, Duan H. Plasmonic metal nanostructures with extremely small features: new effects, fabrication and applications. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:4349-4369. [PMID: 36133477 PMCID: PMC9417648 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00237f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface plasmons in metals promise many fascinating properties and applications in optics, sensing, photonics and nonlinear fields. Plasmonic nanostructures with extremely small features especially demonstrate amazing new effects as the feature sizes scale down to the sub-nanometer scale, such as quantum size effects, quantum tunneling, spill-out of electrons and nonlocal states etc. The unusual physical, optical and photo-electronic properties observed in metallic structures with extreme feature sizes enable their unique applications in electromagnetic field focusing, spectra enhancing, imaging, quantum photonics, etc. In this review, we focus on the new effects, fabrication and applications of plasmonic metal nanostructures with extremely small features. For simplicity and consistency, we will focus our topic on the plasmonic metal nanostructures with feature sizes of sub-nanometers. Subsequently, we discussed four main and typical plasmonic metal nanostructures with extremely small features, including: (1) ultra-sharp plasmonic metal nanotips; (2) ultra-thin plasmonic metal films; (3) ultra-small plasmonic metal particles and (4) ultra-small plasmonic metal nanogaps. Additionally, the corresponding fascinating new effects (quantum nonlinear, non-locality, quantum size effect and quantum tunneling), applications (spectral enhancement, high-order harmonic wave generation, sensing and terahertz wave detection) and reliable fabrication methods will also be discussed. We end the discussion with a brief summary and outlook of the main challenges and possible breakthroughs in the field. We hope our discussion can inspire the broader design, fabrication and application of plasmonic metal nanostructures with extremely small feature sizes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Shi
- Center for Research on Leading Technology of Special Equipment, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Xupeng Zhu
- School of Physics Science and Technology, Lingnan Normal University Zhanjiang 524048 China
| | - Shi Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
| | - Guilin Wen
- Center for Research on Leading Technology of Special Equipment, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | | | - Huigao Duan
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
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Moriyama T, Umakoshi T, Hattori Y, Taguchi K, Verma P, Kitamura M. Polarization Raman Imaging of Organic Monolayer Islands for Crystal Orientation Analysis. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:9520-9527. [PMID: 33869932 PMCID: PMC8047675 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c06313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An organic semiconductor film made of diphenyl derivative dinaphtho[2,3-b:2',3'-f]thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (DPh-DNTT) has high carrier mobility. However, this mobility may be greatly affected by the crystal orientation of the DPh-DNTT's first layer. Polarization Raman microscopy is widely used to quantitatively analyze the molecular orientation, and thus holds great potential as a powerful tool to investigate the crystal orientation of monolayer DPh-DNTT with high spatial resolution. In this study, we demonstrate polarization Raman imaging of monolayer DPh-DNTT islands for crystal orientation analysis. We found that the DPh-DNTT sample indicated a strong dependence of the Raman intensity on the incident polarization direction. Based on the polarization dependence, we developed an analytical method of determining the crystal orientation of the monolayer DPh-DNTT islands and experimentally confirmed that our technique was highly effective at imaging the islands' crystal orientation with a spatial resolution of a few hundred nanometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toki Moriyama
- Department
of Applied Physics, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamadaoka,
Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takayuki Umakoshi
- Department
of Applied Physics, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamadaoka,
Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- PRESTO,
Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Hattori
- Department
of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Koki Taguchi
- Department
of Applied Physics, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamadaoka,
Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Prabhat Verma
- Department
of Applied Physics, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamadaoka,
Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kitamura
- Department
of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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